Functional Neuronal Processing of Body Odors
... conveyed in body odor to make accurate kin--nonkin judgments (Weisfeld et al. 2003) and to detect minute differences in genetic composition of unknown individuals (Jacob et al. 2002). It has even been suggested that signals communicating emotions are held within body odors (Chen and Haviland-Jones 1 ...
... conveyed in body odor to make accurate kin--nonkin judgments (Weisfeld et al. 2003) and to detect minute differences in genetic composition of unknown individuals (Jacob et al. 2002). It has even been suggested that signals communicating emotions are held within body odors (Chen and Haviland-Jones 1 ...
Metabolic signals in sleep regulation: recent insights The Harvard
... rhythmicity in behavioral state changes. Since the first description of the circadian “clock” (circadian locomotor output cycles kaput) gene in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) within the brain,14 other clocks in the peripheral organs associated with energy regulation have been recognized that follo ...
... rhythmicity in behavioral state changes. Since the first description of the circadian “clock” (circadian locomotor output cycles kaput) gene in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) within the brain,14 other clocks in the peripheral organs associated with energy regulation have been recognized that follo ...
Motor Control - Reza Shadmehr
... pulling the person off balance. The reticulospinal system activates leg muscles to stiffen them and help preserve balance. On the whole, while people are awake the reticulospinal system has a predominantly facilatory influence on motor pools. However, this effect changes dramatically during sleep. Th ...
... pulling the person off balance. The reticulospinal system activates leg muscles to stiffen them and help preserve balance. On the whole, while people are awake the reticulospinal system has a predominantly facilatory influence on motor pools. However, this effect changes dramatically during sleep. Th ...
stimulus conditions area MT of the macaque monkey under matched
... Patterson CA, Duijnhouwer J, Wissig SC, Krekelberg B, Kohn A. Similar adaptation effects in primary visual cortex and area MT of the macaque monkey under matched stimulus conditions. J Neurophysiol 111: 1203–1213, 2014. First published December 26, 2013; doi:10.1152/jn.00030.2013.—Recent stimulus hi ...
... Patterson CA, Duijnhouwer J, Wissig SC, Krekelberg B, Kohn A. Similar adaptation effects in primary visual cortex and area MT of the macaque monkey under matched stimulus conditions. J Neurophysiol 111: 1203–1213, 2014. First published December 26, 2013; doi:10.1152/jn.00030.2013.—Recent stimulus hi ...
A Neural Model of MST and MT Explains Perceived Object Motion
... a perpendicular path just as if viewing the moving object from a stationary vantage point. Although the observer’s own (self-)motion affects the object’s pattern of motion on the retina, the visual system is able to factor out the influence of self-motion and recover the world-relative motion of the ...
... a perpendicular path just as if viewing the moving object from a stationary vantage point. Although the observer’s own (self-)motion affects the object’s pattern of motion on the retina, the visual system is able to factor out the influence of self-motion and recover the world-relative motion of the ...
Neural Mechanisms of Reflex Reversal in Coxo
... adaptation of posture and ongoing movements to external perturbations. In vertebrates, the neural circuitry underlying stretch reflex and more complex spinal reflexes has been studied extensively. Integration of sensory information is ...
... adaptation of posture and ongoing movements to external perturbations. In vertebrates, the neural circuitry underlying stretch reflex and more complex spinal reflexes has been studied extensively. Integration of sensory information is ...
Neuronal representation of visual motion and orientation in the fly
... We note that the effective contrast seen by the fly is presumably somewhat lower, because fluorescence excitation light penetrates the fly’s head and causes steady illumination of the photoreceptor layer. Resulting from the high temporal resolution of the fly’s visual system, the use of stimulus dev ...
... We note that the effective contrast seen by the fly is presumably somewhat lower, because fluorescence excitation light penetrates the fly’s head and causes steady illumination of the photoreceptor layer. Resulting from the high temporal resolution of the fly’s visual system, the use of stimulus dev ...
Saccadic Suppression of Retinotopically Localized Blood Oxygen
... run. For purposes of quality control, all detected saccadic onsets from all trials were visually inspected by plotting them recursively over the trial period ranging from 100 ms before and after the detected onset point (supplemental Fig. 4, available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material). ...
... run. For purposes of quality control, all detected saccadic onsets from all trials were visually inspected by plotting them recursively over the trial period ranging from 100 ms before and after the detected onset point (supplemental Fig. 4, available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material). ...
Neuroscience of Sleep - University of Ilorin
... • The discovery of a strong correlation between REM sleep and visual dreaming in humans has reversed many commonly held notes on about dreams. Every one dreams in regular cycles several times at night but they are not well remembered. • The probability of recall in a dream falls to zero within 8 min ...
... • The discovery of a strong correlation between REM sleep and visual dreaming in humans has reversed many commonly held notes on about dreams. Every one dreams in regular cycles several times at night but they are not well remembered. • The probability of recall in a dream falls to zero within 8 min ...
rem sleep - Website Staff UI
... • The discovery of a strong correlation between REM sleep and visual dreaming in humans has reversed many commonly held notes on about dreams. Every one dreams in regular cycles several times at night but they are not well remembered. • The probability of recall in a dream falls to zero within 8 min ...
... • The discovery of a strong correlation between REM sleep and visual dreaming in humans has reversed many commonly held notes on about dreams. Every one dreams in regular cycles several times at night but they are not well remembered. • The probability of recall in a dream falls to zero within 8 min ...
PRINCIPLES OF NEUROBIOLOGY CHAPTER 6
... ORN had a particular response to a given odor was determined from the empirically based ORN response distributions. The same process was used to generate simulated PN responses. This process of generating simulated ORN and PN responses is illustrated in Fig. 5a. The rank order of odor preference can ...
... ORN had a particular response to a given odor was determined from the empirically based ORN response distributions. The same process was used to generate simulated PN responses. This process of generating simulated ORN and PN responses is illustrated in Fig. 5a. The rank order of odor preference can ...
Ictal SPECT in patients with rapid eye movement
... and cerebellar areas represent a network of structures responsible for motor activity, REM sleep, muscle tone during sleep and coordination. The involved structures have been described in animal studies (Krenzer et al., 2011; Luppi et al., 2011), post-mortem studies (Boeve et al., 2007; Dugger et al ...
... and cerebellar areas represent a network of structures responsible for motor activity, REM sleep, muscle tone during sleep and coordination. The involved structures have been described in animal studies (Krenzer et al., 2011; Luppi et al., 2011), post-mortem studies (Boeve et al., 2007; Dugger et al ...
D27 - Viktor`s Notes for the Neurosurgery Resident
... frequency is increased by reverse conditions (e.g. forced overbreathing to lower PaCO2 may be used to bring out latent EEG abnormalities). absent during sleep. attenuated by eye opening; alpha rhythm replacement by fast irregular low-voltage activity (when attention is focused on something) is ...
... frequency is increased by reverse conditions (e.g. forced overbreathing to lower PaCO2 may be used to bring out latent EEG abnormalities). absent during sleep. attenuated by eye opening; alpha rhythm replacement by fast irregular low-voltage activity (when attention is focused on something) is ...
Ulanovsky et al., 2003
... trials did not alter the effects on forward suppression. Overall, we conclude that cortical inhibition does regulate forward suppression, and that Sst+ interneurons control the strength of forward suppression, potentially influencing the detectability of later stimuli, whereas Pvalb+ interneurons re ...
... trials did not alter the effects on forward suppression. Overall, we conclude that cortical inhibition does regulate forward suppression, and that Sst+ interneurons control the strength of forward suppression, potentially influencing the detectability of later stimuli, whereas Pvalb+ interneurons re ...
Extended PDF
... a common source into a statistically optimal percept by weighting them in proportion to their reliabilities [1–3]. To determine the functional relevance and computational principles that govern multisensory interactions across the cortical hierarchy, we presented five participants with synchronous a ...
... a common source into a statistically optimal percept by weighting them in proportion to their reliabilities [1–3]. To determine the functional relevance and computational principles that govern multisensory interactions across the cortical hierarchy, we presented five participants with synchronous a ...
Sleep and Biological Rhythms - University of South Alabama
... _________________. The administration of melatonin just before bedtime helps reduce the adverse effects of jet lag and shift work. It also helps synchronize circadian rhythms _______________________________________. ...
... _________________. The administration of melatonin just before bedtime helps reduce the adverse effects of jet lag and shift work. It also helps synchronize circadian rhythms _______________________________________. ...
Visual Adaptation: Physiology, Mechanisms, and Functional Benefits
... exponential processes suggests that its dependence on adaptation duration may be better described by a power-law relationship (Drew and Abbott 2006). Regardless of this distinction, to a first approximation, adaptation effects appear qualitatively similar on a wide range of time scales with more pro ...
... exponential processes suggests that its dependence on adaptation duration may be better described by a power-law relationship (Drew and Abbott 2006). Regardless of this distinction, to a first approximation, adaptation effects appear qualitatively similar on a wide range of time scales with more pro ...
Saccadic Eye Movements Modulate Visual Responses in the Lateral
... to salient regions of the visual scene and allow examination of these areas with high acuity. However, eye movements also pose a significant challenge to the visual system; with every saccade, an image of the world moves abruptly over the retina, stimulating all of its ganglion cells in concert. If ...
... to salient regions of the visual scene and allow examination of these areas with high acuity. However, eye movements also pose a significant challenge to the visual system; with every saccade, an image of the world moves abruptly over the retina, stimulating all of its ganglion cells in concert. If ...
Module 2
... Fluctuation of a membrane of an oval aperture is transferred to: A. Perilymph vestibular scale and through vestibular a membrane - endolymph B. Endolymph vestibular scale and through vestibular a membrane - endolymph C. Endolymph vestibular scale and through the basic membrane - endolymph D. Endolym ...
... Fluctuation of a membrane of an oval aperture is transferred to: A. Perilymph vestibular scale and through vestibular a membrane - endolymph B. Endolymph vestibular scale and through vestibular a membrane - endolymph C. Endolymph vestibular scale and through the basic membrane - endolymph D. Endolym ...
Activity Regulates the Incidence of Heteronymous Sensory
... number and density of such ‘‘heteronymous’’ connections, whereas other aspects of sensory-motor connectivity are preserved. Spike-timing-dependent synaptic refinement represents one possible mechanism for the changes in connectivity observed after activity blockade. Our findings therefore reveal tha ...
... number and density of such ‘‘heteronymous’’ connections, whereas other aspects of sensory-motor connectivity are preserved. Spike-timing-dependent synaptic refinement represents one possible mechanism for the changes in connectivity observed after activity blockade. Our findings therefore reveal tha ...
Point-Light Biological Motion Perception Activates Human Premotor
... presented only in white, green, or yellow, and the task was “green or not.” The green and yellow colors were similar enough that sustained attention was required to avoid false alarms. This task was chosen because performance does not depend on the form of different visual stimuli, so the subject’s ...
... presented only in white, green, or yellow, and the task was “green or not.” The green and yellow colors were similar enough that sustained attention was required to avoid false alarms. This task was chosen because performance does not depend on the form of different visual stimuli, so the subject’s ...
Spatial tuning of reaching activity in the medial parieto
... of the LED was reduced so that it was barely visible during the task. Indeed, the experimenter could not see the monkey hand approaching the target, even in dark-adapted conditions. ...
... of the LED was reduced so that it was barely visible during the task. Indeed, the experimenter could not see the monkey hand approaching the target, even in dark-adapted conditions. ...
optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor
... Body movements are smooth, despite the complexities of the peripheral motor system. For example, hand trajectories remain relatively straight from start to end, and hand velocity follows a smooth, bell-shaped profile19,20 (FIG. 1). This smoothness at least partially reflects the low-pass filter prop ...
... Body movements are smooth, despite the complexities of the peripheral motor system. For example, hand trajectories remain relatively straight from start to end, and hand velocity follows a smooth, bell-shaped profile19,20 (FIG. 1). This smoothness at least partially reflects the low-pass filter prop ...
Possible cues driving context-specific adaptation of optocollic reflex
... reflexes and improvements for high velocity for the OCR. Several context cues could contribute to evoke contextspecific adaptation of the OCR (Maurice et al. 2006). Sensory feedbacks could play a major role since they differ depending on the ongoing behavior. Proprioceptive information generated at ...
... reflexes and improvements for high velocity for the OCR. Several context cues could contribute to evoke contextspecific adaptation of the OCR (Maurice et al. 2006). Sensory feedbacks could play a major role since they differ depending on the ongoing behavior. Proprioceptive information generated at ...
SPHS 4050, Neurological Bases, PP 09a
... sense organs or muscles of head and neck with which they are associated – Relatively unprotected (susceptible to damage) – All twelve relevant to speech, language, communication hearing, &/or swallowing – When cranial nerves or their associated nuclei are damaged, this can be one of the causes of: • ...
... sense organs or muscles of head and neck with which they are associated – Relatively unprotected (susceptible to damage) – All twelve relevant to speech, language, communication hearing, &/or swallowing – When cranial nerves or their associated nuclei are damaged, this can be one of the causes of: • ...
Neuroscience in space
Space neuroscience is the scientific study of the central nervous system (CNS) functions during spaceflight. Living systems can integrate the inputs from the senses to navigate in their environment and to coordinate posture, locomotion, and eye movements. Gravity has a fundamental role in controlling these functions. In weightlessness during spaceflight, integrating the sensory inputs and coordinating motor responses is harder to do because gravity is no longer sensed during free-fall. For example, the otolith organs of the vestibular system no longer signal head tilt relative to gravity when standing. However, they can still sense head translation during body motion. Ambiguities and changes in how the gravitational input is processed can lead to potential errors in perception, which affects spatial orientation and mental representation. Dysfunctions of the vestibular system are common during and immediately after spaceflight, such as space motion sickness in orbit and balance disorders after return to Earth.Adaptation to weightlessness involves not just the Sensory-motor coupling functions, but some autonomic nervous system functions as well. Sleep disorders and orthostatic intolerance are also common during and after spaceflight. There is no hydrostatic pressure in a weightless environment. As a result, the redistribution of body fluids toward the upper body causes a decrease in leg volume, which may affect muscle viscosity and compliance. An increase in intracranial pressure may also be responsible for a decrease in near visual acuity. In addition, muscle mass and strength both decrease as a result of the reduced loading in weightlessness. Moreover, approximately 70% of astronauts experience space motion sickness to some degree during the first days. The drugs commonly used to combat motion sickness, such as scopolamine and promethazine, have soporific effects. These factors can lead to chronic fatigue. The challenge of integrative space medicine and physiology is to investigate the adaptation of the human body to spaceflight as a whole, and not just as the sum of body parts because all body functions are connected and interact with each other.