Reflexes Reaction time
... only two neurons (one sensory neuron, and one motor neuron; monosynaptic refers to the presence of a single chemical synapse) – peripheral muscle reflexes or deep tendon reflexes (patellar reflex, achilles reflex): brief stimulation of the muscle spindle results in contraction of the muscle – high c ...
... only two neurons (one sensory neuron, and one motor neuron; monosynaptic refers to the presence of a single chemical synapse) – peripheral muscle reflexes or deep tendon reflexes (patellar reflex, achilles reflex): brief stimulation of the muscle spindle results in contraction of the muscle – high c ...
Continuous reinforcement
... There is a limited time when the reinforcer is available: ◦ Like a “fast pass”: earned the reinforcer, but must pick it up within 5 seconds or it is lost Applied when a faster rate of responding is desired with a fixed interval schedule By limiting how long the reinforcer is available following the ...
... There is a limited time when the reinforcer is available: ◦ Like a “fast pass”: earned the reinforcer, but must pick it up within 5 seconds or it is lost Applied when a faster rate of responding is desired with a fixed interval schedule By limiting how long the reinforcer is available following the ...
The neural mechanisms of top- down attentional control
... humans9,10,16–19 and related findings in animals3, attending to the left visual field increased activity in the right ventral occipital cortex, whereas attending to the right increased activity in the left occipital cortex (Fig. 5a). In addition, activity in a more dorsal region of visual cortex was ...
... humans9,10,16–19 and related findings in animals3, attending to the left visual field increased activity in the right ventral occipital cortex, whereas attending to the right increased activity in the left occipital cortex (Fig. 5a). In addition, activity in a more dorsal region of visual cortex was ...
The Neural Fate of Consciously Perceived and Missed Events in the
... it also characterizes the underlying functional neuroarchitecture. In support of a first stage of information processing, there is both electrophysiological (Luck et al., 1996) and behavioral (Shapiro et al., 1997a) evidence that visually presented words which are not explicitly perceived in the att ...
... it also characterizes the underlying functional neuroarchitecture. In support of a first stage of information processing, there is both electrophysiological (Luck et al., 1996) and behavioral (Shapiro et al., 1997a) evidence that visually presented words which are not explicitly perceived in the att ...
Slide 1
... response in contralateral muscles • Latency depends on corticospinal distance impulses have to travel ...
... response in contralateral muscles • Latency depends on corticospinal distance impulses have to travel ...
Been There, Seen That: A Neural Mechanism for Performing
... and then integrated with top-down feedback, such as the suppression of task irrelevant stimuli, modulation due to reward contingencies or prior expectations. Our hypothesis is that covert attention is allocated based on the topography of the map on a moment-by-moment basis, and eye movements are gui ...
... and then integrated with top-down feedback, such as the suppression of task irrelevant stimuli, modulation due to reward contingencies or prior expectations. Our hypothesis is that covert attention is allocated based on the topography of the map on a moment-by-moment basis, and eye movements are gui ...
Categorical perception of somesthetic stimuli: psychophysical
... stimulus speeds (categorical neurons). In a light instruction task, we tested the possibility that the categorical neurons (n = 71) were associated with the intention to press, or with the trajectory of the hand to one of the two target switches used to indicate categorization. In this situation, ea ...
... stimulus speeds (categorical neurons). In a light instruction task, we tested the possibility that the categorical neurons (n = 71) were associated with the intention to press, or with the trajectory of the hand to one of the two target switches used to indicate categorization. In this situation, ea ...
Uncomfortable images produce non-sparse responses in a model of
... shown to produce sparse responses to natural image inputs [4]. Equally, learning algorithms that seek to generate sparse responses to natural image samples produce units with receptive fields that are strikingly similar to those found in the visual cortex [5]. This suggests that sparse coding might, ...
... shown to produce sparse responses to natural image inputs [4]. Equally, learning algorithms that seek to generate sparse responses to natural image samples produce units with receptive fields that are strikingly similar to those found in the visual cortex [5]. This suggests that sparse coding might, ...
Priming on perceptual implicit memory tests can be achieved
... phase (e.g., study of tusk failed to prime elephant when given the category name animals). In addition, Mandler, Graf, and Kraft (1986) found no stem completion priming (but did find false recognition) following presentation of five words categorically related to their nonpresented targets. Therefor ...
... phase (e.g., study of tusk failed to prime elephant when given the category name animals). In addition, Mandler, Graf, and Kraft (1986) found no stem completion priming (but did find false recognition) following presentation of five words categorically related to their nonpresented targets. Therefor ...
feature analyzers in the brain
... prey-catching in the laboratory worm stimulus releasing value ~ s antiworm (= “amount”) releasing value ~ s square biphasic ~ s (bugs predators ?) ...
... prey-catching in the laboratory worm stimulus releasing value ~ s antiworm (= “amount”) releasing value ~ s square biphasic ~ s (bugs predators ?) ...
Motion perception: Seeing and deciding
... monitor. A fraction of the dots move coherently in one of two directions (arrows in Fig. 1 A) while the remaining dots appear briefly at random locations, creating a masking noise. The monkey reports the direction of coherent motion by making a saccadic eye movement to one of two visual targets, eac ...
... monitor. A fraction of the dots move coherently in one of two directions (arrows in Fig. 1 A) while the remaining dots appear briefly at random locations, creating a masking noise. The monkey reports the direction of coherent motion by making a saccadic eye movement to one of two visual targets, eac ...
Where is Pain Percieved?
... Pain is an inescapable sensation that every human being has experienced at least once in their lifetimes. The sensation of pain has two ways of being graded on its severity. The first is the objective intensity of pain, and the second is the subjective pain that the subject feels. Pain is one of the ...
... Pain is an inescapable sensation that every human being has experienced at least once in their lifetimes. The sensation of pain has two ways of being graded on its severity. The first is the objective intensity of pain, and the second is the subjective pain that the subject feels. Pain is one of the ...
Interactions between Motivation, Emotion and Attention: From
... Classical conditioning is often assumed to play a secondary role in the control of action, it can be sufficient on its own in situations where only a single action is needed (Balleine and Dickinson, 1998). For example, once the target stimulus has been selected, an innate appetitive system could be ...
... Classical conditioning is often assumed to play a secondary role in the control of action, it can be sufficient on its own in situations where only a single action is needed (Balleine and Dickinson, 1998). For example, once the target stimulus has been selected, an innate appetitive system could be ...
Interactions between Motivation, Emotion and Attention: From
... Classical conditioning is often assumed to play a secondary role in the control of action, it can be sufficient on its own in situations where only a single action is needed (Balleine and Dickinson, 1998). For example, once the target stimulus has been selected, an innate appetitive system could be ...
... Classical conditioning is often assumed to play a secondary role in the control of action, it can be sufficient on its own in situations where only a single action is needed (Balleine and Dickinson, 1998). For example, once the target stimulus has been selected, an innate appetitive system could be ...
Modulation of attentional inhibition by norepinephrine and cortisol
... processing after stress than is NE. For example, one particularly reliable phenomenon is the fact that acute stress can enhance memory formation while chronic stress can attenuate it ŽMcEwen and Sapolsky, 1995.. It has been demonstrated that this effect is conditional upon CORT release and the diffe ...
... processing after stress than is NE. For example, one particularly reliable phenomenon is the fact that acute stress can enhance memory formation while chronic stress can attenuate it ŽMcEwen and Sapolsky, 1995.. It has been demonstrated that this effect is conditional upon CORT release and the diffe ...
CLASSICAL AND INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING: THE
... tonic; they are commonly elicited by longlasting stimuli (often by a whole experimental situation), their formation is more rapid than that of consummatory CRs, and their extinction is very protracted'. In consequence, it often happens that the drive CR is present when the consummatory CR is still a ...
... tonic; they are commonly elicited by longlasting stimuli (often by a whole experimental situation), their formation is more rapid than that of consummatory CRs, and their extinction is very protracted'. In consequence, it often happens that the drive CR is present when the consummatory CR is still a ...
View PDF - Laboratory of Brain, Hearing and Behavior
... Selection deficits caused by SC inactivation in monkeys and improved peak discrimination by switch-like responses in the OT of owls. (a) Effect of focal SC inactivation on behavioral performance by monkeys in a contrast, oddball task. The task was the same as described in Figure 2a, except that the ...
... Selection deficits caused by SC inactivation in monkeys and improved peak discrimination by switch-like responses in the OT of owls. (a) Effect of focal SC inactivation on behavioral performance by monkeys in a contrast, oddball task. The task was the same as described in Figure 2a, except that the ...
How Reliably Does a Neuron in the Visual Motion Pathway of fhe Fly
... the stimulus-induced response component ('SIRC'). In a normal behavioural situation the animal's own actions and reactions have immediate consequences on its sensory input. Therefore, the SIRC is not simply the consequence of an external source but is determined, at least to a large extent, by the a ...
... the stimulus-induced response component ('SIRC'). In a normal behavioural situation the animal's own actions and reactions have immediate consequences on its sensory input. Therefore, the SIRC is not simply the consequence of an external source but is determined, at least to a large extent, by the a ...
Objectives 34
... cortex, internal capsule, cerebral peduncles, and brainstem motor areas - Typical symptoms weakness or paralysis and Babinski (dorsiflexion of toe) 2-3 weeks later, reflexes become over exaggerated - increased reflexes include tendon tap responses - spasticity develops and becomes exaggerated ...
... cortex, internal capsule, cerebral peduncles, and brainstem motor areas - Typical symptoms weakness or paralysis and Babinski (dorsiflexion of toe) 2-3 weeks later, reflexes become over exaggerated - increased reflexes include tendon tap responses - spasticity develops and becomes exaggerated ...
Neuronal Interaction Dynamics in Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... total of 32 repetitions of each stimulus, arranged in pseudorandom order across the different conditions. Stimuli had a luminance of 0.9 cd /m 2 against a background luminance of 0.002 cd /m 2. The retinal position of these common stimuli was constant, irrespective of the RF location of individual n ...
... total of 32 repetitions of each stimulus, arranged in pseudorandom order across the different conditions. Stimuli had a luminance of 0.9 cd /m 2 against a background luminance of 0.002 cd /m 2. The retinal position of these common stimuli was constant, irrespective of the RF location of individual n ...
Slide 1
... Maps can be generated by intracortical microstimulation Sites controlling individual muscles are distributed over a wide area of motor cortex Muscle representations overlap in cortex Stimulation of single sites activates several muscles (diverging innervation) Many motor cortical neurons contribute ...
... Maps can be generated by intracortical microstimulation Sites controlling individual muscles are distributed over a wide area of motor cortex Muscle representations overlap in cortex Stimulation of single sites activates several muscles (diverging innervation) Many motor cortical neurons contribute ...
5. Discussion - UvA-DARE - University of Amsterdam
... reduction in selectivity was rather explained by an increase in response amplitude to the null direction of the cells. The overall conclusion was that spontaneous and stimulus-selective activity patterns of primary visual cortex neurons are shaped by processes that can change between brain states an ...
... reduction in selectivity was rather explained by an increase in response amplitude to the null direction of the cells. The overall conclusion was that spontaneous and stimulus-selective activity patterns of primary visual cortex neurons are shaped by processes that can change between brain states an ...
Escape behavior and neuronal responses to looming stimuli in the
... The simulated looming stimulus used in the present study consisted of a 5·cm black square, which approached over a distance of 70·cm at a constant speed of 20·cm·s–1 (Fig.·1B). Thus, for the crab’s eye the stimulus had an apparent size subtending an angle of 4° at its stationary initial position and ...
... The simulated looming stimulus used in the present study consisted of a 5·cm black square, which approached over a distance of 70·cm at a constant speed of 20·cm·s–1 (Fig.·1B). Thus, for the crab’s eye the stimulus had an apparent size subtending an angle of 4° at its stationary initial position and ...
A Counter Based Connectionist Model of Animal Timing - APT
... intervals predict the same geometrical mean even though the ratios are different. These studies suggest that the ratios of the two intervals may play an important role in determining the animal bisection point. This is also true in human temporal bisection (Wearden and Ferrara, 1996) Note that human ...
... intervals predict the same geometrical mean even though the ratios are different. These studies suggest that the ratios of the two intervals may play an important role in determining the animal bisection point. This is also true in human temporal bisection (Wearden and Ferrara, 1996) Note that human ...
Response priming
In the psychology of perception and motor control, the term response priming denotes a special form of priming. Generally, priming effects take place whenever a response to a target stimulus is influenced by a prime stimulus presented at an earlier time. The distinctive feature of response priming is that prime and target are presented in quick succession (typically, less than 100 milliseconds apart) and are coupled to identical or alternative motor responses. When a speeded motor response is performed to classify the target stimulus, a prime immediately preceding the target can thus induce response conflicts when assigned to a different response as the target. These response conflicts have observable effects on motor behavior, leading to priming effects, e.g., in response times and error rates. A special property of response priming is its independence from visual awareness of the prime.