Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous
... 15-3 Classifying Sensory Receptors • General Sensory Receptors • Scattered throughout the body and are simple in structure. • The simplest classification divides them into • 1. exteroreceptors provide information about the external environment • 2. proprioreceptors report positions of skeletal musc ...
... 15-3 Classifying Sensory Receptors • General Sensory Receptors • Scattered throughout the body and are simple in structure. • The simplest classification divides them into • 1. exteroreceptors provide information about the external environment • 2. proprioreceptors report positions of skeletal musc ...
Motor Cognition and Mental Simulation
... are critical in motor cognition because they allow us to learn by observing the experiences of others (just as we can learn affective reactions by observing others, as discussed in Chapter 8). The notion of shared representations is widely used in social psychology, especially in the field of commun ...
... are critical in motor cognition because they allow us to learn by observing the experiences of others (just as we can learn affective reactions by observing others, as discussed in Chapter 8). The notion of shared representations is widely used in social psychology, especially in the field of commun ...
The computational and neural basis of voluntary motor control and
... to interpret voluntary motor control, highlighting the importance of sensory feedback in the control and planning of movement. Recent studies in the context of OFC have increasingly used mechanical perturbations and visual shifts to probe voluntary control processes. These studies reveal the surpris ...
... to interpret voluntary motor control, highlighting the importance of sensory feedback in the control and planning of movement. Recent studies in the context of OFC have increasingly used mechanical perturbations and visual shifts to probe voluntary control processes. These studies reveal the surpris ...
An Introduction to Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System
... the Somatic Nervous System An Introduction to Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System • Learning Outcomes • 15-1 Specify the components of the afferent and efferent divisions of the nervous system, and explain what is meant by the somatic nervous system. • 15-2 Explain why receptors respond ...
... the Somatic Nervous System An Introduction to Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System • Learning Outcomes • 15-1 Specify the components of the afferent and efferent divisions of the nervous system, and explain what is meant by the somatic nervous system. • 15-2 Explain why receptors respond ...
15-5 Somatic Motor Pathways
... o 15-1 Specify the components of the afferent and efferent divisions of the nervous system, and explain what is meant by the somatic nervous system. o 15-2 Explain why receptors respond to specific stimuli, and how the organization of a receptor affects its sensitivity. o 15-3 Identify the receptors ...
... o 15-1 Specify the components of the afferent and efferent divisions of the nervous system, and explain what is meant by the somatic nervous system. o 15-2 Explain why receptors respond to specific stimuli, and how the organization of a receptor affects its sensitivity. o 15-3 Identify the receptors ...
interactions between number and space in parietal cortex
... hand, eye or attention movement). However, so far, no study has sufficiently shown whether these reference frames are eye- or world-centred. Another related question concerns the stage of processing at which spatial–numerical interactions arise; do they occur during stimulus comprehension, response ...
... hand, eye or attention movement). However, so far, no study has sufficiently shown whether these reference frames are eye- or world-centred. Another related question concerns the stage of processing at which spatial–numerical interactions arise; do they occur during stimulus comprehension, response ...
L8-Physiology of Sleep and EEG 2013
... 2. Long-term chemical and structural changes that the brain need to make learning & memory possible. ...
... 2. Long-term chemical and structural changes that the brain need to make learning & memory possible. ...
Slide 1
... effects on pontine REM-on cells are postulated to occur via disinhibition (resulting from the marked reduction in firing rate by aminergic neurons at REM sleep onset) and through excitation (resulting frommutually excitatory cholinergic–noncholinergic cell interactions within the pontine tegmentum). ...
... effects on pontine REM-on cells are postulated to occur via disinhibition (resulting from the marked reduction in firing rate by aminergic neurons at REM sleep onset) and through excitation (resulting frommutually excitatory cholinergic–noncholinergic cell interactions within the pontine tegmentum). ...
Sensory Regeneration in Arthropods: Implications of Homoeosis
... glion (Stocker and Lawrence, 1981). The is the haltere, a club shaped sensory anatomical results are consistent with the organ of equilibration. In certain bithorax interpretation that sensory neurons of mutants the haltere is transformed into a transformed ectopic appendages recognise wing, from wh ...
... glion (Stocker and Lawrence, 1981). The is the haltere, a club shaped sensory anatomical results are consistent with the organ of equilibration. In certain bithorax interpretation that sensory neurons of mutants the haltere is transformed into a transformed ectopic appendages recognise wing, from wh ...
MOTOR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY
... The optimal length of the muscle is the sum of the excitatory and inhibitory inputs reaching the motor neuron from the brain. 4. Normal muscle tone allows us to stand erect and overcome the pull of gravity. It also provides a spring like quality to the muscle which means that muscles can store energ ...
... The optimal length of the muscle is the sum of the excitatory and inhibitory inputs reaching the motor neuron from the brain. 4. Normal muscle tone allows us to stand erect and overcome the pull of gravity. It also provides a spring like quality to the muscle which means that muscles can store energ ...
Chapter 7: Eyes and Ears
... effect is noted when one looks at outdoor objects on a bright, hazy day. An extreme example can be created by viewing bright lights at night through a window covered with drops of water. With aging, the cornea becomes flatter, reducing the amount of refraction it can cause and making it difficult to ...
... effect is noted when one looks at outdoor objects on a bright, hazy day. An extreme example can be created by viewing bright lights at night through a window covered with drops of water. With aging, the cornea becomes flatter, reducing the amount of refraction it can cause and making it difficult to ...
1 Removing the Constraints on Our Choices: A Psychobiological
... the sounds of the loudest heavy metal rock concert. However, the fact that the sensory systems have such a wide detection range does not necessarily imply that people are all “tuned” similarly to the world. The information detected by the sensory receptors is modulated almost immediately ...
... the sounds of the loudest heavy metal rock concert. However, the fact that the sensory systems have such a wide detection range does not necessarily imply that people are all “tuned” similarly to the world. The information detected by the sensory receptors is modulated almost immediately ...
Where is a Nose with Respect to a Foot? The Left
... they are able to identify the body parts that they cannot locate, suggesting that their deficit lies neither at the level of visual processing of isolated body parts, nor at the level of the semantic knowledge of the body. Recent accounts postulate that patients affected by autotopagnosia have a dama ...
... they are able to identify the body parts that they cannot locate, suggesting that their deficit lies neither at the level of visual processing of isolated body parts, nor at the level of the semantic knowledge of the body. Recent accounts postulate that patients affected by autotopagnosia have a dama ...
Large-Field Visual Motion Directly Induces an Involuntary Rapid
... Correspondence should be addressed to Hiroaki Gomi, NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, Wakamiya 3-1, Morinosato, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan. E-mail: ...
... Correspondence should be addressed to Hiroaki Gomi, NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, Wakamiya 3-1, Morinosato, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan. E-mail: ...
Intrinsic and synaptic plasticity in the vestibular system
... A fundamental challenge in learning and memory research is to understand how changes in cellular activity or molecular expression correspond with specific changes in behavior. Relating neuronal activity to perception or actions exhibited by awake behaving animals is a difficult task, partly because ...
... A fundamental challenge in learning and memory research is to understand how changes in cellular activity or molecular expression correspond with specific changes in behavior. Relating neuronal activity to perception or actions exhibited by awake behaving animals is a difficult task, partly because ...
The peripheral nervous system-
... 1928; Berry, 1979); inappropriate formation of synapses (Bernstein and Bernstein, 1971; Carlstedt, 1985); absence of neurite-supportive ECM components in the CNS (Carbonetto, 1984; Liesi, 1985); the necessity for regenerating axon tips to be bathed in extracellular bloodderived protein following bre ...
... 1928; Berry, 1979); inappropriate formation of synapses (Bernstein and Bernstein, 1971; Carlstedt, 1985); absence of neurite-supportive ECM components in the CNS (Carbonetto, 1984; Liesi, 1985); the necessity for regenerating axon tips to be bathed in extracellular bloodderived protein following bre ...
A COMMON REFERENCE FRAME FOR MOVEMENT PLANS IN
... which is by your side, the coffee is to the right. The cup’s location can also be described in a reference frame that depends on the external world rather than the location of your body; for example, relative to its position on the table. Being able to compute the location of an object in different ...
... which is by your side, the coffee is to the right. The cup’s location can also be described in a reference frame that depends on the external world rather than the location of your body; for example, relative to its position on the table. Being able to compute the location of an object in different ...
The Physiology of the Senses Lecture 4: The Visual Sense of Motion
... One common mis-interpretation is that this effect occurs because neurons fatigue. There are two possible functional reasons for this effect. The first is adaptation. As we have seen, the CNS is not interested in things that are constant. It prefers to detect changes. When a constant stimulus is appl ...
... One common mis-interpretation is that this effect occurs because neurons fatigue. There are two possible functional reasons for this effect. The first is adaptation. As we have seen, the CNS is not interested in things that are constant. It prefers to detect changes. When a constant stimulus is appl ...
spinal nerves - Coastal Bend College
... with excitatory interneurons that cross thru the white commissure of the SC to activate a motor neurons in the opposite leg cause the muscles in the opposite leg to contract & support the body weight during the withdrawal reflex. AP1 Chapter 12 ...
... with excitatory interneurons that cross thru the white commissure of the SC to activate a motor neurons in the opposite leg cause the muscles in the opposite leg to contract & support the body weight during the withdrawal reflex. AP1 Chapter 12 ...
The Nervous System - Napa Valley College
... processing. They are not part of the programmed “wiring” of the brain; therefore, the functions are subject to modification and adjustment over time. A.K.A — learning ...
... processing. They are not part of the programmed “wiring” of the brain; therefore, the functions are subject to modification and adjustment over time. A.K.A — learning ...
A Flow Chart For Classification Of Nystagmus
... A dynamic imbalance between the response from the two labyrinths during head rotation or translation produces a directional asymmetry in the compensatory slow phases. This is best appreciated with highacceleration, high-velocity, and high-frequency stimuli because of Ewald’s second law; stimuli that ...
... A dynamic imbalance between the response from the two labyrinths during head rotation or translation produces a directional asymmetry in the compensatory slow phases. This is best appreciated with highacceleration, high-velocity, and high-frequency stimuli because of Ewald’s second law; stimuli that ...
FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 40.1 Periodic activation in sleep cycles
... The first two or three cycles of the night are dominated by deep stages (3 and 4) of NREM sleep, and REM sleep (indicated by red bars) is brief or nonexistent. During the last two cycles of the night, NREM sleep is lighter (stage 2), and REM episodes are longer, sometimes more than an hour. (B) Fift ...
... The first two or three cycles of the night are dominated by deep stages (3 and 4) of NREM sleep, and REM sleep (indicated by red bars) is brief or nonexistent. During the last two cycles of the night, NREM sleep is lighter (stage 2), and REM episodes are longer, sometimes more than an hour. (B) Fift ...
Neuroscience in space
Space neuroscience is the scientific study of the central nervous system (CNS) functions during spaceflight. Living systems can integrate the inputs from the senses to navigate in their environment and to coordinate posture, locomotion, and eye movements. Gravity has a fundamental role in controlling these functions. In weightlessness during spaceflight, integrating the sensory inputs and coordinating motor responses is harder to do because gravity is no longer sensed during free-fall. For example, the otolith organs of the vestibular system no longer signal head tilt relative to gravity when standing. However, they can still sense head translation during body motion. Ambiguities and changes in how the gravitational input is processed can lead to potential errors in perception, which affects spatial orientation and mental representation. Dysfunctions of the vestibular system are common during and immediately after spaceflight, such as space motion sickness in orbit and balance disorders after return to Earth.Adaptation to weightlessness involves not just the Sensory-motor coupling functions, but some autonomic nervous system functions as well. Sleep disorders and orthostatic intolerance are also common during and after spaceflight. There is no hydrostatic pressure in a weightless environment. As a result, the redistribution of body fluids toward the upper body causes a decrease in leg volume, which may affect muscle viscosity and compliance. An increase in intracranial pressure may also be responsible for a decrease in near visual acuity. In addition, muscle mass and strength both decrease as a result of the reduced loading in weightlessness. Moreover, approximately 70% of astronauts experience space motion sickness to some degree during the first days. The drugs commonly used to combat motion sickness, such as scopolamine and promethazine, have soporific effects. These factors can lead to chronic fatigue. The challenge of integrative space medicine and physiology is to investigate the adaptation of the human body to spaceflight as a whole, and not just as the sum of body parts because all body functions are connected and interact with each other.