Behavioral and Pathological Effects in the Rat
... from altered neurotransmission, mostly within the basal ganglia (reviewed by Cadet, 1989). The permanent nature of the syndrome suggested, however, that it would more likely be associated with permanent histopathological changes. Silverstaining data indicated that sparse axonal degeneration may occu ...
... from altered neurotransmission, mostly within the basal ganglia (reviewed by Cadet, 1989). The permanent nature of the syndrome suggested, however, that it would more likely be associated with permanent histopathological changes. Silverstaining data indicated that sparse axonal degeneration may occu ...
Mechanisms for generating and compensating for the
... whether similar interactions between cognition and saccades could be found at the level of microsaccades. These results ushered in a new array of queries about the brain mechanisms associated with microsaccades. Thus, the hallmark of the first decade of the twentyfirst century was a renewed interest i ...
... whether similar interactions between cognition and saccades could be found at the level of microsaccades. These results ushered in a new array of queries about the brain mechanisms associated with microsaccades. Thus, the hallmark of the first decade of the twentyfirst century was a renewed interest i ...
Spatial generalization from learning dynamics of
... training at either Left or Right work spaces resulted in improved performance (as compared with that of naive subjects) at the C enter work space. We recruited eight subjects. No EMG was recorded from this pilot group. These subjects were trained initially in the null field in each of the three work ...
... training at either Left or Right work spaces resulted in improved performance (as compared with that of naive subjects) at the C enter work space. We recruited eight subjects. No EMG was recorded from this pilot group. These subjects were trained initially in the null field in each of the three work ...
Chapter 13
... C.is normally controlled consciously D.has no protective value 21. If a person has a spinal cord injury in their cervical region, they could have: A.paraplegia B.quadriplegia 22. The central nervous system is composed of: A.nerves around the body B.brain and spinal cord ...
... C.is normally controlled consciously D.has no protective value 21. If a person has a spinal cord injury in their cervical region, they could have: A.paraplegia B.quadriplegia 22. The central nervous system is composed of: A.nerves around the body B.brain and spinal cord ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... Innervate organs through specific axon bundles called autonomic plexuses. Communication by chemical messengers, called neurotransmitters. specific in each division of the autonomic nervous system Usually all organs are innervated by both divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Maintains homeostas ...
... Innervate organs through specific axon bundles called autonomic plexuses. Communication by chemical messengers, called neurotransmitters. specific in each division of the autonomic nervous system Usually all organs are innervated by both divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Maintains homeostas ...
Skeletal System
... The nervous system is the master controlling and communicating system of the body It is responsible for all behavior Along with the endocrine system it is responsible for regulating and ...
... The nervous system is the master controlling and communicating system of the body It is responsible for all behavior Along with the endocrine system it is responsible for regulating and ...
Part 2 - Dimon Institute
... stretch reflexes require both the elasticity of muscles and the dynamic relationships between muscles and bones that are established when the system works as a whole. Without these conditions, the reflexes are inoperative; when these conditions are restored, the stretch reflexes are stimulated, and ...
... stretch reflexes require both the elasticity of muscles and the dynamic relationships between muscles and bones that are established when the system works as a whole. Without these conditions, the reflexes are inoperative; when these conditions are restored, the stretch reflexes are stimulated, and ...
Visual Responses of Pulvinar and Collicular Neurons During Eye
... into PI and PL. The outline drawing in A shows the path of a penetration into PI (long, vertical line) with tick marks indicating the locations of 5 recording sites. B: receptive-field sizes and locations for the neurons studied during the penetration in A. Dashed lines connect the field centers. C: ...
... into PI and PL. The outline drawing in A shows the path of a penetration into PI (long, vertical line) with tick marks indicating the locations of 5 recording sites. B: receptive-field sizes and locations for the neurons studied during the penetration in A. Dashed lines connect the field centers. C: ...
Neurophysiology of sleep-wake states in relation to consciousness
... followed by a small decline to 0.7 or 0.8. [Adapted from Coenen and Vendrik, 1972]. ...
... followed by a small decline to 0.7 or 0.8. [Adapted from Coenen and Vendrik, 1972]. ...
REVIEW Reticular formation and spinal cord injury
... The core of the RF is located in the brain stem with connections over the entire CNS. When Cajal15 introduced the term reticular formation in 1909 and even decades later, neuroscientists were not fully aware of its exact functions. Hence the name was solely based on morphology. In fact, there are ot ...
... The core of the RF is located in the brain stem with connections over the entire CNS. When Cajal15 introduced the term reticular formation in 1909 and even decades later, neuroscientists were not fully aware of its exact functions. Hence the name was solely based on morphology. In fact, there are ot ...
Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia
... General visceral sensory neurons monitor these sensations within visceral organs ...
... General visceral sensory neurons monitor these sensations within visceral organs ...
Chapter 15 Perceptual Development
... handsomest face but it will have to do. The copy on the left will never be change and serves a reference to what the face or scene will look like to an adult. The image on the right will be able to be adjusted to simulate how the face or scene might appear to infants at different early ages. Press t ...
... handsomest face but it will have to do. The copy on the left will never be change and serves a reference to what the face or scene will look like to an adult. The image on the right will be able to be adjusted to simulate how the face or scene might appear to infants at different early ages. Press t ...
Subconscious Stimulus Recognition and Processing During
... natural sleep and waking, recorded cortical unit responses to acoustic stimulation. Single units in both the primary and secondary auditory cortex decreased or increased their responses during sleep compared to wakefulness. Moreover, when the responses across neurons were averaged, sound-evoked acti ...
... natural sleep and waking, recorded cortical unit responses to acoustic stimulation. Single units in both the primary and secondary auditory cortex decreased or increased their responses during sleep compared to wakefulness. Moreover, when the responses across neurons were averaged, sound-evoked acti ...
From swimming to walking with a salamander robot
... circuit for swimming can be extended by phylogenetically more recent limb oscillatory centers to explain the ability of salamanders to switch between swimming and walking. The model suggests neural mechanisms for modulation of velocity, direction, and type of gait that are relevant for all tetrapods ...
... circuit for swimming can be extended by phylogenetically more recent limb oscillatory centers to explain the ability of salamanders to switch between swimming and walking. The model suggests neural mechanisms for modulation of velocity, direction, and type of gait that are relevant for all tetrapods ...
PDF
... closely resembles that of the prepared movement, while also often involving activation of the OO and SCM muscles (Valls-Solé et al., 1999; Ravichandran et al., 2013). The major difference between prepared actions that are triggered by innocuous or startling auditory stimuli is the latency of the res ...
... closely resembles that of the prepared movement, while also often involving activation of the OO and SCM muscles (Valls-Solé et al., 1999; Ravichandran et al., 2013). The major difference between prepared actions that are triggered by innocuous or startling auditory stimuli is the latency of the res ...
SLEEP AND EEG
... cells, Adenosine is produced from the ATP during awake state (increased adenosine when we are awake more). ...
... cells, Adenosine is produced from the ATP during awake state (increased adenosine when we are awake more). ...
SLEEP AND EEG
... cells, Adenosine is produced from the ATP during awake state (increased adenosine when we are awake more). ...
... cells, Adenosine is produced from the ATP during awake state (increased adenosine when we are awake more). ...
the neurochemistry of sleep paralysis
... movement and are dopaminergic (i.e., respond to or produce the neurotransmitter dopamine). Loss of basal ganglia neurons consequently results in decreased dopamine levels and affects movement. In people with PD, reduced dopamine levels play a role in tremor; muscular rigidity; impaired balance and c ...
... movement and are dopaminergic (i.e., respond to or produce the neurotransmitter dopamine). Loss of basal ganglia neurons consequently results in decreased dopamine levels and affects movement. In people with PD, reduced dopamine levels play a role in tremor; muscular rigidity; impaired balance and c ...
Anatomy - Physiology Curriculum Map
... respiratory system *Gas Exchange in the dictate function? Lungs 2. How do internal *Pulmonary Volumes and external *Respiratory System of changes affect the Fetal Pig respiratory rates? 3. How do the *Effect of Exercise on structures the Respiration digestive system *Digestive Organs and dictate fun ...
... respiratory system *Gas Exchange in the dictate function? Lungs 2. How do internal *Pulmonary Volumes and external *Respiratory System of changes affect the Fetal Pig respiratory rates? 3. How do the *Effect of Exercise on structures the Respiration digestive system *Digestive Organs and dictate fun ...
Neurological Principles and Rehabilitation of Action Disorders
... have all experienced this phenomenon when trying to control the water temperature of an unfamiliar shower located at some distance from the water heater based on perceived temperature alone. You first turn the shower faucet, but after some delay, the temperature is hotter than you wish. You then att ...
... have all experienced this phenomenon when trying to control the water temperature of an unfamiliar shower located at some distance from the water heater based on perceived temperature alone. You first turn the shower faucet, but after some delay, the temperature is hotter than you wish. You then att ...
HH--Bell`s palsy - 2
... has only recently been supported by morphologic evidence in human temporal bones. The vestibular nerve is comprised of approx. 18,000 bipolar neurons, mostly afferent (efferent neurons have been studied in the cat and number 200-300). The vestibular afferent ganglion cells are located in Scarpa’s ga ...
... has only recently been supported by morphologic evidence in human temporal bones. The vestibular nerve is comprised of approx. 18,000 bipolar neurons, mostly afferent (efferent neurons have been studied in the cat and number 200-300). The vestibular afferent ganglion cells are located in Scarpa’s ga ...
Neuronal mechanisms for the perception of ambiguous stimuli
... Sites of perceptual decision-making At the neuronal level, the continuous viewing paradigm has largely been used in connection with binocular rivalry or the related paradigm of flash suppression [2,3,11,22, 27]. The emerging view is that the neuronal correlates of binocular rivalry are widely disp ...
... Sites of perceptual decision-making At the neuronal level, the continuous viewing paradigm has largely been used in connection with binocular rivalry or the related paradigm of flash suppression [2,3,11,22, 27]. The emerging view is that the neuronal correlates of binocular rivalry are widely disp ...
Name__________________________________ The Spinal Cord
... The Spinal Cord and Reflexes Lab A reflex arc represents the simplest type of nerve pathway found in the brain. It may consist of only 2 or 3 neurons. The pathway is an automatic, unconscious response to a change in the external environment and does not involve the brain. The main steps of a reflex ...
... The Spinal Cord and Reflexes Lab A reflex arc represents the simplest type of nerve pathway found in the brain. It may consist of only 2 or 3 neurons. The pathway is an automatic, unconscious response to a change in the external environment and does not involve the brain. The main steps of a reflex ...
Cortex Brainstem Spinal Cord Thalamus Cerebellum Basal Ganglia
... controlling extensor muscles are found more ventrally. The lateral system is involved in fine control of the limbs while the more medial system is involved in maintaining posture. There are interneurons connecting the motor neurons called propriospinal neurons. Reflecting the basic organization, pro ...
... controlling extensor muscles are found more ventrally. The lateral system is involved in fine control of the limbs while the more medial system is involved in maintaining posture. There are interneurons connecting the motor neurons called propriospinal neurons. Reflecting the basic organization, pro ...
Reflexes Reaction time
... one motor neuron; monosynaptic refers to the presence of a single chemical synapse) – peripheral muscle reflexes or deep tendon reflexes (patellar reflex, achilles reflex): brief stimulation of the muscle spindle results in contraction of the muscle ...
... one motor neuron; monosynaptic refers to the presence of a single chemical synapse) – peripheral muscle reflexes or deep tendon reflexes (patellar reflex, achilles reflex): brief stimulation of the muscle spindle results in contraction of the muscle ...
Neuroscience in space
Space neuroscience is the scientific study of the central nervous system (CNS) functions during spaceflight. Living systems can integrate the inputs from the senses to navigate in their environment and to coordinate posture, locomotion, and eye movements. Gravity has a fundamental role in controlling these functions. In weightlessness during spaceflight, integrating the sensory inputs and coordinating motor responses is harder to do because gravity is no longer sensed during free-fall. For example, the otolith organs of the vestibular system no longer signal head tilt relative to gravity when standing. However, they can still sense head translation during body motion. Ambiguities and changes in how the gravitational input is processed can lead to potential errors in perception, which affects spatial orientation and mental representation. Dysfunctions of the vestibular system are common during and immediately after spaceflight, such as space motion sickness in orbit and balance disorders after return to Earth.Adaptation to weightlessness involves not just the Sensory-motor coupling functions, but some autonomic nervous system functions as well. Sleep disorders and orthostatic intolerance are also common during and after spaceflight. There is no hydrostatic pressure in a weightless environment. As a result, the redistribution of body fluids toward the upper body causes a decrease in leg volume, which may affect muscle viscosity and compliance. An increase in intracranial pressure may also be responsible for a decrease in near visual acuity. In addition, muscle mass and strength both decrease as a result of the reduced loading in weightlessness. Moreover, approximately 70% of astronauts experience space motion sickness to some degree during the first days. The drugs commonly used to combat motion sickness, such as scopolamine and promethazine, have soporific effects. These factors can lead to chronic fatigue. The challenge of integrative space medicine and physiology is to investigate the adaptation of the human body to spaceflight as a whole, and not just as the sum of body parts because all body functions are connected and interact with each other.