Pax1/Pax9 and vertebral column development
... Cart1 (Qu et al., 1999). The overlapping expression patterns during mouse embryogenesis and the high sequence conservation of the DNA-binding paired domain of members within each group of the Pax gene family suggest redundancy at sites where these genes are co-expressed. To investigate a possible ge ...
... Cart1 (Qu et al., 1999). The overlapping expression patterns during mouse embryogenesis and the high sequence conservation of the DNA-binding paired domain of members within each group of the Pax gene family suggest redundancy at sites where these genes are co-expressed. To investigate a possible ge ...
1 Calcium at the Cell Wall
... extensive labeling of the tube apex, which he interpreted as Ca2+ binding by the acidic pectic residues. A similar study by Jaffe et al. (1975) on lily pollen tubes yielded similar results, but the authors argued in favor of uptake into the cytoplasm. Their reason against wall binding was mainly tha ...
... extensive labeling of the tube apex, which he interpreted as Ca2+ binding by the acidic pectic residues. A similar study by Jaffe et al. (1975) on lily pollen tubes yielded similar results, but the authors argued in favor of uptake into the cytoplasm. Their reason against wall binding was mainly tha ...
Perspectives
... oscillator; using light pulses of just the right strength and duration given at just the right time, he could send the circadian cycle to a place corresponding to ‘‘no phase’’ ½equivalent to ‘‘all phases’’ (Winfree 1967, 1971; Winfree and Twaddle 1981). This suggested that thinking too much along t ...
... oscillator; using light pulses of just the right strength and duration given at just the right time, he could send the circadian cycle to a place corresponding to ‘‘no phase’’ ½equivalent to ‘‘all phases’’ (Winfree 1967, 1971; Winfree and Twaddle 1981). This suggested that thinking too much along t ...
Paramecium as a bioassay system for elucidation of cytotoxicity and
... environment and in cells is not well understood, it is important to establish an experimental system in which to assess the effects of nanoparticles on the environment and on living organisms. Paramecium, a ciliated eukaryotic unicellular organism that lives in fresh water, has several features that ...
... environment and in cells is not well understood, it is important to establish an experimental system in which to assess the effects of nanoparticles on the environment and on living organisms. Paramecium, a ciliated eukaryotic unicellular organism that lives in fresh water, has several features that ...
Spemann`s organizer and the self-regulation of
... formation of new structures such as heads or trunks, while overexpression of ventral genes in general causes defects in dorsal or head structures. Loss of structures can also be triggered by non-specific effects, and therefore ventral genes have received less attention than they deserve. Their inves ...
... formation of new structures such as heads or trunks, while overexpression of ventral genes in general causes defects in dorsal or head structures. Loss of structures can also be triggered by non-specific effects, and therefore ventral genes have received less attention than they deserve. Their inves ...
Auxin and other signals on the move in plants
... the nucleus and become active in promoting transcription of patterning factors44,47. These observations imply that proteins can be modified by their passage through the plasmodesmata, but the mechanism underlying this effect is unknown. Transcellular transport is the movement of molecules from cell ...
... the nucleus and become active in promoting transcription of patterning factors44,47. These observations imply that proteins can be modified by their passage through the plasmodesmata, but the mechanism underlying this effect is unknown. Transcellular transport is the movement of molecules from cell ...
Live cell imaging reveals actin-cytoskeleton
... Crosslinking of actin filaments into bundles is essential for the assembly and stabilization of specific cytoskeletal structures. However, relatively little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying actin bundle formation. The two LIMdomain-containing proteins define a novel and evolutionar ...
... Crosslinking of actin filaments into bundles is essential for the assembly and stabilization of specific cytoskeletal structures. However, relatively little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying actin bundle formation. The two LIMdomain-containing proteins define a novel and evolutionar ...
Robust methods for purification of histones from cultured
... play a role in modifying chromatin structure for DNA-templated processes in the eukaryotic nucleus, such as transcription, replication, recombination and repair; thus, histone PTMs are considered major players in the epigenetic control of these processes. Linking specific histone PTMs to gene expres ...
... play a role in modifying chromatin structure for DNA-templated processes in the eukaryotic nucleus, such as transcription, replication, recombination and repair; thus, histone PTMs are considered major players in the epigenetic control of these processes. Linking specific histone PTMs to gene expres ...
Surge and destroy: the role of auxin in plant embryogenesis
... ubiquitin ligase, which then ubiquitinates AUX/IAA proteins, targeting them for destruction by the proteosome (Dharmasiri et al., 2005; Kepinski and Leyser, 2005) (see also Moon et al., 2004). AUX/IAA proteins contain potent transcriptional repression domains but do not bind DNA on their own. Instea ...
... ubiquitin ligase, which then ubiquitinates AUX/IAA proteins, targeting them for destruction by the proteosome (Dharmasiri et al., 2005; Kepinski and Leyser, 2005) (see also Moon et al., 2004). AUX/IAA proteins contain potent transcriptional repression domains but do not bind DNA on their own. Instea ...
7 - Dynamic Microtubules and the Texture of Plant Cell Walls
... 1.1. The multinet-growth hypothesis and hoop reinforcement Long before microtubules were discovered, the fibrous texture of the cell wall was examined by polarized light microscopy. Using this technique, Van Iterson (1937) deduced that Tradescantia stamen hairs would have more or less transverse wal ...
... 1.1. The multinet-growth hypothesis and hoop reinforcement Long before microtubules were discovered, the fibrous texture of the cell wall was examined by polarized light microscopy. Using this technique, Van Iterson (1937) deduced that Tradescantia stamen hairs would have more or less transverse wal ...
Thesis - KI Open Archive
... (ARS), which received their names because they were originally characterized to support plasmid maintenance (Newlon, 1988). At each origin, ORC, together with the help of the licensing factors Cdc6 and Cdt1, loads two copies of the inactive hexameric helicase Mcm27, in a reaction called origin licen ...
... (ARS), which received their names because they were originally characterized to support plasmid maintenance (Newlon, 1988). At each origin, ORC, together with the help of the licensing factors Cdc6 and Cdt1, loads two copies of the inactive hexameric helicase Mcm27, in a reaction called origin licen ...
Physiological assembly and activity of human
... Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, United States Available online 30 October 2007 ...
... Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, United States Available online 30 October 2007 ...
Disruption of morphogenesis and transformation of
... of the zygote, the basal cell in Arabidopsis divides rapidly to form a fully differentiated suspensor by the globular stage of development (Mansfield and Briarty, 1991). This suspensor consists of an enlarged basal cell embedded in maternal tissues and a single file of 6-8 additional cells. The susp ...
... of the zygote, the basal cell in Arabidopsis divides rapidly to form a fully differentiated suspensor by the globular stage of development (Mansfield and Briarty, 1991). This suspensor consists of an enlarged basal cell embedded in maternal tissues and a single file of 6-8 additional cells. The susp ...
Formation of Persisting Cell Wall Deficient Forms of Mycobacterium
... inhibit the classical bacterial forms and to induce occurrence of cell wall deficient forms by using an unusual unfavorable location (peritoneal cavity) of infection. In order to study the interaction of BCG bacilli with resting and activated macrophages, we set up two experimental models – with and ...
... inhibit the classical bacterial forms and to induce occurrence of cell wall deficient forms by using an unusual unfavorable location (peritoneal cavity) of infection. In order to study the interaction of BCG bacilli with resting and activated macrophages, we set up two experimental models – with and ...
2 common staining technique
... Staining is technique used in microscopy to enhance contrast in the microscopic image. Stains and dyes are frequently used in biological tissues for viewing, often with the aid of different microscopes. Stains may be used to define and examine bulk tissues (highlighting, for example, muscle fibers o ...
... Staining is technique used in microscopy to enhance contrast in the microscopic image. Stains and dyes are frequently used in biological tissues for viewing, often with the aid of different microscopes. Stains may be used to define and examine bulk tissues (highlighting, for example, muscle fibers o ...
PDF + SI - Development - The Company of Biologists
... identified a conserved switch enhancer -7kb upstream of the TSS (Beyer et al., 2013; Kartikasari et al., 2013; Rada-Iglesias et al., 2011) that is repressed under self-renewing conditions (Teo et al., 2011), and becomes activated during mesoderm and endoderm differentiation. However, possible functi ...
... identified a conserved switch enhancer -7kb upstream of the TSS (Beyer et al., 2013; Kartikasari et al., 2013; Rada-Iglesias et al., 2011) that is repressed under self-renewing conditions (Teo et al., 2011), and becomes activated during mesoderm and endoderm differentiation. However, possible functi ...
Cytokinins regulate vascular morphogenesis in the Arabidopsis
... structures extend through each organ and throughout the entire plant. The vascular bundles contain two conducting tissue types: the xylem and the phloem. The xylem dually functions as a supporter of the plant body and as a conduit of water and minerals from the roots to the sites of photosynthesis i ...
... structures extend through each organ and throughout the entire plant. The vascular bundles contain two conducting tissue types: the xylem and the phloem. The xylem dually functions as a supporter of the plant body and as a conduit of water and minerals from the roots to the sites of photosynthesis i ...
Salinity Effects on the Activity of Plasma Membrane H+ and Ca2+
... and C). These results suggest that the ATP-dependent H -pump (inhibited by vanadate) forms a signi®cant part of the H extrusion mechanism involved in response to salt stress. Its level of activity is about ÿ50 nmol m ÿ2 s ÿ1 for the protoplast membrane, and about ÿ170 nmol m ÿ2 s ÿ1 for mesophyl ...
... and C). These results suggest that the ATP-dependent H -pump (inhibited by vanadate) forms a signi®cant part of the H extrusion mechanism involved in response to salt stress. Its level of activity is about ÿ50 nmol m ÿ2 s ÿ1 for the protoplast membrane, and about ÿ170 nmol m ÿ2 s ÿ1 for mesophyl ...
Auxin and self-organization at the shoot apical
... The structure of the SAM is relatively well conserved among angiosperms, on which this review will focus. In general, the SAM can be divided into an external layer called the tunica and an inner region called the corpus. These two regions are very well defined at a cellular level: the cells of the c ...
... The structure of the SAM is relatively well conserved among angiosperms, on which this review will focus. In general, the SAM can be divided into an external layer called the tunica and an inner region called the corpus. These two regions are very well defined at a cellular level: the cells of the c ...
Mechanisms of plasmid stable maintenance with special focus on
... two-fold lower than for plasmid dimers. Consequently, dimers will out-replicate monomers. The outcome of this ‘dimer catastrophe’ (Summers et al., 1993) would be a considerable plasmid loss from the host cells. To ensure a plasmid distribution process to be highly efficient, there is a need for ever ...
... two-fold lower than for plasmid dimers. Consequently, dimers will out-replicate monomers. The outcome of this ‘dimer catastrophe’ (Summers et al., 1993) would be a considerable plasmid loss from the host cells. To ensure a plasmid distribution process to be highly efficient, there is a need for ever ...
Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling
... Autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system constitute the major degradative processes in the cell. While increasing evidence suggests that there is significant crosstalk between autophagy and the ubiquitin systems, we would like to highlight two important distinctions. First, autophagy generates ...
... Autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system constitute the major degradative processes in the cell. While increasing evidence suggests that there is significant crosstalk between autophagy and the ubiquitin systems, we would like to highlight two important distinctions. First, autophagy generates ...
TAL1occupancy_WuRevised_v16 - bx.psu.edu
... (Kassouf et al. 2008). These results show that direct binding to DNA is dispensable for some TAL1 functions in primitive erythropoiesis. Furthermore, a motif search on TAL1 binding sites in human proerythroblasts revealed that E-boxes are absent from over one-fifth of the sites. Indeed, GATA motifs ...
... (Kassouf et al. 2008). These results show that direct binding to DNA is dispensable for some TAL1 functions in primitive erythropoiesis. Furthermore, a motif search on TAL1 binding sites in human proerythroblasts revealed that E-boxes are absent from over one-fifth of the sites. Indeed, GATA motifs ...
Protozoa - Dr Magrann
... 2. Diploid micronuclei divide by meiosis 4 haploid pronuclei form from each micronuclei. 3. All but one pronuclei break down. Remaining undergoes mitosis 2 identical haploid pronuclei. 4. One of these migrates through conjugation tube to ...
... 2. Diploid micronuclei divide by meiosis 4 haploid pronuclei form from each micronuclei. 3. All but one pronuclei break down. Remaining undergoes mitosis 2 identical haploid pronuclei. 4. One of these migrates through conjugation tube to ...
DNA Replication in Tetrahymena
... segregate randomly and thus appear to lack centromeres. The macronucleus divides by a poorly understood amitotic mechanism, and DNA is often distributed unequally between daughter macronuclei (Doerder 1979). To explain how cells compensate for inequalities that arise from such divisions, it was prop ...
... segregate randomly and thus appear to lack centromeres. The macronucleus divides by a poorly understood amitotic mechanism, and DNA is often distributed unequally between daughter macronuclei (Doerder 1979). To explain how cells compensate for inequalities that arise from such divisions, it was prop ...
Cell cycle
The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication) that produces two daughter cells. In prokaryotes which lack a cell nucleus, the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission. In cells with a nucleus, as in eukaryotes, the cell cycle can be divided into three periods: interphase, the mitotic (M) phase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA. During the mitotic phase, the cell splits itself into two distinct daughter cells. During the final stage, cytokinesis, the new cell is completely divided. To ensure the proper division of the cell, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints.The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed. After cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle. Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable, each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell division.