current models for the structure of biological membranes rev iew
... plants where they form a structural and functional complex with the cell membrane, but they do exist in most if not all other cells as well (219) . In many instances it is not only physically but also conceptually difficult to separate this complex entity into its components . The reasons for distin ...
... plants where they form a structural and functional complex with the cell membrane, but they do exist in most if not all other cells as well (219) . In many instances it is not only physically but also conceptually difficult to separate this complex entity into its components . The reasons for distin ...
Interconnections Between RNA-Processing Pathways Revealed by
... genes were identified whose deletions resulted in defects in pre-mRNA splicing; enriched among ...
... genes were identified whose deletions resulted in defects in pre-mRNA splicing; enriched among ...
p62/SQSTM1 Binds Directly to Atg8/LC3 to Facilitate Degradation of
... endocytosis and cytoplasmic components delivered by autophagy. Various categories of autophagy have been defined differing in the delivery route of cytoplasmic material. These include macroautophagy (hereafter called autophagy), microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (2– 4). Macroautophagy ...
... endocytosis and cytoplasmic components delivered by autophagy. Various categories of autophagy have been defined differing in the delivery route of cytoplasmic material. These include macroautophagy (hereafter called autophagy), microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (2– 4). Macroautophagy ...
Daughter-Specific Transcription Factors Regulate Cell Size Control
... exponential growth of single cells [5,29], the size at Whi5 exit, M1, is related to the size at birth, Mbirth, through the period T1 by the simple formula: M1 = MbirtheaT1, where a is the growth rate for exponential growth. This expression yields: aT1 = ln(M1)–ln(Mbirth). The correlation between aT1 ...
... exponential growth of single cells [5,29], the size at Whi5 exit, M1, is related to the size at birth, Mbirth, through the period T1 by the simple formula: M1 = MbirtheaT1, where a is the growth rate for exponential growth. This expression yields: aT1 = ln(M1)–ln(Mbirth). The correlation between aT1 ...
Single-channel electrophysiology reveals a distinct and uniform
... Conductance steps observed for a-syn pores Having established optimal pre-incubation conditions to generate pore forming a-syn oligomers, we performed all further experiments using 7 mM protein concentration and 72 h of incubation at RT. By applying voltage pulses to membranes with an inserted pore, ...
... Conductance steps observed for a-syn pores Having established optimal pre-incubation conditions to generate pore forming a-syn oligomers, we performed all further experiments using 7 mM protein concentration and 72 h of incubation at RT. By applying voltage pulses to membranes with an inserted pore, ...
Chromosome Dynamics in Meiotic Prophase I in
... must pair, synapse, and recombine with each other [Zickler and Kleckner, 1999; Ronceret et al., 2007]. Homologous pairing is an interaction between chromosomes that leads to juxtaposition of homologs and the formation of bivalents [Zickler and Kleckner, 1999]. Synapsis closely follows pairing and i ...
... must pair, synapse, and recombine with each other [Zickler and Kleckner, 1999; Ronceret et al., 2007]. Homologous pairing is an interaction between chromosomes that leads to juxtaposition of homologs and the formation of bivalents [Zickler and Kleckner, 1999]. Synapsis closely follows pairing and i ...
Brainstem
... nerves emerge as 2 roots: from medial to lateral: motor root of 7th , sensory root of 7th , vestibular part of 8th & cochlear part of 8th ...
... nerves emerge as 2 roots: from medial to lateral: motor root of 7th , sensory root of 7th , vestibular part of 8th & cochlear part of 8th ...
Biogenesis of proteins of the mitochondrial intermembrane space
... nuclear-encoded proteins of eukaryotic origin. Hence, about 99% of all mitochondrial proteins are synthesized as precursors in the cytosol and has to be imported into the organelle. The translocation and integration of mitochondrial precursors is a challenging task as the organelle is bounded by two ...
... nuclear-encoded proteins of eukaryotic origin. Hence, about 99% of all mitochondrial proteins are synthesized as precursors in the cytosol and has to be imported into the organelle. The translocation and integration of mitochondrial precursors is a challenging task as the organelle is bounded by two ...
Light-Related Photosynthetic Gene Expression and Enzyme Activity
... the transferred genes required that the genes be integrated in close proximity to a downstream promoter. Retargeting, however, is a bit more complicated. For proteins to be targeted back to the organelles, genes first need to acquire an upstream targeting peptide sequence and a mechanism for the pro ...
... the transferred genes required that the genes be integrated in close proximity to a downstream promoter. Retargeting, however, is a bit more complicated. For proteins to be targeted back to the organelles, genes first need to acquire an upstream targeting peptide sequence and a mechanism for the pro ...
Regulation of nuclear poly(A) addition controls the expression of
... extracts formed on the m secretory poly(A) site in the presence and absence of the inhibitory motifs. The cleavage/polyadenylation-speci®c complex is identi®able on native gels by its ability to form only on polyadenylation substrates that contain an intact AAUAAA hexanucleotide sequence (Gilmartin ...
... extracts formed on the m secretory poly(A) site in the presence and absence of the inhibitory motifs. The cleavage/polyadenylation-speci®c complex is identi®able on native gels by its ability to form only on polyadenylation substrates that contain an intact AAUAAA hexanucleotide sequence (Gilmartin ...
Maize meiotic mutants with improper or non
... unsynapsed regions in nuclei are associated with interlocks, suggesting that the resolution of interlocks between intertwined non-homologous chromosomes may be a rate-limiting step to complete synapsis. By end of pachytene, all interlocks are resolved in wild-type meiocytes. The ultrastructure of th ...
... unsynapsed regions in nuclei are associated with interlocks, suggesting that the resolution of interlocks between intertwined non-homologous chromosomes may be a rate-limiting step to complete synapsis. By end of pachytene, all interlocks are resolved in wild-type meiocytes. The ultrastructure of th ...
Keystone Standards
... BIO.A.2. 1. Describe how the unique properties of water support life on Earth. BIO.A.2. 1.1. Describe the unique properties of water and how these properties support life on Earth (e.g., freezing point, high specific heat, cohesion). BIO.A.2. 2. Describe and interpret relationships between structure ...
... BIO.A.2. 1. Describe how the unique properties of water support life on Earth. BIO.A.2. 1.1. Describe the unique properties of water and how these properties support life on Earth (e.g., freezing point, high specific heat, cohesion). BIO.A.2. 2. Describe and interpret relationships between structure ...
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... Biology: Science for Life with Physiology, 4e (Belk) Chapter 2 Are We Alone in the Universe? Water, Biochemistry, and Cells 1) Each of the following is a feature of all known living things EXCEPT A) genes made from proteins. B) growth. C) homeostasis. D) metabolism. Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 2.1 Skil ...
... Biology: Science for Life with Physiology, 4e (Belk) Chapter 2 Are We Alone in the Universe? Water, Biochemistry, and Cells 1) Each of the following is a feature of all known living things EXCEPT A) genes made from proteins. B) growth. C) homeostasis. D) metabolism. Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 2.1 Skil ...
FREE Sample Here
... Biology: Science for Life with Physiology, 4e (Belk) Chapter 2 Are We Alone in the Universe? Water, Biochemistry, and Cells 1) Each of the following is a feature of all known living things EXCEPT A) genes made from proteins. B) growth. C) homeostasis. D) metabolism. Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 2.1 Skil ...
... Biology: Science for Life with Physiology, 4e (Belk) Chapter 2 Are We Alone in the Universe? Water, Biochemistry, and Cells 1) Each of the following is a feature of all known living things EXCEPT A) genes made from proteins. B) growth. C) homeostasis. D) metabolism. Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 2.1 Skil ...
Robust methods for purification of histones from cultured
... pipette connected to vacuum, maximally aspirate the remaining washing medium. Salt-urea-cell lysis. We hypothesize that the cell nucleus in concentrated urea solution, containing relatively low concentration of salt (e.g. 10 mM NaCl), would be relatively more stable than the cell cytoplasm. Thus, th ...
... pipette connected to vacuum, maximally aspirate the remaining washing medium. Salt-urea-cell lysis. We hypothesize that the cell nucleus in concentrated urea solution, containing relatively low concentration of salt (e.g. 10 mM NaCl), would be relatively more stable than the cell cytoplasm. Thus, th ...
Mechanisms of dorsal-ventral axis determination in
... of the dorsal-ventral axis. Here, I analyse the dorsal protein distribution and the expression of zygotic dorsalventral genes in Toll embryos that have been injected with wild-type cytoplasm under a variety of different injection conditions. Injections into two positions within a single embryo lead ...
... of the dorsal-ventral axis. Here, I analyse the dorsal protein distribution and the expression of zygotic dorsalventral genes in Toll embryos that have been injected with wild-type cytoplasm under a variety of different injection conditions. Injections into two positions within a single embryo lead ...
Identification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins that bind to
... nucleosomal dyad and the linker DNA entering and exiting the NCP (Carruthers et al. 1998)(Allan et al. 1980)(Goytisolo et al. 1996)(Bednar et al. 1998)(Zhou et al. 1998)(Widom 1998). Figure 1.4: ...
... nucleosomal dyad and the linker DNA entering and exiting the NCP (Carruthers et al. 1998)(Allan et al. 1980)(Goytisolo et al. 1996)(Bednar et al. 1998)(Zhou et al. 1998)(Widom 1998). Figure 1.4: ...
Comparative Cell Biology and Evolution of Annexins in Diplomonads
... G. intestinalis genome revealed the presence of 21 alpha-giardin genes that showed clear evidence of repeated duplications and divergence (4, 12). Annexin homologs from Spironucleus, another parasitic diplomonad lineage, were reported to be more similar to other annexins than to alpha-giardins (13). ...
... G. intestinalis genome revealed the presence of 21 alpha-giardin genes that showed clear evidence of repeated duplications and divergence (4, 12). Annexin homologs from Spironucleus, another parasitic diplomonad lineage, were reported to be more similar to other annexins than to alpha-giardins (13). ...
The Drosophila ribbon gene encodes a nuclear BTB domain protein that promotes epithelial migration and morphogenesis. Development 128, 4923-4933. pdf
... Fig. 2. Basal surface of tracheal epithelium continues to migrate in rib mutants. (A) Budding primary branch growing toward Bnl FGF signaling center. Cytoplasmic processes extend from the basal surface of the lead cells, and cell bodies and apical surface follow. (B,D) Four tracheal metameres (Tr1-4 ...
... Fig. 2. Basal surface of tracheal epithelium continues to migrate in rib mutants. (A) Budding primary branch growing toward Bnl FGF signaling center. Cytoplasmic processes extend from the basal surface of the lead cells, and cell bodies and apical surface follow. (B,D) Four tracheal metameres (Tr1-4 ...
Localization of retinitis pigmentosa 2 to cilia is regulated by Importin 2
... exquisite regulation of cilia-mediated signaling (Pazour and Bloodgood, 2008). How the cilia regulate import and export of proteins is still unclear, but it might involve an electron-dense area at the base of the cilia, which is known as the transition zone. This area might function in a similar fas ...
... exquisite regulation of cilia-mediated signaling (Pazour and Bloodgood, 2008). How the cilia regulate import and export of proteins is still unclear, but it might involve an electron-dense area at the base of the cilia, which is known as the transition zone. This area might function in a similar fas ...
Chromosome Segregation in Budding Yeast: Sister Chromatid
... topologically with the DNA, these models suggest that cohesin binds to the DNA of one sister chromatid and then oligomerizes with one or more cohesin molecules bound to the other sister chromatid. Variations of these models include the “snap” model and “bracelet” models which postulate that cohesin ...
... topologically with the DNA, these models suggest that cohesin binds to the DNA of one sister chromatid and then oligomerizes with one or more cohesin molecules bound to the other sister chromatid. Variations of these models include the “snap” model and “bracelet” models which postulate that cohesin ...
Evolution of acidocalcisomes and their role in polyphosphate
... Docampo 2000; figure 1a). They typically are spherical with an average diameter of 0.2 – 0.5 mm although polymorphic morphologies occur in some cells (Docampo et al. 2005). Their position in the cells is random. By transmission electron microscopy the organelle appears empty or with an inclusion of ...
... Docampo 2000; figure 1a). They typically are spherical with an average diameter of 0.2 – 0.5 mm although polymorphic morphologies occur in some cells (Docampo et al. 2005). Their position in the cells is random. By transmission electron microscopy the organelle appears empty or with an inclusion of ...
Cell nucleus
In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes usually have a single nucleus, but a few cell types have no nuclei, and a few others have many.Cell nuclei contain most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. The genes within these chromosomes are the cell's nuclear genome. The function of the nucleus is to maintain the integrity of these genes and to control the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression—the nucleus is, therefore, the control center of the cell. The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope, a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm, and the nucleoskeleton (which includes nuclear lamina), a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support, much like the cytoskeleton, which supports the cell as a whole.Because the nuclear membrane is impermeable to large molecules, nuclear pores are required that regulate nuclear transport of molecules across the envelope. The pores cross both nuclear membranes, providing a channel through which larger molecules must be actively transported by carrier proteins while allowing free movement of small molecules and ions. Movement of large molecules such as proteins and RNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes. The interior of the nucleus does not contain any membrane-bound sub compartments, its contents are not uniform, and a number of sub-nuclear bodies exist, made up of unique proteins, RNA molecules, and particular parts of the chromosomes. The best-known of these is the nucleolus, which is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes. After being produced in the nucleolus, ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA.