Sensory experience and the formation of a computational map of
... map of auditory space.(17) This map is, in turn, transmitted by means of a topographic projection to the optic tectum, where it is integrated with a projectional map of visual space.(18) In mammals, the initial coding of different types of auditory localization cue also takes place to a large extent ...
... map of auditory space.(17) This map is, in turn, transmitted by means of a topographic projection to the optic tectum, where it is integrated with a projectional map of visual space.(18) In mammals, the initial coding of different types of auditory localization cue also takes place to a large extent ...
Pattern of Motor Coordination Underlying Backward Swimming in
... with backward propagating activity, can be generated if the oscillator circuits in the caudal part of the spinal cord have higher excitability than that of more rostral ones (Matsushima and Grillner 1990, 1992). Backward swimming in intact lampreys has not been investigated systematically because of ...
... with backward propagating activity, can be generated if the oscillator circuits in the caudal part of the spinal cord have higher excitability than that of more rostral ones (Matsushima and Grillner 1990, 1992). Backward swimming in intact lampreys has not been investigated systematically because of ...
Body Systems Power Point - Warren County Public Schools
... • The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. • The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch out from the central nervous system to muscles, skin, internal organs, and glands. ...
... • The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. • The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch out from the central nervous system to muscles, skin, internal organs, and glands. ...
Spinal Cord Motor Activity
... The Inverse Myotatic Reflex: limits the muscle tension Another sensory structure that is important in the reflex regulation of motor unit activity is the Golgi tendon organ. Golgi tendon organs are encapsulated endings located at the junction of the muscle and tendon. Each tendon organ is related to ...
... The Inverse Myotatic Reflex: limits the muscle tension Another sensory structure that is important in the reflex regulation of motor unit activity is the Golgi tendon organ. Golgi tendon organs are encapsulated endings located at the junction of the muscle and tendon. Each tendon organ is related to ...
Sensing Limb Movements in the Motor Cortex: How Humans Sense
... brain activity related to the sensory processing of the kinesthetic afferent information from the activity related to the processing of vibration stimuli over the skin per se. In our series of neuroimaging experiments (Naito and others 1999, 2002b, 2002c; Naito and Ehrsson 2001), we adopted two appr ...
... brain activity related to the sensory processing of the kinesthetic afferent information from the activity related to the processing of vibration stimuli over the skin per se. In our series of neuroimaging experiments (Naito and others 1999, 2002b, 2002c; Naito and Ehrsson 2001), we adopted two appr ...
Supranuclear control of ocular motility
... Gaze-holding mechanisms act to prevent slip of images on the retina. Steady gaze-holding is achieved by collaboration of vestibular and visually mediated mechanisms. Vestibulo-ocular reflexes operate during locomotion, generating compensatory eye movements to counteract high-frequency head perturbat ...
... Gaze-holding mechanisms act to prevent slip of images on the retina. Steady gaze-holding is achieved by collaboration of vestibular and visually mediated mechanisms. Vestibulo-ocular reflexes operate during locomotion, generating compensatory eye movements to counteract high-frequency head perturbat ...
paradoxical sleep - Bakersfield College
... Why Do We Sleep? Effects of Sleep Deprivation The results of sleep deprivation studies suggest that the restorative effects of sleep are more important for the brain than for the rest of the body. Sleep deprivation studies with human subjects have provided little evidence that sleep is needed to ke ...
... Why Do We Sleep? Effects of Sleep Deprivation The results of sleep deprivation studies suggest that the restorative effects of sleep are more important for the brain than for the rest of the body. Sleep deprivation studies with human subjects have provided little evidence that sleep is needed to ke ...
Towards the integration of neural mechanisms and cognition in
... neural circuits and the robot; it is the control interface and it implements how the neural activity is translated in actuation. The Neural lattice layer is the brain model and it is fairly composed by at least two sublayers: the neural circuits and the cognition. The neural circuits layer contains ...
... neural circuits and the robot; it is the control interface and it implements how the neural activity is translated in actuation. The Neural lattice layer is the brain model and it is fairly composed by at least two sublayers: the neural circuits and the cognition. The neural circuits layer contains ...
Sample Chapter 8 from the Textbook
... DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM The nervous system can be divided into the central and the peripheral nervous systems (figure 8.1). The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of all the nervous tissue outside the CNS (nerves a ...
... DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM The nervous system can be divided into the central and the peripheral nervous systems (figure 8.1). The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of all the nervous tissue outside the CNS (nerves a ...
Document
... Theta activity: • EEG activity of 3.5 – 7.5 Hz that occurs intermittently during early stages of slow wave sleep and REM sleep. Delta activity: • Regular, synchronous electrical activity of less than 4 Hz recorded from the brain; occurs during the deepest stages of slow-wave sleep. ...
... Theta activity: • EEG activity of 3.5 – 7.5 Hz that occurs intermittently during early stages of slow wave sleep and REM sleep. Delta activity: • Regular, synchronous electrical activity of less than 4 Hz recorded from the brain; occurs during the deepest stages of slow-wave sleep. ...
Physiology and neuroanatomy of sleep
... An abrupt shift in EEG frequency immediately follows the K complex that lasts greater than 3 seconds. To be considered associated with a K complex, an arousal must commence no later than 1 second after K complex termination. ...
... An abrupt shift in EEG frequency immediately follows the K complex that lasts greater than 3 seconds. To be considered associated with a K complex, an arousal must commence no later than 1 second after K complex termination. ...
Differential Spatial Organization of Otolith Signals in Frog Vestibular
... were removed. Brains were stored overnight at 6°C in oxygenated Ringer solution with a pH of 7.5 ⫾ 0.1 and were used ⱕ4 days after their isolation. For the experiments, the brain stem was fixed to the sylgard floor of a chamber (volume: 2.4 ml) that was continuously perfused with oxygenated Ringer s ...
... were removed. Brains were stored overnight at 6°C in oxygenated Ringer solution with a pH of 7.5 ⫾ 0.1 and were used ⱕ4 days after their isolation. For the experiments, the brain stem was fixed to the sylgard floor of a chamber (volume: 2.4 ml) that was continuously perfused with oxygenated Ringer s ...
An Introduction to the ANS and Higher
... • “Kicks in” only during exertion, stress, or emergency • “Fight or flight” • Parasympathetic Division • Controls during resting conditions • “Rest and digest” ...
... • “Kicks in” only during exertion, stress, or emergency • “Fight or flight” • Parasympathetic Division • Controls during resting conditions • “Rest and digest” ...
[PDF]
... spaces are well known and easily defined. The mathematical problem is circumscribed. In other cortical areas, such as high-order visual areas or motor areas, the parameter spaces are less well known, difficult to define precisely, and much more highly dimensional. In a recent series of experiments, ...
... spaces are well known and easily defined. The mathematical problem is circumscribed. In other cortical areas, such as high-order visual areas or motor areas, the parameter spaces are less well known, difficult to define precisely, and much more highly dimensional. In a recent series of experiments, ...
The Dorsal Visual System Predicts Future and Remembers Past Eye
... for predictive remapping of visual activity during saccades in area LIP (Schneegans and Schöner, 2012; Ziesche and Hamker, 2014). To test this hypothesis, we developed a novel approach in which we construct a linear decoder whose output provides a metric representation of eye position, and is comput ...
... for predictive remapping of visual activity during saccades in area LIP (Schneegans and Schöner, 2012; Ziesche and Hamker, 2014). To test this hypothesis, we developed a novel approach in which we construct a linear decoder whose output provides a metric representation of eye position, and is comput ...
The Study of Brain Activity in Sleep
... The synaptic homeostasis hypothesis suggests that wake activities are associated with a potentiation of synaptic connections, and that sleep may have a role in re-normalizing synapses (down-scaling), allowing for a new learning cycle. The hypothesis of synaptic potentiations suggests that locally re ...
... The synaptic homeostasis hypothesis suggests that wake activities are associated with a potentiation of synaptic connections, and that sleep may have a role in re-normalizing synapses (down-scaling), allowing for a new learning cycle. The hypothesis of synaptic potentiations suggests that locally re ...
Anatomofunctional organization of the ventral primary motor and
... We first tested hand grasping in the proximity of the monkey’s body, with the arm corresponding to the tested hand restrained, in order to distinguish hand-related motor activity from possible responses due to arm movements; this test was also carried out by closing the monkey’s eyes. We further che ...
... We first tested hand grasping in the proximity of the monkey’s body, with the arm corresponding to the tested hand restrained, in order to distinguish hand-related motor activity from possible responses due to arm movements; this test was also carried out by closing the monkey’s eyes. We further che ...
Chapter 15: Special Senses
... • Events occurring within a sensation – stimulation of the receptor – transduction (conversion) of stimulus into a graded potential • vary in amplitude and are not propagated ...
... • Events occurring within a sensation – stimulation of the receptor – transduction (conversion) of stimulus into a graded potential • vary in amplitude and are not propagated ...
Eye movement control by the cerebral cortex
... the SEF resulted in a disruption of the saccade order in a double-step paradigm (comprising a sequence of two successive saccades) [30]. This result may therefore also have been due to the SEF control of saccade sequences. Furthermore, it should be pointed out that in a recent experimental study in ...
... the SEF resulted in a disruption of the saccade order in a double-step paradigm (comprising a sequence of two successive saccades) [30]. This result may therefore also have been due to the SEF control of saccade sequences. Furthermore, it should be pointed out that in a recent experimental study in ...
Chapter 9b final
... mood changes, disrupts functioning during normal waking hours. People adapt more rapidly if artificial light is kept bright in the workplace and if the bedroom is kept dark Melatonin at appropriate time (just before going to bed) reduces the adverse effects of jet lag and shift work Also improved sl ...
... mood changes, disrupts functioning during normal waking hours. People adapt more rapidly if artificial light is kept bright in the workplace and if the bedroom is kept dark Melatonin at appropriate time (just before going to bed) reduces the adverse effects of jet lag and shift work Also improved sl ...
Neural Control of Eye Movements
... Donder’s and Lis3ng’s Laws of Torsion • Donder’s Law - Each gaze direcDon has a unique torsional posture, no maeer what path the eye took to get there. • Lis3ng’s Law – Any eye posiDon can be described by rotaDon of the eye from primary posiDon about a single axis lying in a specific fronto-pa ...
... Donder’s and Lis3ng’s Laws of Torsion • Donder’s Law - Each gaze direcDon has a unique torsional posture, no maeer what path the eye took to get there. • Lis3ng’s Law – Any eye posiDon can be described by rotaDon of the eye from primary posiDon about a single axis lying in a specific fronto-pa ...
Evidence for implication of primate area V1 in neural 3
... objects in multiple frames of reference, such as eye- and head-centered [3,4]. An alternative is that this transformation is accomplished by dynamic updating of spatial representation in conjunction with voluntary eye movements [16,25]. For many years the parietal cortex was believed to be the main ...
... objects in multiple frames of reference, such as eye- and head-centered [3,4]. An alternative is that this transformation is accomplished by dynamic updating of spatial representation in conjunction with voluntary eye movements [16,25]. For many years the parietal cortex was believed to be the main ...
Chapter 13: The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes
... Stretch, tendon and withdrawal reflexes are ipsilateral reflex arcs, occurring on the same side of the body as the stimulus. A crossed extensor reflex occurs on the side opposite the stimulus (contralateral reflex arc). The crossed extensor reflex occurs simultaneously and in coordination with a fle ...
... Stretch, tendon and withdrawal reflexes are ipsilateral reflex arcs, occurring on the same side of the body as the stimulus. A crossed extensor reflex occurs on the side opposite the stimulus (contralateral reflex arc). The crossed extensor reflex occurs simultaneously and in coordination with a fle ...
Neural correlates of a decision in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of
... decisions that guide behavior. Such interpretations often outlast the fleeting sensory impressions on which they are based, so that sensory input can motivate subsequent behavior. To study this process, we trained rhesus monkeys to discriminate the direction of motion in a dynamic random dot display ...
... decisions that guide behavior. Such interpretations often outlast the fleeting sensory impressions on which they are based, so that sensory input can motivate subsequent behavior. To study this process, we trained rhesus monkeys to discriminate the direction of motion in a dynamic random dot display ...
Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms
... Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms • Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by the inability to breathe while sleeping for a prolonged period of time. • Consequences include sleepiness during the day, impaired attention, depression, and sometimes heart problems. • Cognitive impairment may ...
... Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms • Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by the inability to breathe while sleeping for a prolonged period of time. • Consequences include sleepiness during the day, impaired attention, depression, and sometimes heart problems. • Cognitive impairment may ...
Neuroscience in space
Space neuroscience is the scientific study of the central nervous system (CNS) functions during spaceflight. Living systems can integrate the inputs from the senses to navigate in their environment and to coordinate posture, locomotion, and eye movements. Gravity has a fundamental role in controlling these functions. In weightlessness during spaceflight, integrating the sensory inputs and coordinating motor responses is harder to do because gravity is no longer sensed during free-fall. For example, the otolith organs of the vestibular system no longer signal head tilt relative to gravity when standing. However, they can still sense head translation during body motion. Ambiguities and changes in how the gravitational input is processed can lead to potential errors in perception, which affects spatial orientation and mental representation. Dysfunctions of the vestibular system are common during and immediately after spaceflight, such as space motion sickness in orbit and balance disorders after return to Earth.Adaptation to weightlessness involves not just the Sensory-motor coupling functions, but some autonomic nervous system functions as well. Sleep disorders and orthostatic intolerance are also common during and after spaceflight. There is no hydrostatic pressure in a weightless environment. As a result, the redistribution of body fluids toward the upper body causes a decrease in leg volume, which may affect muscle viscosity and compliance. An increase in intracranial pressure may also be responsible for a decrease in near visual acuity. In addition, muscle mass and strength both decrease as a result of the reduced loading in weightlessness. Moreover, approximately 70% of astronauts experience space motion sickness to some degree during the first days. The drugs commonly used to combat motion sickness, such as scopolamine and promethazine, have soporific effects. These factors can lead to chronic fatigue. The challenge of integrative space medicine and physiology is to investigate the adaptation of the human body to spaceflight as a whole, and not just as the sum of body parts because all body functions are connected and interact with each other.