The concept of a reflex
... involuntary, qualitatively unvarying response of the nervous system to stimulus. The anatomy and function of are flex arc are programmed genetically and are fully developed at birth. In animals, the passage of a nerve impulse from a receptor to a muscle is an automatic response to the stimulus. It i ...
... involuntary, qualitatively unvarying response of the nervous system to stimulus. The anatomy and function of are flex arc are programmed genetically and are fully developed at birth. In animals, the passage of a nerve impulse from a receptor to a muscle is an automatic response to the stimulus. It i ...
The Motor System of the Cortex and the Brain Stem
... current position of the end-effector, where the end-effector now is not hand position but the cursor position, then their discharge might be invariant to changes in arm configuration. Indeed, among nearly all the task related PMv cells that were found, discharge was related to the direction of the ...
... current position of the end-effector, where the end-effector now is not hand position but the cursor position, then their discharge might be invariant to changes in arm configuration. Indeed, among nearly all the task related PMv cells that were found, discharge was related to the direction of the ...
Visual areas and spatial summation in human visual cortex
... Functional MRI measurements can securely partition the human posterior occipital lobe into retinotopically organized visual areas (V1, V2 and V3) with experiments that last only 30 min. Methods for identifying functional areas in the dorsal and ventral aspect of the human occipital cortex, however, ...
... Functional MRI measurements can securely partition the human posterior occipital lobe into retinotopically organized visual areas (V1, V2 and V3) with experiments that last only 30 min. Methods for identifying functional areas in the dorsal and ventral aspect of the human occipital cortex, however, ...
Reading Words in Discourse: The Modulation of - UNC
... and PET) can provide information about the neural loci of component processes of language but are very limited in their ability to provide information about dynamic aspects of processing. In this article, we examine the influence of information from different levels of representation on language pro ...
... and PET) can provide information about the neural loci of component processes of language but are very limited in their ability to provide information about dynamic aspects of processing. In this article, we examine the influence of information from different levels of representation on language pro ...
`off` responses in cat visual cortical receptive fields
... 1. A supervised learning procedure was applied to individual cat area 17 neurons to test the possible role of neuronal co-activity in controlling the plasticity of the spatial ‘on—off’ organization of visual cortical receptive fields (RFs). 2. Differential pairing between visual input evoked in a fi ...
... 1. A supervised learning procedure was applied to individual cat area 17 neurons to test the possible role of neuronal co-activity in controlling the plasticity of the spatial ‘on—off’ organization of visual cortical receptive fields (RFs). 2. Differential pairing between visual input evoked in a fi ...
Cortical mechanisms of sensory learning and object recognition
... when spikes are phase locked to an oscillation. If oscillations are, in turn, evoked in response to a stimulus, reliable spike timing and rate can be realised. In the olfactory systems of locusts, precisely such a mechanism has been observed (figure 1g ; Stopfer & Laurent 1999). It remains to be see ...
... when spikes are phase locked to an oscillation. If oscillations are, in turn, evoked in response to a stimulus, reliable spike timing and rate can be realised. In the olfactory systems of locusts, precisely such a mechanism has been observed (figure 1g ; Stopfer & Laurent 1999). It remains to be see ...
Integration of Visual and Auditory Information by Superior Temporal
... Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17:3, pp. 377–391 ...
... Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17:3, pp. 377–391 ...
A multi-level account of selective attention
... Broadbent’s notion that selection must be early, as these basic attributes appeared to be all that was retained from the unattended auditory stream. Not long after Broadbent’s seminal book, Moray (1959) demonstrated that selection was not always implemented by an early filtering mechanism, as he not ...
... Broadbent’s notion that selection must be early, as these basic attributes appeared to be all that was retained from the unattended auditory stream. Not long after Broadbent’s seminal book, Moray (1959) demonstrated that selection was not always implemented by an early filtering mechanism, as he not ...
Residual eye-movements in macaque and their effects on visual
... steady progression of the eye up and to the left—was exceptional). This is easily seen in Figs. 1D, 1E, and 1F (counterparts to Figs. 1A, 1B, & 1C) which display the horizontal and vertical positions of the eyes throughout the recording period. The excursions of the eyes shown in Fig. 1 represent th ...
... steady progression of the eye up and to the left—was exceptional). This is easily seen in Figs. 1D, 1E, and 1F (counterparts to Figs. 1A, 1B, & 1C) which display the horizontal and vertical positions of the eyes throughout the recording period. The excursions of the eyes shown in Fig. 1 represent th ...
Neuronal Correlates of Sensorimotor Association in Stimulus
... Subjects in those experiments performed a two-choice RT task in which visually displayed letters were mapped onto a left or right keypress response. The stimulus letters were flanked by other letters that were either compatible or incompatible with the response. By recording the lateralized readines ...
... Subjects in those experiments performed a two-choice RT task in which visually displayed letters were mapped onto a left or right keypress response. The stimulus letters were flanked by other letters that were either compatible or incompatible with the response. By recording the lateralized readines ...
Integrated model of visual processing
... and 2D analysis of luminance borders. The next level is the 2 1 / 2 D sketch that encodes the position and orientation in depth of small surface elements in 3D and the final stage is the 3D representation that corresponds to the representation of objects in three dimensions. Thus, it is a model base ...
... and 2D analysis of luminance borders. The next level is the 2 1 / 2 D sketch that encodes the position and orientation in depth of small surface elements in 3D and the final stage is the 3D representation that corresponds to the representation of objects in three dimensions. Thus, it is a model base ...
Changes in Prefrontal Neuronal Activity after
... The prefrontal cortex is considered essential for learning to perform cognitive tasks though little is known about how the representation of stimulus properties is altered by learning. To address this issue, we recorded neuronal activity in monkeys before and after training on a task that required v ...
... The prefrontal cortex is considered essential for learning to perform cognitive tasks though little is known about how the representation of stimulus properties is altered by learning. To address this issue, we recorded neuronal activity in monkeys before and after training on a task that required v ...
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... tions in the conditioned map. It should be noted that the decrease in low frequency responses is not a consistent finding. In other examples, the low-frequency responses appeared unaltered and the representation of higher frequencies was decreased. Because the tone paired with NB stimulation was wel ...
... tions in the conditioned map. It should be noted that the decrease in low frequency responses is not a consistent finding. In other examples, the low-frequency responses appeared unaltered and the representation of higher frequencies was decreased. Because the tone paired with NB stimulation was wel ...
Visual Responses of Pulvinar and Collicular Neurons During Eye
... visual stimulation (von Helmholtz 1925). There are several contexts in which the brain must know how stimulus motion is produced. First, it is important for perception. Organisms need to know if an object moved or if visual field motion is derived from eye movements. Second, neural mechanisms that i ...
... visual stimulation (von Helmholtz 1925). There are several contexts in which the brain must know how stimulus motion is produced. First, it is important for perception. Organisms need to know if an object moved or if visual field motion is derived from eye movements. Second, neural mechanisms that i ...
The effect of word imagery on priming effect under a preconscious
... and imagery. While brain areas related to word association have been well documented, those linked to word imagery have yet to be identified. The semantic priming effect refers to the promoting effect observed in response to a target word when it is preceded by a semantically related word, compared ...
... and imagery. While brain areas related to word association have been well documented, those linked to word imagery have yet to be identified. The semantic priming effect refers to the promoting effect observed in response to a target word when it is preceded by a semantically related word, compared ...
Redgrave - people.vcu.edu
... Response homogeneity. The latency (70–100 ms following stimulus onset) and duration (100–200 ms) of phasic DA responses (FIG. 1b) are remarkably constant across species and many experimental paradigms, and are largely independent of the modality or perceptual complexity of eliciting events2. The ste ...
... Response homogeneity. The latency (70–100 ms following stimulus onset) and duration (100–200 ms) of phasic DA responses (FIG. 1b) are remarkably constant across species and many experimental paradigms, and are largely independent of the modality or perceptual complexity of eliciting events2. The ste ...
What Are Emotional States, and Why Do We
... The implication is that operation by animals (including humans) using reward and punishment systems tuned to dimensions of the environment that increase fitness provides a mode of operation that can work in organisms that evolve by natural selection. It is clearly a natural outcome of Darwinian e ...
... The implication is that operation by animals (including humans) using reward and punishment systems tuned to dimensions of the environment that increase fitness provides a mode of operation that can work in organisms that evolve by natural selection. It is clearly a natural outcome of Darwinian e ...
Ventral Intraparietal Area of the Macaque: Anatomic Location and
... approximate best speed. Speed selectivity was then tested quantitatively with the use of a stimulus moving at different speeds in the preferred direction. In these tests for speed and direction selectivity, stimuli were presented in pseudorandom order until data had been collected for 16 trials for ...
... approximate best speed. Speed selectivity was then tested quantitatively with the use of a stimulus moving at different speeds in the preferred direction. In these tests for speed and direction selectivity, stimuli were presented in pseudorandom order until data had been collected for 16 trials for ...
Chapter 5 Learning to attend in primary visual cortex
... window centered on a red fixation point (FP in Fig. 1a). After an interval of 300 ms, the stimulus appeared on the screen. It consisted of two curves starting at two different small icons. The monkey was presented with a new pair of icons each day, one of which was relevant and the other was to be i ...
... window centered on a red fixation point (FP in Fig. 1a). After an interval of 300 ms, the stimulus appeared on the screen. It consisted of two curves starting at two different small icons. The monkey was presented with a new pair of icons each day, one of which was relevant and the other was to be i ...
Stimulus-Dependent Synchronization of Neuronal Responses in the
... evoked by the same stimulus are expected to contain such synchronous episodes much more frequently than responses evoked by different stimuli. To test this prediction, we investigated response synchronization in the middle temporal area (area V5 or MT) of alert fixating macaque monkeys. This area is ...
... evoked by the same stimulus are expected to contain such synchronous episodes much more frequently than responses evoked by different stimuli. To test this prediction, we investigated response synchronization in the middle temporal area (area V5 or MT) of alert fixating macaque monkeys. This area is ...
Visual Response Properties of Neurons in Four Extrastriate Visual
... to a light- or dark-bar stimulus, the effect of varying the orientation and direction of a moving bar was studied first. The responses were displayed as they occurred on an oscilloscope as peristimulus time histograms. As soon as the five runs of the stimulus sequence were completed, the orientation ...
... to a light- or dark-bar stimulus, the effect of varying the orientation and direction of a moving bar was studied first. The responses were displayed as they occurred on an oscilloscope as peristimulus time histograms. As soon as the five runs of the stimulus sequence were completed, the orientation ...
Computation by Ensemble Synchronization in Recurrent Networks
... information relevant to the computation in question. However, there are a growing number of observations, which indicate that information can in fact be represented in the temporal domain (Murphy et al., 1985; ...
... information relevant to the computation in question. However, there are a growing number of observations, which indicate that information can in fact be represented in the temporal domain (Murphy et al., 1985; ...
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... Controlled responses differ from reflexes because they can be turned off and on. This is a critical part of what distinguishes animals from automatons. How does the nervous system gate the flow of information so that a sensory stimulus that elicits a strong response on some occasions, evokes no resp ...
... Controlled responses differ from reflexes because they can be turned off and on. This is a critical part of what distinguishes animals from automatons. How does the nervous system gate the flow of information so that a sensory stimulus that elicits a strong response on some occasions, evokes no resp ...
The caudal part of the frontal cortex is strongly involved - LIRA-Lab
... parietal cortex (PF) (Matelli et al., 1986). In addition, sector F5ab receives input from the anterior intraparietal area (AIP) (Luppino et al., 1999). Electrical stimulation studies revealed that area F5 contains extensively overlapping representations of hand and mouth movements (Rizzolatti et al. ...
... parietal cortex (PF) (Matelli et al., 1986). In addition, sector F5ab receives input from the anterior intraparietal area (AIP) (Luppino et al., 1999). Electrical stimulation studies revealed that area F5 contains extensively overlapping representations of hand and mouth movements (Rizzolatti et al. ...
Response priming
In the psychology of perception and motor control, the term response priming denotes a special form of priming. Generally, priming effects take place whenever a response to a target stimulus is influenced by a prime stimulus presented at an earlier time. The distinctive feature of response priming is that prime and target are presented in quick succession (typically, less than 100 milliseconds apart) and are coupled to identical or alternative motor responses. When a speeded motor response is performed to classify the target stimulus, a prime immediately preceding the target can thus induce response conflicts when assigned to a different response as the target. These response conflicts have observable effects on motor behavior, leading to priming effects, e.g., in response times and error rates. A special property of response priming is its independence from visual awareness of the prime.