Word document
... studies reveal that regions of nuclease accessible, or “open” chromatin often correlate with gene regulatory regions. In some cases, a more widespread increase in accessibility is observed over entire chromatin domains, tens to hundreds of kilobases in size, encompassing active gene loci. More direc ...
... studies reveal that regions of nuclease accessible, or “open” chromatin often correlate with gene regulatory regions. In some cases, a more widespread increase in accessibility is observed over entire chromatin domains, tens to hundreds of kilobases in size, encompassing active gene loci. More direc ...
Mitochondrial translation factors of Trypanosoma brucei: elongation
... Extraction of whole cells with low concentrations of digitonin was used to obtain crude mitochondrial fractions that are incubated either with α-ketoglutarate, the substrate for SUBPHOS, or with succinate, a substrate for OXPHOS. Atractyloside, which prevents mitochondrial import of ADP, inhibits bo ...
... Extraction of whole cells with low concentrations of digitonin was used to obtain crude mitochondrial fractions that are incubated either with α-ketoglutarate, the substrate for SUBPHOS, or with succinate, a substrate for OXPHOS. Atractyloside, which prevents mitochondrial import of ADP, inhibits bo ...
Slide 1
... Nuclear B-catenin required for TGF-B1 mediated expression of BLK TGF-B1 mediated expression of BAX not dependent on B-catenin ...
... Nuclear B-catenin required for TGF-B1 mediated expression of BLK TGF-B1 mediated expression of BAX not dependent on B-catenin ...
Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 9e (Marieb)
... 6) The three major components of the cytoplasm are the: A) cytosol, organelles, and inclusions B) cytosol, inclusions, and nucleoli C) cytosol, organelles, and nucleoli D) organelles, inclusions, and nucleoli E) organelles, inclusions, and ribosomes Answer: A Diff: 2 ...
... 6) The three major components of the cytoplasm are the: A) cytosol, organelles, and inclusions B) cytosol, inclusions, and nucleoli C) cytosol, organelles, and nucleoli D) organelles, inclusions, and nucleoli E) organelles, inclusions, and ribosomes Answer: A Diff: 2 ...
Lareau et al, eLife, 2014
... eLife digest To make a protein from a gene, the gene is first transcribed to produce a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA), which then passes through a molecular machine called a ribosome. The ribosome reads the genetic code in the mRNA in groups of three letters at a time, and each triplet of letters ...
... eLife digest To make a protein from a gene, the gene is first transcribed to produce a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA), which then passes through a molecular machine called a ribosome. The ribosome reads the genetic code in the mRNA in groups of three letters at a time, and each triplet of letters ...
From filaments to function: The role of the plant actin cytoskeleton in
... trafficking, while actin-dependent, functions independently of microtubules. In a parallel study, Ribeiro et al. (2013) came to a similar conclusion, demonstrating that nucleoprotein trafficking is actin-dependent and microtubule-independent, while further showing that actin was not required for the a ...
... trafficking, while actin-dependent, functions independently of microtubules. In a parallel study, Ribeiro et al. (2013) came to a similar conclusion, demonstrating that nucleoprotein trafficking is actin-dependent and microtubule-independent, while further showing that actin was not required for the a ...
Cell regulation by the Apc protein Apc as master regulator of epithelia
... The first recognised function of Apc was its role in Wnt signalling [4,5]. This function is one of the driving forces for how mutations in Apc ensure that cells remain proliferative. Many of the molecular details of this pathway have been described extensively in many reviews [6]. Apc negatively ...
... The first recognised function of Apc was its role in Wnt signalling [4,5]. This function is one of the driving forces for how mutations in Apc ensure that cells remain proliferative. Many of the molecular details of this pathway have been described extensively in many reviews [6]. Apc negatively ...
Endoplasmic Microtubules Configure the Subapical Cytoplasm and
... antibodies. Because MTs in living cells are dynamic, they appear thicker in in vivo imaging techniques than in fixed specimens. Root hairs of transformed roots developed normally and grew, with similar speed and pattern, as hairs of nontransformed roots. Trichoblast (before Bulge Formation) ...
... antibodies. Because MTs in living cells are dynamic, they appear thicker in in vivo imaging techniques than in fixed specimens. Root hairs of transformed roots developed normally and grew, with similar speed and pattern, as hairs of nontransformed roots. Trichoblast (before Bulge Formation) ...
Discrete Domains Mediate the Light-Responsive
... Localization of COP1 We first sought to define the minimal domain of COP1 capable of mediating nuclear localization. To this end, a series of COP1 deletion mutants was constructed, as diagrammed in Figure 1. The COP1 mutant proteins were expressed as C-terminal fusions to GUS or GFP by using quantit ...
... Localization of COP1 We first sought to define the minimal domain of COP1 capable of mediating nuclear localization. To this end, a series of COP1 deletion mutants was constructed, as diagrammed in Figure 1. The COP1 mutant proteins were expressed as C-terminal fusions to GUS or GFP by using quantit ...
The Cranial Nerves
... postganglionic fibers supply lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual glands ...
... postganglionic fibers supply lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual glands ...
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vprmediated G2 cell cycle
... arrest mediated by Vpr in HIV-1 pathogenesis is as yet unclear. Experimental evidence in in vitro systems indicates that the establishment of a cell cycle arrest enables HIV-1 to optimize virus production and cripple the immune response, thus facilitating the persistence of the virus within the infe ...
... arrest mediated by Vpr in HIV-1 pathogenesis is as yet unclear. Experimental evidence in in vitro systems indicates that the establishment of a cell cycle arrest enables HIV-1 to optimize virus production and cripple the immune response, thus facilitating the persistence of the virus within the infe ...
Micronuclei and the Cytoplasm of Growing Tetrahymena Contain a
... In an attempt to understand further the biological function of histone acetylation as it relates to both transcription and chromatin assembly, we have begun to analyze the enzyme system(s) responsible for carrying out histone acetylation in Tetrahymena. Recently, we described results which suggest t ...
... In an attempt to understand further the biological function of histone acetylation as it relates to both transcription and chromatin assembly, we have begun to analyze the enzyme system(s) responsible for carrying out histone acetylation in Tetrahymena. Recently, we described results which suggest t ...
Molecular diversity through RNA editing: a balancing act
... Figure 1. Illustration of the three major types of A-to-I RNA editing targets and their fates. Panels on the left show a schematic of RNA secondary structures highlighting a translated exon sequence (dark blue box), untranslated exon sequence (light blue boxes), location of repetitive sequence eleme ...
... Figure 1. Illustration of the three major types of A-to-I RNA editing targets and their fates. Panels on the left show a schematic of RNA secondary structures highlighting a translated exon sequence (dark blue box), untranslated exon sequence (light blue boxes), location of repetitive sequence eleme ...
RNA Polymerase I-Specific Subunit CAST/hPAF49 Has a Role in the
... PAF53 (UltimatORF clone IOH27877; Invitrogen) and human CAST/hPAF49 were cloned in pBAD-DEST49 Gateway vector (Invitrogen). Proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli TOP10 cells (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions (a 0.02% final concentration of arabinose was used for inducti ...
... PAF53 (UltimatORF clone IOH27877; Invitrogen) and human CAST/hPAF49 were cloned in pBAD-DEST49 Gateway vector (Invitrogen). Proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli TOP10 cells (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions (a 0.02% final concentration of arabinose was used for inducti ...
Formation and excretion of autophagic plastids (plastolysomes) in
... The change in developmental fate of microspores reprogrammed toward embryogenesis is a complex but fascinating experimental system where microspores undergo dramatic changes derived from the developmental switch. After 40 years of study of the ultrastructural changes undergone by the induced microsp ...
... The change in developmental fate of microspores reprogrammed toward embryogenesis is a complex but fascinating experimental system where microspores undergo dramatic changes derived from the developmental switch. After 40 years of study of the ultrastructural changes undergone by the induced microsp ...
Chromosome silencing mechanisms in X
... In a separate study, Namekawa et al. (Namekawa et al., 2010) also analysed gene silencing in Xist null XX preimplantation mouse embryos, but in this case found no evidence for Xist RNAindependent silencing of Xp genes at the 8- to 16-cell stage. Similar to the Kalantry et al. study, their conclusion ...
... In a separate study, Namekawa et al. (Namekawa et al., 2010) also analysed gene silencing in Xist null XX preimplantation mouse embryos, but in this case found no evidence for Xist RNAindependent silencing of Xp genes at the 8- to 16-cell stage. Similar to the Kalantry et al. study, their conclusion ...
Mechanisms of plasmid stable maintenance with special focus on
... much more stable than the antidote. This can be shown by provoking synchronous plasmid curing by inhibiting plasmid replication without affecting cell growth and division (Jensen et al., 1995). The antidote prevents the lethal action of its cognate toxin by forming a tight complex with it. So, as lo ...
... much more stable than the antidote. This can be shown by provoking synchronous plasmid curing by inhibiting plasmid replication without affecting cell growth and division (Jensen et al., 1995). The antidote prevents the lethal action of its cognate toxin by forming a tight complex with it. So, as lo ...
Factor of Transcription by Upstream Binding CAST/hPAF49 Has a
... PAF53 (UltimatORF clone IOH27877; Invitrogen) and human CAST/hPAF49 were cloned in pBAD-DEST49 Gateway vector (Invitrogen). Proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli TOP10 cells (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions (a 0.02% final concentration of arabinose was used for inducti ...
... PAF53 (UltimatORF clone IOH27877; Invitrogen) and human CAST/hPAF49 were cloned in pBAD-DEST49 Gateway vector (Invitrogen). Proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli TOP10 cells (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions (a 0.02% final concentration of arabinose was used for inducti ...
Regulation of Gene Expression by Coupling of Alternative Splicing
... The existence of numerous PTC+ isoforms was first inferred from EST data.12 One may wonder why EST evidence exists at all for isoforms that are expected to be degraded by NMD. As observed in numerous experiments (Table 1), NMD substantially reduces the abundance of PTC+ transcripts, but it does not ...
... The existence of numerous PTC+ isoforms was first inferred from EST data.12 One may wonder why EST evidence exists at all for isoforms that are expected to be degraded by NMD. As observed in numerous experiments (Table 1), NMD substantially reduces the abundance of PTC+ transcripts, but it does not ...
Two Microtubule-Associated Proteins of the
... polymerization. It also induced the formation of large microtubule bundles by forming cross-bridges between microtubules evenly along the whole length of microtubules. In the presence of AtMAP65-1, microtubule bundles were more resistant to cold and dilution treatments. AtMAP65-6, however, demonstra ...
... polymerization. It also induced the formation of large microtubule bundles by forming cross-bridges between microtubules evenly along the whole length of microtubules. In the presence of AtMAP65-1, microtubule bundles were more resistant to cold and dilution treatments. AtMAP65-6, however, demonstra ...
Nitric oxide is essential for vesicle formation and
... movement of the nucleus is bidirectional (Chytilova et al., 2000; Ketelaar et al., 2002). Chytilova et al. (2000) demonstrated that rapid and, in some cases, long-distance intracellular movement of nuclei within actively growing cells occurs. This fact has been widely observed, and the advantage for ...
... movement of the nucleus is bidirectional (Chytilova et al., 2000; Ketelaar et al., 2002). Chytilova et al. (2000) demonstrated that rapid and, in some cases, long-distance intracellular movement of nuclei within actively growing cells occurs. This fact has been widely observed, and the advantage for ...
Architecture and Biosynthesis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cell
... force microscope to detect surface accessibility of “molecular rulers” consisting of versions of the plasma membrane sensor Wsc1 with different lengths (Dupres et al. 2010; Yamaguchi et al. 2011). The wall’s major components are b1,3- and b1,6-linked glucans, mannoproteins, and chitin, which can be ...
... force microscope to detect surface accessibility of “molecular rulers” consisting of versions of the plasma membrane sensor Wsc1 with different lengths (Dupres et al. 2010; Yamaguchi et al. 2011). The wall’s major components are b1,3- and b1,6-linked glucans, mannoproteins, and chitin, which can be ...
Cell nucleus
In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes usually have a single nucleus, but a few cell types have no nuclei, and a few others have many.Cell nuclei contain most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. The genes within these chromosomes are the cell's nuclear genome. The function of the nucleus is to maintain the integrity of these genes and to control the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression—the nucleus is, therefore, the control center of the cell. The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope, a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm, and the nucleoskeleton (which includes nuclear lamina), a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support, much like the cytoskeleton, which supports the cell as a whole.Because the nuclear membrane is impermeable to large molecules, nuclear pores are required that regulate nuclear transport of molecules across the envelope. The pores cross both nuclear membranes, providing a channel through which larger molecules must be actively transported by carrier proteins while allowing free movement of small molecules and ions. Movement of large molecules such as proteins and RNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes. The interior of the nucleus does not contain any membrane-bound sub compartments, its contents are not uniform, and a number of sub-nuclear bodies exist, made up of unique proteins, RNA molecules, and particular parts of the chromosomes. The best-known of these is the nucleolus, which is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes. After being produced in the nucleolus, ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA.