Architecture and Biosynthesis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cell
... HE wall gives Saccharomyces cerevisiae its morphologies during budding growth, pseudohypha formation, mating, and sporulation; it preserves the cell’s osmotic integrity; and it provides a scaffold to present agglutinins and flocculins to other yeast cells. The wall consists of mannoproteins, b-glucan ...
... HE wall gives Saccharomyces cerevisiae its morphologies during budding growth, pseudohypha formation, mating, and sporulation; it preserves the cell’s osmotic integrity; and it provides a scaffold to present agglutinins and flocculins to other yeast cells. The wall consists of mannoproteins, b-glucan ...
MAPK-mediated Phosphorylation of GATA-1 Promotes Expression and Cell Survival* Bcl-X □
... to extracellular stimulation, suppresses the suicidal reaction, and prevents cells from disintegration. We previously demonstrated that GATA-1 is a key regulator of the E4bp4 gene and is also an essential component of the antiapoptotic network of IL-3 in an IL-3-dependent pro-B cell line (17). In th ...
... to extracellular stimulation, suppresses the suicidal reaction, and prevents cells from disintegration. We previously demonstrated that GATA-1 is a key regulator of the E4bp4 gene and is also an essential component of the antiapoptotic network of IL-3 in an IL-3-dependent pro-B cell line (17). In th ...
Rat Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Show Specificity of
... outer segment (ROS) shedding is circadian in many vertebrates (2, 37, 38) and has been shown to occur 30-120 min after the onset of illumination in rats (37). Shed ROS are readily phagocytized by adjacent RPE cells (60), a single RPE cell ingesting as many as 30,000 ROS in a day (4). The phagocytic ...
... outer segment (ROS) shedding is circadian in many vertebrates (2, 37, 38) and has been shown to occur 30-120 min after the onset of illumination in rats (37). Shed ROS are readily phagocytized by adjacent RPE cells (60), a single RPE cell ingesting as many as 30,000 ROS in a day (4). The phagocytic ...
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... of glycoprotein heterotrimers composed of an ␣, , and ␥ chain. To date, 5␣, 4, and 3␥ laminin chains have been identified that can combine to form 15 different isoforms. The laminin ␣-chains are considered to be the functionally important portion of the heterotrimers, as they exhibit tissue-specif ...
... of glycoprotein heterotrimers composed of an ␣, , and ␥ chain. To date, 5␣, 4, and 3␥ laminin chains have been identified that can combine to form 15 different isoforms. The laminin ␣-chains are considered to be the functionally important portion of the heterotrimers, as they exhibit tissue-specif ...
Identification of a Novel Gene, CIA6, Required for
... the cell. In many eukaryotic algae, Rubisco is localized to the pyrenoid, an electron-dense structure within the chloroplast. In order to identify genes required for a functional CCM, insertional Bleomycin resistance (BleR) mutants were generated and screened for growth on minimal medium under high ...
... the cell. In many eukaryotic algae, Rubisco is localized to the pyrenoid, an electron-dense structure within the chloroplast. In order to identify genes required for a functional CCM, insertional Bleomycin resistance (BleR) mutants were generated and screened for growth on minimal medium under high ...
Smad5 determines murine amnion fate through the
... Fig. 1. Impaired allantois and PGC development in Smad5m1/m1 embryos. (A-C) Allantois dimensions measured in embryos collected from Smad5m1/+ crosses in F2 (C57BL/6J ⫻ CBA) background. Results at different developmental stages were expressed as means ± s.e. The numbers under the histogram represent ...
... Fig. 1. Impaired allantois and PGC development in Smad5m1/m1 embryos. (A-C) Allantois dimensions measured in embryos collected from Smad5m1/+ crosses in F2 (C57BL/6J ⫻ CBA) background. Results at different developmental stages were expressed as means ± s.e. The numbers under the histogram represent ...
Xenopus hairy2 functions in neural crest formation by maintaining
... Bronner-Fraser, 2006), although little is known about how these signaling molecules and transcription factors regulate neural crest induction and maintenance. Concomitant with the induction of neural crest precursors, the neural crest precursors must be multipotent progenitors. It has been ...
... Bronner-Fraser, 2006), although little is known about how these signaling molecules and transcription factors regulate neural crest induction and maintenance. Concomitant with the induction of neural crest precursors, the neural crest precursors must be multipotent progenitors. It has been ...
Cellulose Biosynthesis in Oomycetes
... Phytophthora infestans, the cause of potato blight, belongs to the well studied plant pathogenic genus Phytophthora (Agrios, 2005). More than 100 years after the infamous Irish famine caused by the potato late blight, Oomycetes still represent an important problem in agriculture. The losses du ...
... Phytophthora infestans, the cause of potato blight, belongs to the well studied plant pathogenic genus Phytophthora (Agrios, 2005). More than 100 years after the infamous Irish famine caused by the potato late blight, Oomycetes still represent an important problem in agriculture. The losses du ...
Cooperation between the RING+B1-B2 and coiled-coil
... overexpression (colony formation assay). For this purpose both transformed cell lines (C33a and HeLa cervix carcinoma; SAOS-2 and U20S osteosarcoma) and normal ®broblasts (NIH3T3 and primary mouse ®broblasts) were used. All cell lines were transfected with a PML expression vector (PML3-pCDNA3; see m ...
... overexpression (colony formation assay). For this purpose both transformed cell lines (C33a and HeLa cervix carcinoma; SAOS-2 and U20S osteosarcoma) and normal ®broblasts (NIH3T3 and primary mouse ®broblasts) were used. All cell lines were transfected with a PML expression vector (PML3-pCDNA3; see m ...
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... Members of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors regulate the specification and differentiation of numerous cell types during embryonic development. Hand1 and Hand2 are expressed by a subset of neural crest cells in the anterior branchial arches and are involved in cranio ...
... Members of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors regulate the specification and differentiation of numerous cell types during embryonic development. Hand1 and Hand2 are expressed by a subset of neural crest cells in the anterior branchial arches and are involved in cranio ...
Secondary Cell Walls: Biosynthesis, Patterned
... In addition to CesA genes, a number of other genes have been implicated in the biosynthesis and assembly of secondary wall cellulose (Table 1). Mutation of the Arabidopsis KORRIGAN (KOR) gene, which encodes an endo-b-1,4-glucanase, causes a reduction in cellulose content in both primary and secondar ...
... In addition to CesA genes, a number of other genes have been implicated in the biosynthesis and assembly of secondary wall cellulose (Table 1). Mutation of the Arabidopsis KORRIGAN (KOR) gene, which encodes an endo-b-1,4-glucanase, causes a reduction in cellulose content in both primary and secondar ...
when to switch to flowering
... It encodes a protein showing similarities to phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins, which associate with membrane protein complexes and may therefore function in signaling pathways. ...
... It encodes a protein showing similarities to phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins, which associate with membrane protein complexes and may therefore function in signaling pathways. ...
MICROSCOPIC AND FUNCTIONAL STUDIES ON
... microvesicles is difficult because size ranges of these two type of vesicles partially overlap. In many cases their complete separation is just impossible. Microvesicles are associated with the cell apoptosis. Budding of microvesicles is a multistep process which starts with certain stimulus like ce ...
... microvesicles is difficult because size ranges of these two type of vesicles partially overlap. In many cases their complete separation is just impossible. Microvesicles are associated with the cell apoptosis. Budding of microvesicles is a multistep process which starts with certain stimulus like ce ...
Organelle Assembly in Yeast: Characterization of
... shown to be synthesized at the level of the ER as inactive precursors. These proenzymes transit through the Golgi complex and are sorted to the vacuole, where they are processed to the mature active enzymes (16, 19, 32, 54). Sequence determinants have been defined within proCPY and proPrA that are n ...
... shown to be synthesized at the level of the ER as inactive precursors. These proenzymes transit through the Golgi complex and are sorted to the vacuole, where they are processed to the mature active enzymes (16, 19, 32, 54). Sequence determinants have been defined within proCPY and proPrA that are n ...
Caspary T, Larkins CE, Anderson KV. Dev Cell. 2007 May;12(5):767-78. The graded response to Sonic Hedgehog depends on cilia architecture.
... a small GTPase of the Arf/Arl family, and the Arl13b protein is localized to cilia. Double mutant analysis indicates that Gli3 repressor activity is normal in hnn embryos, but Gli activators are constitutively active at low levels. Thus, normal structure of the ciliary axoneme is required for the ce ...
... a small GTPase of the Arf/Arl family, and the Arl13b protein is localized to cilia. Double mutant analysis indicates that Gli3 repressor activity is normal in hnn embryos, but Gli activators are constitutively active at low levels. Thus, normal structure of the ciliary axoneme is required for the ce ...
Fungi represent a group of heterotrophic living organisms which are
... Deuteromycota (Fungi Imperfecti) These are an artificial assemblage of fungi for which only the asexually reproducing state is known. This may be because the sexual phase has not been discovered as yet, or has been lost in the course of evolution. The economically important fungi, such as Penicilliu ...
... Deuteromycota (Fungi Imperfecti) These are an artificial assemblage of fungi for which only the asexually reproducing state is known. This may be because the sexual phase has not been discovered as yet, or has been lost in the course of evolution. The economically important fungi, such as Penicilliu ...
Assembly of RecA-like Recombinases
... A recent study has also shown that another recombination accessory factor, Tid1 (also known as Rdh54), is required to coordinate the assembly of Dmc1 foci at sites of Rad51 foci (30). Tid1 can bind directly to both Rad51 and Dmc1 (24), raising the possibility that it serves as an intermolecular brid ...
... A recent study has also shown that another recombination accessory factor, Tid1 (also known as Rdh54), is required to coordinate the assembly of Dmc1 foci at sites of Rad51 foci (30). Tid1 can bind directly to both Rad51 and Dmc1 (24), raising the possibility that it serves as an intermolecular brid ...
m o lo
... mechanism to ward off the predator by releasing cyanotoxins. Choi et al. (2005) speculated that microcystins are known to inhibit growth of organisms such as cladocerans, copepods, and mosquito larvae and have been shown to be allelopathetic ...
... mechanism to ward off the predator by releasing cyanotoxins. Choi et al. (2005) speculated that microcystins are known to inhibit growth of organisms such as cladocerans, copepods, and mosquito larvae and have been shown to be allelopathetic ...
New Functions of APC/C Ubiquitin Ligase in the Nervous System
... The ubiquitin-proteasome system allows dynamic regulation of cell functions by targeting proteins for degradation. Thereby, E3 ubiquitin ligases provide substrate specificity for the conjugation of ubiquitin. In the brain, ubiquitin ligases have a critical role in the regulation of neuronal morpholo ...
... The ubiquitin-proteasome system allows dynamic regulation of cell functions by targeting proteins for degradation. Thereby, E3 ubiquitin ligases provide substrate specificity for the conjugation of ubiquitin. In the brain, ubiquitin ligases have a critical role in the regulation of neuronal morpholo ...
The hypoblast (visceral endoderm): an evo
... animals develop very quickly; their early cleavages occur without G1 or G2 phases and consist only of mitotic (M) and DNA synthetic (S) phases, and they rely upon maternal mRNAs and proteins until zygotic gene expression is activated, usually at around the 11th cell division (2024 cells). Rapid deve ...
... animals develop very quickly; their early cleavages occur without G1 or G2 phases and consist only of mitotic (M) and DNA synthetic (S) phases, and they rely upon maternal mRNAs and proteins until zygotic gene expression is activated, usually at around the 11th cell division (2024 cells). Rapid deve ...
Molecular mapping of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins in focal
... accumulation of focal complexes at the cell periphery (Fig. 6A). The FI in focal complexes of Y27632-treated cells was comparable to that found in focal adhesions of control cells (Fig. 6A,C), suggesting that similar fractions of paxillin are surrounded by a comparable fraction of SH2-binding sites ...
... accumulation of focal complexes at the cell periphery (Fig. 6A). The FI in focal complexes of Y27632-treated cells was comparable to that found in focal adhesions of control cells (Fig. 6A,C), suggesting that similar fractions of paxillin are surrounded by a comparable fraction of SH2-binding sites ...
Cell cycle
The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication) that produces two daughter cells. In prokaryotes which lack a cell nucleus, the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission. In cells with a nucleus, as in eukaryotes, the cell cycle can be divided into three periods: interphase, the mitotic (M) phase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA. During the mitotic phase, the cell splits itself into two distinct daughter cells. During the final stage, cytokinesis, the new cell is completely divided. To ensure the proper division of the cell, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints.The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed. After cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle. Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable, each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell division.