Spatial cognition, body representation and affective processes
... information in tasks that are seemingly remote from well-known functions such as space constancy or postural control. In this review article we point out three emerging streams of research highlighting the importance of vestibular input: (1) Spatial Cognition: Modulation of vestibular signals can in ...
... information in tasks that are seemingly remote from well-known functions such as space constancy or postural control. In this review article we point out three emerging streams of research highlighting the importance of vestibular input: (1) Spatial Cognition: Modulation of vestibular signals can in ...
Lab 5: Nervous System I
... Neurons can be classified based on structure or function: Structural Classification Unipolar Neurons • have a single process which emerges from the cell body • this process divides into a proximal and distal branch – One branch behaves as an afferent branch and the other behaves as an efferent bran ...
... Neurons can be classified based on structure or function: Structural Classification Unipolar Neurons • have a single process which emerges from the cell body • this process divides into a proximal and distal branch – One branch behaves as an afferent branch and the other behaves as an efferent bran ...
- Wiley Online Library
... The neuronal circuitry that supports voluntary changes in eye position in tasks that require attention-driven oculo-motor control is well known. However, less is known about the neuronal basis for eye control during visual fixation. This, together with the fact that visual fixation is one of the mos ...
... The neuronal circuitry that supports voluntary changes in eye position in tasks that require attention-driven oculo-motor control is well known. However, less is known about the neuronal basis for eye control during visual fixation. This, together with the fact that visual fixation is one of the mos ...
Diencephalon and Hypothalamus
... Secretion of oxytocin and vasopressin into the circulation. A. Oxytocin—(Greek for “rapid birth”)- Produced by: neurons in the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. Functions: 1. acts on uterine smooth muscle to stimulate myometrial contractions and accelerates parturition (thus oxytocin or sy ...
... Secretion of oxytocin and vasopressin into the circulation. A. Oxytocin—(Greek for “rapid birth”)- Produced by: neurons in the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. Functions: 1. acts on uterine smooth muscle to stimulate myometrial contractions and accelerates parturition (thus oxytocin or sy ...
Mental state inference using visual control parameters
... JST-ICORP Computational Brain Project, 2-2-2 Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0288, Japan ...
... JST-ICORP Computational Brain Project, 2-2-2 Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0288, Japan ...
BIO 210 Course Outline
... F. Distinguish between sprain, strain and luxation. VI. Muscle tissue A. Describe the general functions of skeletal muscle. B. Anatomy of skeletal muscle 1. Describe the organization of skeletal muscle, including connective tissue layers. 2. Name the major cellular components of a skeletal muscle fi ...
... F. Distinguish between sprain, strain and luxation. VI. Muscle tissue A. Describe the general functions of skeletal muscle. B. Anatomy of skeletal muscle 1. Describe the organization of skeletal muscle, including connective tissue layers. 2. Name the major cellular components of a skeletal muscle fi ...
Bio Chap 15 - mlfarrispsych
... The Neural Basis of Consciousness • What are the neural correlates of sense of self? – Damage to frontal-temporal areas that impairs episodic memory can produce a detachment from the self. – People with damage to the ACC and the insula may treat their mirror image as a companion, intruder, or stalk ...
... The Neural Basis of Consciousness • What are the neural correlates of sense of self? – Damage to frontal-temporal areas that impairs episodic memory can produce a detachment from the self. – People with damage to the ACC and the insula may treat their mirror image as a companion, intruder, or stalk ...
Chapter 3
... • Receptors located in skeletal muscles, in tendons, in and around joints, and in the internal ear convey nerve impulses related to muscle tone, movement of body parts, and body position. This awareness of the activities of muscles, tendons, and joints and of balance or equilibrium is provided by th ...
... • Receptors located in skeletal muscles, in tendons, in and around joints, and in the internal ear convey nerve impulses related to muscle tone, movement of body parts, and body position. This awareness of the activities of muscles, tendons, and joints and of balance or equilibrium is provided by th ...
Chapter 3
... • Receptors located in skeletal muscles, in tendons, in and around joints, and in the internal ear convey nerve impulses related to muscle tone, movement of body parts, and body position. This awareness of the activities of muscles, tendons, and joints and of balance or equilibrium is provided by th ...
... • Receptors located in skeletal muscles, in tendons, in and around joints, and in the internal ear convey nerve impulses related to muscle tone, movement of body parts, and body position. This awareness of the activities of muscles, tendons, and joints and of balance or equilibrium is provided by th ...
Complex Motion Perception and its Deficits
... selective to more complex motion patterns, including radial, circular and spiral [1-6]. In macaque monkeys, the functional architecture and anatomical connections of area MT, its contributions to visual motion perception and the specific motion deficits resulting from partial or total ablation are r ...
... selective to more complex motion patterns, including radial, circular and spiral [1-6]. In macaque monkeys, the functional architecture and anatomical connections of area MT, its contributions to visual motion perception and the specific motion deficits resulting from partial or total ablation are r ...
Skeletal System
... A nerve impulse is typically generated at the axon’s initial segment and is conducted along the axon to the axon terminals, where it causes the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters into the extracellular space The neurotransmitters excite or inhibit the neurons or target organs with which t ...
... A nerve impulse is typically generated at the axon’s initial segment and is conducted along the axon to the axon terminals, where it causes the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters into the extracellular space The neurotransmitters excite or inhibit the neurons or target organs with which t ...
Neural underpinnings of superior action
... ongoing actions is in the case of sports. Athletes in time-demanding sports have to plan their actions based on the future of perceived movements executed by their opponents in the minimum amount of time; thus, an accurate prediction of the outcome of observed actions is deemed as necessary for succ ...
... ongoing actions is in the case of sports. Athletes in time-demanding sports have to plan their actions based on the future of perceived movements executed by their opponents in the minimum amount of time; thus, an accurate prediction of the outcome of observed actions is deemed as necessary for succ ...
Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms
... Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms • Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by the inability to breathe while sleeping for a prolonged period of time. • Consequences include sleepiness during the day, impaired attention, depression, and sometimes heart problems. • Cognitive impairment may ...
... Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms • Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by the inability to breathe while sleeping for a prolonged period of time. • Consequences include sleepiness during the day, impaired attention, depression, and sometimes heart problems. • Cognitive impairment may ...
This article was originally published in the Encyclopedia of
... system, as well as the control system. In segmented structures such as the earthworm, the single segment is the smallest functional unit of movement generation. Naturally a larger number of segments results in a finer ability to perform localized and complex movements. Unsegmented FFCs are limited b ...
... system, as well as the control system. In segmented structures such as the earthworm, the single segment is the smallest functional unit of movement generation. Naturally a larger number of segments results in a finer ability to perform localized and complex movements. Unsegmented FFCs are limited b ...
Sensory Systems - Zanichelli online per la scuola
... frequency of action potentials. Some sensory cells transmit information to the brain about internal conditions, but there is no conscious sensation. ...
... frequency of action potentials. Some sensory cells transmit information to the brain about internal conditions, but there is no conscious sensation. ...
Beyond dreams: do sleep-related movements
... disconnected from the brainstem. In 1966, Roffwarg and colleagues introduced the ontogenetic hypothesis, which addressed the preponderance of active sleep in early infancy. This hypothesis posited that the brainstem mechanisms that produce active sleep provide direct ascending stimulation to the for ...
... disconnected from the brainstem. In 1966, Roffwarg and colleagues introduced the ontogenetic hypothesis, which addressed the preponderance of active sleep in early infancy. This hypothesis posited that the brainstem mechanisms that produce active sleep provide direct ascending stimulation to the for ...
Topographic maps in human frontal and parietal cortex
... Retinotopic mapping of functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) responses evoked by visual stimuli has resulted in the identification of many areas in human visual cortex and a description of the organization of the visual field representation in each of these areas. These methods have recently been emp ...
... Retinotopic mapping of functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) responses evoked by visual stimuli has resulted in the identification of many areas in human visual cortex and a description of the organization of the visual field representation in each of these areas. These methods have recently been emp ...
the brainstem control of saccadic eye movements
... Motor neuron commands. Torsional rotations are produced by contractions of combinations of superior/ inferior rectus and superior/inferior oblique muscle pairs. Consider the activity of motor neurons that innervate one of these muscles, the superior oblique. On the basis of its pulling direction (FI ...
... Motor neuron commands. Torsional rotations are produced by contractions of combinations of superior/ inferior rectus and superior/inferior oblique muscle pairs. Consider the activity of motor neurons that innervate one of these muscles, the superior oblique. On the basis of its pulling direction (FI ...
Document
... Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) PNS – all neural structures outside the brain and ...
... Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) PNS – all neural structures outside the brain and ...
cerebral cortex, sensations and movements
... section view of the left side of the left hemisphere). Anterior paracentral gyrus (primary somatomotor cortex) - lower extremity area consists of thigh and calf areas (including the area of the knee joint); foot area includes the area of the ankle joint. Posterior paracentral gyrus (primary somatose ...
... section view of the left side of the left hemisphere). Anterior paracentral gyrus (primary somatomotor cortex) - lower extremity area consists of thigh and calf areas (including the area of the knee joint); foot area includes the area of the ankle joint. Posterior paracentral gyrus (primary somatose ...
A new view of the motor cortex
... A specific zone in the motor cortex, sometimes called the polysensory zone, contains a high proportion of neurons that respond to tactile and visual stimuli (Fogassi et al., 1996; Gentilucci et al., 1998; Graziano and Gandhi, 2000; Graziano et al., 1994; Graziano et al., 1997; Rizzolatti et al., 198 ...
... A specific zone in the motor cortex, sometimes called the polysensory zone, contains a high proportion of neurons that respond to tactile and visual stimuli (Fogassi et al., 1996; Gentilucci et al., 1998; Graziano and Gandhi, 2000; Graziano et al., 1994; Graziano et al., 1997; Rizzolatti et al., 198 ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... Autonomic Nervous System The autonomic nervous system regulates activities that are involuntary, or not under conscious control. Example: when you start to run, the autonomic nervous system increases heart rate and blood flow to the skeletal muscles, stimulates the sweat glands, and slows down diges ...
... Autonomic Nervous System The autonomic nervous system regulates activities that are involuntary, or not under conscious control. Example: when you start to run, the autonomic nervous system increases heart rate and blood flow to the skeletal muscles, stimulates the sweat glands, and slows down diges ...
Neuroscience in space
Space neuroscience is the scientific study of the central nervous system (CNS) functions during spaceflight. Living systems can integrate the inputs from the senses to navigate in their environment and to coordinate posture, locomotion, and eye movements. Gravity has a fundamental role in controlling these functions. In weightlessness during spaceflight, integrating the sensory inputs and coordinating motor responses is harder to do because gravity is no longer sensed during free-fall. For example, the otolith organs of the vestibular system no longer signal head tilt relative to gravity when standing. However, they can still sense head translation during body motion. Ambiguities and changes in how the gravitational input is processed can lead to potential errors in perception, which affects spatial orientation and mental representation. Dysfunctions of the vestibular system are common during and immediately after spaceflight, such as space motion sickness in orbit and balance disorders after return to Earth.Adaptation to weightlessness involves not just the Sensory-motor coupling functions, but some autonomic nervous system functions as well. Sleep disorders and orthostatic intolerance are also common during and after spaceflight. There is no hydrostatic pressure in a weightless environment. As a result, the redistribution of body fluids toward the upper body causes a decrease in leg volume, which may affect muscle viscosity and compliance. An increase in intracranial pressure may also be responsible for a decrease in near visual acuity. In addition, muscle mass and strength both decrease as a result of the reduced loading in weightlessness. Moreover, approximately 70% of astronauts experience space motion sickness to some degree during the first days. The drugs commonly used to combat motion sickness, such as scopolamine and promethazine, have soporific effects. These factors can lead to chronic fatigue. The challenge of integrative space medicine and physiology is to investigate the adaptation of the human body to spaceflight as a whole, and not just as the sum of body parts because all body functions are connected and interact with each other.