The response of cat visual cortex to flicker stimuli of variable frequency
... system of anaesthetized cats by entraining responses with flicker stimuli of variable frequency (2–50 Hz). Responses were assessed from multi-unit activity (MUA) and local field potentials (LFPs) with up to four spatially segregated electrodes placed in areas 17 and 18. MUA and LFP responses were cl ...
... system of anaesthetized cats by entraining responses with flicker stimuli of variable frequency (2–50 Hz). Responses were assessed from multi-unit activity (MUA) and local field potentials (LFPs) with up to four spatially segregated electrodes placed in areas 17 and 18. MUA and LFP responses were cl ...
Sources of the Scalp-Recorded Amplitude
... sounds . This potential is also known as the envelope following response (EFR ; Dolphin and Mountain, 1992), auditory steady-state response (ASSR, Picton et al, 1987), and auditory steadystate evoked potential (SSEP ; Rickards et al, 1994). The AMFR can be recorded from the scalp in response to sinu ...
... sounds . This potential is also known as the envelope following response (EFR ; Dolphin and Mountain, 1992), auditory steady-state response (ASSR, Picton et al, 1987), and auditory steadystate evoked potential (SSEP ; Rickards et al, 1994). The AMFR can be recorded from the scalp in response to sinu ...
FEATURE ARTICLE Cortical Auditory Adaptation
... The loudspeaker was located 53 cm above the bottom of the recording chamber. The box was built in black acrylic and had a surface of 22 by 27 cm and the walls had a height of 65 cm. The walls of the box were covered with corrugated cardboard (4 mm thickness) for sound-resonance suppression. Measurem ...
... The loudspeaker was located 53 cm above the bottom of the recording chamber. The box was built in black acrylic and had a surface of 22 by 27 cm and the walls had a height of 65 cm. The walls of the box were covered with corrugated cardboard (4 mm thickness) for sound-resonance suppression. Measurem ...
Chapter 143: Auditory System - Physiology
... and refraction around the head. Baffle effect refers to the fact that sound waves impinging on a surface such as the head will be reflected. The incident and reflected waves may then combine near the side of the head to create a greater sound pressure than that without the head. Shadow effect refers ...
... and refraction around the head. Baffle effect refers to the fact that sound waves impinging on a surface such as the head will be reflected. The incident and reflected waves may then combine near the side of the head to create a greater sound pressure than that without the head. Shadow effect refers ...
article in press - Department of Physiology, Development and
... vowel and other nonspeech sounds to compare with the four types of stimuli used in the imaging experiment. In some forms, the carrier sinusoids were replaced with narrow bands of noise, making them more like whispered speech. In some, the envelopes of the carrier sinusoids were not modulated, produc ...
... vowel and other nonspeech sounds to compare with the four types of stimuli used in the imaging experiment. In some forms, the carrier sinusoids were replaced with narrow bands of noise, making them more like whispered speech. In some, the envelopes of the carrier sinusoids were not modulated, produc ...
Extra-Classical Tuning Predicts Stimulus
... alone (n ⫽ 10). We used two criteria to ensure that our estimates of eCRF BW were conservative. First, eCRF BWs only included frequencies that did not drive significant responses when presented independently. Second, eCRF BWs only included frequencies that were continuous with the CRF. We interpolat ...
... alone (n ⫽ 10). We used two criteria to ensure that our estimates of eCRF BW were conservative. First, eCRF BWs only included frequencies that did not drive significant responses when presented independently. Second, eCRF BWs only included frequencies that were continuous with the CRF. We interpolat ...
Abstract The cochiear nucleus of the barn owl is composed of two
... (along some quantitative measure of phase locking such as vector strength) and reject any responses which fall below that level. These methods are artificial because some assumption must be made about what does or does not represent a level of information which is meaningful to the nervous system. E ...
... (along some quantitative measure of phase locking such as vector strength) and reject any responses which fall below that level. These methods are artificial because some assumption must be made about what does or does not represent a level of information which is meaningful to the nervous system. E ...
The functional asymmetry of auditory cortex is reflected
... L3 (but not L2) arose predominantly out-of-column. In vivo cell-attached recordings revealed differences between the soundresponsiveness of neurons in L2 and L3. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that auditory cortical microcircuitry is specialized to the one-dimensional representation ...
... L3 (but not L2) arose predominantly out-of-column. In vivo cell-attached recordings revealed differences between the soundresponsiveness of neurons in L2 and L3. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that auditory cortical microcircuitry is specialized to the one-dimensional representation ...
Experience-dependent corticofugal adjustment
... Preparation. Experiments were performed with 26 adult big brown bats, E. fuscus, whose auditory system is basically the same as that of other mammalian species (13–15). Procedures for animal preparation, acoustic stimulation, and recording of action potentials have been previously described (11, 16) ...
... Preparation. Experiments were performed with 26 adult big brown bats, E. fuscus, whose auditory system is basically the same as that of other mammalian species (13–15). Procedures for animal preparation, acoustic stimulation, and recording of action potentials have been previously described (11, 16) ...
Why do octaves sound the same?
... D 6 d representing pitch. His Shepard tone experiments support instead a helical model for pitch, shown in Figure 1, in which notes separated by an octave are equivalent in the ‘chroma’ dimension. Fusion of multiple frequencies into a single pitch is a property of the auditory system more generally ...
... D 6 d representing pitch. His Shepard tone experiments support instead a helical model for pitch, shown in Figure 1, in which notes separated by an octave are equivalent in the ‘chroma’ dimension. Fusion of multiple frequencies into a single pitch is a property of the auditory system more generally ...
The Neural Basis of Individual Holistic and Spectral Sound Perception
... upper spectral frequencies are not fixed. This test revealed that professional musicians showed very consistent behavior towards auditory ambiguities, whereas responses of non-musicians were toggling and highly inconsistent in repeated measures with no clear identification of holistic or spectral li ...
... upper spectral frequencies are not fixed. This test revealed that professional musicians showed very consistent behavior towards auditory ambiguities, whereas responses of non-musicians were toggling and highly inconsistent in repeated measures with no clear identification of holistic or spectral li ...
Different Stimuli, Different Spatial Codes: A Visual Map and an
... Figure 4. ‘‘Point image’’ of auditory activity in comparison to visual activity as a function of target location. For each neuron, we calculated the activity for a given target location, modality, or response period as a proportion of the peak firing rate observed for any target location, modality, ...
... Figure 4. ‘‘Point image’’ of auditory activity in comparison to visual activity as a function of target location. For each neuron, we calculated the activity for a given target location, modality, or response period as a proportion of the peak firing rate observed for any target location, modality, ...
Sensory experience and the formation of a computational map of
... and topographic maps of both cues are found within frequencyspecific channels.(6,8) At subsequent levels of processing within the owl’s brainstem, inputs are combined across different frequency channels and the ILD and ITD pathways merge. As a result, neurons along this pathway become less selective ...
... and topographic maps of both cues are found within frequencyspecific channels.(6,8) At subsequent levels of processing within the owl’s brainstem, inputs are combined across different frequency channels and the ILD and ITD pathways merge. As a result, neurons along this pathway become less selective ...
Conditioned tone control of brain reward behavior produces highly
... such as learning and memory have been allocated to ‘‘higher” cortical areas. However, the primary auditory cortex (A1) is now known to encode the acquired significance of sound as indicated by associativelyinduced specific shifts of tuning to the frequencies of conditioned stimuli (CS) and gains in ar ...
... such as learning and memory have been allocated to ‘‘higher” cortical areas. However, the primary auditory cortex (A1) is now known to encode the acquired significance of sound as indicated by associativelyinduced specific shifts of tuning to the frequencies of conditioned stimuli (CS) and gains in ar ...
The Neuroscientist
... representations of these perceptual characteristics from the information that the ear provides about sound acoustics. In this article, the authors examine evidence that the auditory cortex is necessary for processing the pitch, timbre, and location of sounds, and document how neurons across multiple ...
... representations of these perceptual characteristics from the information that the ear provides about sound acoustics. In this article, the authors examine evidence that the auditory cortex is necessary for processing the pitch, timbre, and location of sounds, and document how neurons across multiple ...
The functional role of GABA and glycine in monaural and binaural
... inhibition in the LSO (review: Caspary 1990), but its role in information processing at the midbrain level has not yet been fully elucidated. Application of the glycine antagonist strychnine can enhance discharge activity of single IC-neurons (Faingold et al 1991). The auditory system of horseshoe b ...
... inhibition in the LSO (review: Caspary 1990), but its role in information processing at the midbrain level has not yet been fully elucidated. Application of the glycine antagonist strychnine can enhance discharge activity of single IC-neurons (Faingold et al 1991). The auditory system of horseshoe b ...
Hearing, I: The Cochlea - American Journal of Neuroradiology
... cochlear recess, which lies on the medial wall of the vestibule (Fig 3). As these sound waves enter the perilymph of the scala vestibuli, they are transmitted through the vestibular membrane into the endolymph of the cochlear duct, causing displacement of the basilar membrane, which stimulates the h ...
... cochlear recess, which lies on the medial wall of the vestibule (Fig 3). As these sound waves enter the perilymph of the scala vestibuli, they are transmitted through the vestibular membrane into the endolymph of the cochlear duct, causing displacement of the basilar membrane, which stimulates the h ...
Multisensory contributions to low-level, `unisensory` processing
... predict that for events generating sounds with simultaneous visual or somatosensory concomitants, the nonauditory portions of the response in auditory cortex would develop later than the auditory portions; this temporal dissociation would be similar to that for feedforward and feedback processes obs ...
... predict that for events generating sounds with simultaneous visual or somatosensory concomitants, the nonauditory portions of the response in auditory cortex would develop later than the auditory portions; this temporal dissociation would be similar to that for feedforward and feedback processes obs ...
Meaningful auditory information enhances perception of visual
... synchronized, there was a small but consistent improvement, suggesting that the perceptual system could use coincident auditory information to help disentangle the visual stimulus from the noise. Figure 2 plots sensitivities for the three subjects in each condition. For all subjects sensitivity is h ...
... synchronized, there was a small but consistent improvement, suggesting that the perceptual system could use coincident auditory information to help disentangle the visual stimulus from the noise. Figure 2 plots sensitivities for the three subjects in each condition. For all subjects sensitivity is h ...
Plastic Effect of Tetanic Stimulation on Auditory Evoked Potentials
... changes in the central nervous system in response to altered patterns of stimulation. In sensory and motor systems, demands for transmitting sensory or motor information within these systems can change when there (1) are altered patterns of stimulation (peripheral or central) and/or (2) is a loss of ...
... changes in the central nervous system in response to altered patterns of stimulation. In sensory and motor systems, demands for transmitting sensory or motor information within these systems can change when there (1) are altered patterns of stimulation (peripheral or central) and/or (2) is a loss of ...
Chapter 11: The Auditory and Vestibular Systems
... • Response Properties of Neurons in Auditory Pathway – Characteristic frequency: Frequency at which neuron is most responsive - from cochlea to cortex – Response Properties more complex and diverse beyond the brain stem – Binaural neurons are present in the superior olive ...
... • Response Properties of Neurons in Auditory Pathway – Characteristic frequency: Frequency at which neuron is most responsive - from cochlea to cortex – Response Properties more complex and diverse beyond the brain stem – Binaural neurons are present in the superior olive ...
Reduced BOLD response to periodic visual stimulation
... course, repetitive aperiodic stimulation will also produce synchronous firing with a frequency profile reflecting that of the stimulus. However, periodic stimulation also produces entrainment, where the bursts of firing increase in amplitude over the first few hundred milliseconds of stimulation, an ...
... course, repetitive aperiodic stimulation will also produce synchronous firing with a frequency profile reflecting that of the stimulus. However, periodic stimulation also produces entrainment, where the bursts of firing increase in amplitude over the first few hundred milliseconds of stimulation, an ...
A diagram of the ear`s structure THE OUTER EAR The outer ear
... The outer ear collects sound waves in the air and channels them to the inner parts of the ear. The outer ear along with its canal has been shown to enhance sounds within a certain frequency range. That range just happens to be the same range that most of the characteristics of human speech sounds f ...
... The outer ear collects sound waves in the air and channels them to the inner parts of the ear. The outer ear along with its canal has been shown to enhance sounds within a certain frequency range. That range just happens to be the same range that most of the characteristics of human speech sounds f ...
the superior Olivary complex
... This system does not appear to have a unitary function and is, as a whole, the least understood group of nuclei of the SOC. A common feature is that most periolivary neurons are immunoreactive for glycine and GABA. Thus, these neurons provide inhibitory inputs to the CN (Figure 7–4) as well as to ot ...
... This system does not appear to have a unitary function and is, as a whole, the least understood group of nuclei of the SOC. A common feature is that most periolivary neurons are immunoreactive for glycine and GABA. Thus, these neurons provide inhibitory inputs to the CN (Figure 7–4) as well as to ot ...
Animal echolocation
Echolocation, also called bio sonar, is the biological sonar used by several kinds of animals. Echolocating animals emit calls out to the environment and listen to the echoes of those calls that return from various objects near them. They use these echoes to locate and identify the objects. Echolocation is used for navigation and for foraging (or hunting) in various environments. Some blind humans have learned to find their way using clicks produced by a device or by mouth.Echolocating animals include some mammals and a few birds; most notably microchiropteran bats and odontocetes (toothed whales and dolphins), but also in simpler form in other groups such as shrews, one genus of megachiropteran bats (Rousettus) and two cave dwelling bird groups, the so-called cave swiftlets in the genus Aerodramus (formerly Collocalia) and the unrelated Oilbird Steatornis caripensis.