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Multi-lineage `stem` cells in the mammalian embryo
Multi-lineage `stem` cells in the mammalian embryo

... epithelium in the mouse (Borland et al. 1977). The trophectoderm is generally held to be the precursor tissue for all types of trophoblast cell encountered later in development both in the chorioallantoic placenta and elsewhere in the periphery of the conceptus. A list of the various trophoblasts fo ...
Humoral Immunity Skit
Humoral Immunity Skit

... Wes C – B Cell Clara S - Macrophage Music: Prologue F – cut off at 31 seconds Narrator: Once upon a time, in the magical world of immunology existed Muggle cells, who without a care, performed daily activities that helped the body function normally. But in this world existed a great evil – an entity ...
γ-Tubulin Is Essential for Microtubule Organization and
γ-Tubulin Is Essential for Microtubule Organization and

... The severity of the phenotypes observed (gametophytic lethality in one case and seedling lethality in the other) suggested a drastic depletion of g-tubulin levels in both double mutant combinations. Transcript levels are generally poor indicators of molecular defects in insertional mutants. Therefor ...
High-resolution dynamics of the transcriptional response to nutrition
High-resolution dynamics of the transcriptional response to nutrition

... pathogenesis, especially in light of recent evidence that decreased expression of genes of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism is associated with insulin resistance and diabetes (38, 45). Furthermore, the links between nutrient-sensing systems and regulation of oxidative phosphorylation genes are unc ...
Measuring the stiffness of bacterial cells from growth
Measuring the stiffness of bacterial cells from growth

... quantitative, reproducible assay that is capable of medium- or high-throughput analysis of cell stiffness. This approach is technically straightforward, incorporates components found in most biological labs and consists of an extendable platform that accommodates the assaying of cellular mechanical ...
αvβ3 integrin-dependent endothelial cell dynamics in
αvβ3 integrin-dependent endothelial cell dynamics in

... each field are recorded at 20 µm intervals, first in DIC and immediately thereafter in epifluorescence modes. The acquisition of the ‘z-stack’ pairs is accomplished within a short period of time (typically a minute) ensuring the correct spatial registration of the corresponding DIC/epifluorescence i ...
selection of kidney cell types in primary glomerular explant
selection of kidney cell types in primary glomerular explant

... medium containing high concentrations of calf serum. Their methodologies differed in that Harper et al. used trypsin-treated glomeruli while Striker & Striker explanted glomeruli without enzyme treatment. Furthermore, Harper et al. included insulin and conditioned medium from Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts i ...
Phenotypic Modulation of Smooth Muscle Cells
Phenotypic Modulation of Smooth Muscle Cells

... Summary Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) modulate their phenotype between proliferative and differentiated states in response to physiological and pathological cues. Insulin-like growth factor-I stimulates differentiation of SMCs by activating phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)Akt signaling. Foxo forkhead t ...
m5zn_7e2104c47c4f1d9
m5zn_7e2104c47c4f1d9

... Glycolipids, about 5% of membrane lipids, are also amphipathic. They appear only in the layer that face the extracellular fluid. They are important for adhesion among cells and tissues, may mediate cell-to-cell recognition and communication, and contribute to regulation of cellular growth and develo ...
Adherent Neural Stem (NS) Cells from Fetal and
Adherent Neural Stem (NS) Cells from Fetal and

... expanded in vitro (Temple 1989; Cattaneo and McKay 1990; Reynolds and others 1992; Reynolds and Weiss 1992). These findings have raised hopes that in the future it may be possible to stimulate endogenous CNS repair mechanisms or to replace dysfunctional or dead cells with cells generated in vitro. Ho ...
Answer
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... materials needed for cellular respiration to take place? ...
For unknown reasons, p21 expression induces different effects in
For unknown reasons, p21 expression induces different effects in

... inhibitors of the cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs), together with p27kip1 and p57kip2 (1). p21 arrests ...
An A/ENTH Domain-Containing Protein Functions
An A/ENTH Domain-Containing Protein Functions

... domain-containing proteins was determined. Initially, three genes were selected, At2g01600, At1g03050, and At2g25430, named AtECA1, AtECA2, and AtECA4, respectively. These were fused to the N terminus of sGFP for in vivo localization (Fig. 1A). The sGFP fusion constructs AtECA1:sGFP, AtECA2:sGFP, an ...
The KASH domain protein MSP-300 plays an essential role
The KASH domain protein MSP-300 plays an essential role

... and follicle cells. In oocytes, localization of the protein at nuclear envelope was clearly detected (Fig. 1A). In nurse cells, MSP-300 was mainly localized in the cytoplasm. However, higher levels of staining were observed at the perinuclear region of nurse cells than in the cytoplasmic region (Fig ...
University of Groningen Bromodeoxyuridine does not contribute to
University of Groningen Bromodeoxyuridine does not contribute to

Host Pathogen Interaction at the Plant Cell Wall
Host Pathogen Interaction at the Plant Cell Wall

... response to subsequent attacks (Lyngkjær and Carver, 2000; Prats et al., 2006), indicating that intercellular communication is a consequence of the response. Cuticular layer as a defensive barrier Cuticle is considered to constitute a physical barrier to microbial invaders through which cutinase-pro ...
Oriented Asymmetric Divisions That Generate the
Oriented Asymmetric Divisions That Generate the

... Schnittger et al., 1999; Lee and Schiefelbein, 2000). Positional cues, which may be transmitted by intercellular signaling (Scheres, 1997), may be especially important in plants because plant cells do not usually migrate. In addition to their significance for gas exchange, stomata are a valuable sys ...
physiological and chemical architecture of a lobster ganglion with
physiological and chemical architecture of a lobster ganglion with

... of this assay have already been published (15). With large inhibitory cell bodies the sample could be divided, so that a control tube containing aminooxyacetic acid could be run to give tissue blank levels of fluorescence. Glutamate was determined by dividing the sample in half and treating one port ...
The more and smaller cells mutants of Arabidopsis
The more and smaller cells mutants of Arabidopsis

... PROTEIN-LIKE genes in the control of heteroblasty Takeshi Usami1, Gorou Horiguchi2,*,†, Satoshi Yano1 and Hirokazu Tsukaya1,2 Regulation of cell number and cell size is essential for controlling the shape and size of leaves. Here, we report a novel class of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants, more and sma ...
The origin of eukaryotes: the difference between prokaryotic and
The origin of eukaryotes: the difference between prokaryotic and

... Eukaryotes have long been thought to have arisen by evolving a nucleus, endomembrane, and cytoskeleton. In contrast, it was recently proposed that the ¢rst complex cells, which were actually proto-eukaryotes, arose simultaneously with the acquisition of mitochondria. This so-called symbiotic associa ...
File - Dr. Z.`s Biology
File - Dr. Z.`s Biology

... Chapter 3 – Cellular Level of Organization “Skin and ...
Molecular encounters at microtubule ends in the plant cell cortex
Molecular encounters at microtubule ends in the plant cell cortex

... at MT plus ends via interaction with the first ones. Owing to their specific localization, +TIPs influence MT dynamics, and also enable the growing plus end to search for specific cellular targets like organelles, membranes, microfilaments or other MTs. In animals, these proteins have been involved ...
Induction of Sequence-Specific DNA
Induction of Sequence-Specific DNA

... the EpoR by Epo induces tyrosine phosphorylation of various cellular substrates, such as the EpoR itself:-9 the 85-kD regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,IoShc,” R&-1,” and an unidentified 97-kD protein.I3 Recent studies also showed that Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) is associated with a mem ...
Mechanics of the Cvtoskeleton
Mechanics of the Cvtoskeleton

... them. This movementwill thereforedeterminethe orientationof cellulosemicrofibrils and thus the anisotropyof the cell wall. It is at this point that the microtubules come into play. ln fact, it was cell-wall anisotropythat led Green (1962) to predict that microtubulesmust exist even beforethey were a ...
Tolerance of Immobilized Yeast Cells in Imidazolium
Tolerance of Immobilized Yeast Cells in Imidazolium

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Cell cycle



The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication) that produces two daughter cells. In prokaryotes which lack a cell nucleus, the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission. In cells with a nucleus, as in eukaryotes, the cell cycle can be divided into three periods: interphase, the mitotic (M) phase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA. During the mitotic phase, the cell splits itself into two distinct daughter cells. During the final stage, cytokinesis, the new cell is completely divided. To ensure the proper division of the cell, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints.The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed. After cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle. Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable, each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell division.
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