The anaphase promoting complex/ cyclosome: a
... of interphase cells, and that spreads throughout the cytoplasm and associates with parts of the spindle apparatus during mitosis. Without APC/C, cells cannot separate their sister chromatids in anaphase, they cannot exit from mitosis and divide into two daughter cells, and they cannot initiate the s ...
... of interphase cells, and that spreads throughout the cytoplasm and associates with parts of the spindle apparatus during mitosis. Without APC/C, cells cannot separate their sister chromatids in anaphase, they cannot exit from mitosis and divide into two daughter cells, and they cannot initiate the s ...
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... controls germ layer specification by inhibition of Activin, Nodal, and BMP signaling (Bates et al., 2013). Zygotic Coco expression, by contrast, is involved in proper specification of the right-left axis by inhibiting Nodal and Derriere (Hashimoto et al., 2004; Marques et al., 2004; Vonica and Briva ...
... controls germ layer specification by inhibition of Activin, Nodal, and BMP signaling (Bates et al., 2013). Zygotic Coco expression, by contrast, is involved in proper specification of the right-left axis by inhibiting Nodal and Derriere (Hashimoto et al., 2004; Marques et al., 2004; Vonica and Briva ...
C. elegans the L1 larval stage
... Axon guidance is the developmental process where developing neurons navigate their processes based on attractive and repulsive cues. C. elegans has been an instrumental model in the study of neurobiology with one of the key benefits being a relatively simple nervous system which comprises of only 30 ...
... Axon guidance is the developmental process where developing neurons navigate their processes based on attractive and repulsive cues. C. elegans has been an instrumental model in the study of neurobiology with one of the key benefits being a relatively simple nervous system which comprises of only 30 ...
The Small RNA Chaperone Hfq and Multiple Small RNAs Control
... the transition between low to high cell density by allowing the influence of additional regulatory inputs. Simultaneous inactivation of all four sRNAs is necessary to eliminate Hfq-mediated quorum sensing repression Overexpression of only one sRNA is sufficient for repression Simultaneous presence o ...
... the transition between low to high cell density by allowing the influence of additional regulatory inputs. Simultaneous inactivation of all four sRNAs is necessary to eliminate Hfq-mediated quorum sensing repression Overexpression of only one sRNA is sufficient for repression Simultaneous presence o ...
MsEnod12A Expression Is Linked to Meristematic Activity
... et al. 1991; Pichon et al. 1992; Bauer et al. 1994). Recently, it was demonstrated that in vetch Enod12 was not likely to be involved in root hair deformation (Vijn et al. 1995a). Enod12 mutants have been found in alfalfa. These plants, devoid of any Enod12 sequences, were still capable of forming n ...
... et al. 1991; Pichon et al. 1992; Bauer et al. 1994). Recently, it was demonstrated that in vetch Enod12 was not likely to be involved in root hair deformation (Vijn et al. 1995a). Enod12 mutants have been found in alfalfa. These plants, devoid of any Enod12 sequences, were still capable of forming n ...
Altered & Disordered Physiology - CH 056
... • Jaundice is not a disease state in itself • It is a non-specific symptom which is a feature of a range of disease states • The clinical approach to jaundice must be based on a clear understanding of the metabolism of bilirubin and an appreciation of the potential blocks which can occur in the path ...
... • Jaundice is not a disease state in itself • It is a non-specific symptom which is a feature of a range of disease states • The clinical approach to jaundice must be based on a clear understanding of the metabolism of bilirubin and an appreciation of the potential blocks which can occur in the path ...
DEFINING THE ROLE OF THE SHP2 PROTEIN TYROSINE
... into mature mucosal or connective tissue mast cells (with specialized granule contents, etc.) in response to factors released by the local tissue5. The two varieties of mast cells are differentiated by their tissue of residence and can be identified by their differential histological staining proper ...
... into mature mucosal or connective tissue mast cells (with specialized granule contents, etc.) in response to factors released by the local tissue5. The two varieties of mast cells are differentiated by their tissue of residence and can be identified by their differential histological staining proper ...
Autophagy at the crossroads of catabolism and anabolism
... of the phagophore assembly site (PAS). This is mediated by the UNC51‑like kinase (ULK) complex, which consists of ULK1 (or ULK2), autophagy-related protein 13 (ATG13), FAK family kinase interacting protein of 200 kDa (FIP200) and ATG101. Further nucleation requires the class III PI3K complex, which ...
... of the phagophore assembly site (PAS). This is mediated by the UNC51‑like kinase (ULK) complex, which consists of ULK1 (or ULK2), autophagy-related protein 13 (ATG13), FAK family kinase interacting protein of 200 kDa (FIP200) and ATG101. Further nucleation requires the class III PI3K complex, which ...
Endogenous release of 5-HT modulates the plateau phase of NMDA
... (1989); rat: Bayliss et al. (1995) and Blomeley and Bracci (2005); turtle: Hounsgaard and Kiehn (1989); frog: Scroggs and Anderson (1989) and Sun and Dale (1998)] and also acts through presynaptic inhibition [lamprey: Buchanan and Grillner (1991) and Schwartz et al. (2005); mouse: Garcia-Ramirez et ...
... (1989); rat: Bayliss et al. (1995) and Blomeley and Bracci (2005); turtle: Hounsgaard and Kiehn (1989); frog: Scroggs and Anderson (1989) and Sun and Dale (1998)] and also acts through presynaptic inhibition [lamprey: Buchanan and Grillner (1991) and Schwartz et al. (2005); mouse: Garcia-Ramirez et ...
D-Alanine esterification of teichoic acids contributes to
... plantarumWJL exerts its beneficial effect on larval growth through the host nutrient sensing system that relies on the tissue specific activity of the TOR kinase, which subsequently modulates hormonal signals controlling growth and maturation (Storelli et al., 2011). Importantly, using conventional ...
... plantarumWJL exerts its beneficial effect on larval growth through the host nutrient sensing system that relies on the tissue specific activity of the TOR kinase, which subsequently modulates hormonal signals controlling growth and maturation (Storelli et al., 2011). Importantly, using conventional ...
Mitochondrial Dynamics
... Abstract Mitochondria cannot be created de novo, meaning that any new mitochondrion must be formed from the division of an existing organelle. In addition to division, mitochondria also undergo fusion where two or more individual organelles join to produce a single mitochondrion. Mitochondrial div ...
... Abstract Mitochondria cannot be created de novo, meaning that any new mitochondrion must be formed from the division of an existing organelle. In addition to division, mitochondria also undergo fusion where two or more individual organelles join to produce a single mitochondrion. Mitochondrial div ...
Dissecting stimulus-specific Ca2+ signals in amyloplasts and
... N-terminus of YA; and (iii) the cytosol (excluding the nucleus), by the presence of the nuclear export signal from the heat-stable protein ...
... N-terminus of YA; and (iii) the cytosol (excluding the nucleus), by the presence of the nuclear export signal from the heat-stable protein ...
The Vg1-related protein Gdf3 acts in a Nodal signaling
... AGG ACC CTG CC 3⬘; for Gdf1, 5⬘ TTC TGC CAG GGC ACG TGC G 3⬘ and 5⬘ GGA GCA GCT GCG TGC ATG AG 3⬘; and for Gapdh, 5⬘ TGC GAC TTC AAC AGC AAC TC 3⬘ and 5⬘ GCC TCT CTT GCT CAG TGT CC 3⬘. Three independent reverse-transcription reactions were performed on each total RNA, followed by real-time PCR ampli ...
... AGG ACC CTG CC 3⬘; for Gdf1, 5⬘ TTC TGC CAG GGC ACG TGC G 3⬘ and 5⬘ GGA GCA GCT GCG TGC ATG AG 3⬘; and for Gapdh, 5⬘ TGC GAC TTC AAC AGC AAC TC 3⬘ and 5⬘ GCC TCT CTT GCT CAG TGT CC 3⬘. Three independent reverse-transcription reactions were performed on each total RNA, followed by real-time PCR ampli ...
The 21-day postnatal rat ventricular cardiac muscle cell in culture as
... Received 27 June 2001; accepted 14 September 2001 ...
... Received 27 June 2001; accepted 14 September 2001 ...
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... notochord is not known although specific proteins or peptides are likely candidates. A gradient of the protein nerve growth factor can orient nerve growth (Gundersen & Barrett, 1980), while oriented cell shape changes and directional migration of leucocytes, for example, are induced by chemoattracta ...
... notochord is not known although specific proteins or peptides are likely candidates. A gradient of the protein nerve growth factor can orient nerve growth (Gundersen & Barrett, 1980), while oriented cell shape changes and directional migration of leucocytes, for example, are induced by chemoattracta ...
Auxin coordinates cell division and cell fate specification during
... when and where lateral roots are initiated have a high degree of plasticity, integrating both intrinsic and extrinsic levels of control. Environmental factors, such as water, nutrients, and temperature have significant influences on the root architecture (Dubrovsky and Rost, 2003). The most importan ...
... when and where lateral roots are initiated have a high degree of plasticity, integrating both intrinsic and extrinsic levels of control. Environmental factors, such as water, nutrients, and temperature have significant influences on the root architecture (Dubrovsky and Rost, 2003). The most importan ...
A model for regulation of mammalian ribosomal DNA transcription
... phase transition from no pre-rRNA synthesis to maximum synthesis. The theoretical curve (VR = 100 and m = 8) coincides well with the experimental data which show a rapid increase in rRNA synthesis in response to the addition of amino acid (Grummt et al., 1976). Many studies have demonstrated that a ...
... phase transition from no pre-rRNA synthesis to maximum synthesis. The theoretical curve (VR = 100 and m = 8) coincides well with the experimental data which show a rapid increase in rRNA synthesis in response to the addition of amino acid (Grummt et al., 1976). Many studies have demonstrated that a ...
The Pathogen-Actin Connection: A Platform for Defense Signaling in
... inoculation (5, 23, 138). At a biochemical level, studies have also shown induced changes in host protein localization, activation, and signaling, presumably, the function of which is to activate defense and resistance signaling (17, 93, 115). Thus, it is not surprising that the host cell has evolve ...
... inoculation (5, 23, 138). At a biochemical level, studies have also shown induced changes in host protein localization, activation, and signaling, presumably, the function of which is to activate defense and resistance signaling (17, 93, 115). Thus, it is not surprising that the host cell has evolve ...
Mesoderm induction: from caps to chips - UNC
... understanding the basic biology of inductive processes has continued to expand. Although the field of mesoderm induction began with studies in amphibians, today it is impossible to discuss this topic without including the genetic studies in zebrafish that have contributed important new discoveries t ...
... understanding the basic biology of inductive processes has continued to expand. Although the field of mesoderm induction began with studies in amphibians, today it is impossible to discuss this topic without including the genetic studies in zebrafish that have contributed important new discoveries t ...
Mechanisms of plasmid stable maintenance with special
... two-fold lower than for plasmid dimers. Consequently, dimers will out-replicate monomers. The outcome of this ‘dimer catastrophe’ (Summers et al., 1993) would be a considerable plasmid loss from the host cells. To ensure a plasmid distribution process to be highly efficient, there is a need for ever ...
... two-fold lower than for plasmid dimers. Consequently, dimers will out-replicate monomers. The outcome of this ‘dimer catastrophe’ (Summers et al., 1993) would be a considerable plasmid loss from the host cells. To ensure a plasmid distribution process to be highly efficient, there is a need for ever ...
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... at the dorsal edge of the advancing epidermis play a central role in driving DC. In these dorsal-most epidermal (DME) cells, the actin cytoskeleton becomes planar polarized, with a contractile actomyosin cable and dynamic filopodial actin protrusions forming at the leading edge of each cell (Jacinto ...
... at the dorsal edge of the advancing epidermis play a central role in driving DC. In these dorsal-most epidermal (DME) cells, the actin cytoskeleton becomes planar polarized, with a contractile actomyosin cable and dynamic filopodial actin protrusions forming at the leading edge of each cell (Jacinto ...
Cell cycle
The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication) that produces two daughter cells. In prokaryotes which lack a cell nucleus, the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission. In cells with a nucleus, as in eukaryotes, the cell cycle can be divided into three periods: interphase, the mitotic (M) phase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA. During the mitotic phase, the cell splits itself into two distinct daughter cells. During the final stage, cytokinesis, the new cell is completely divided. To ensure the proper division of the cell, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints.The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed. After cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle. Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable, each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell division.