Specificity in Inhibitory Systems Associated with Prefrontal Pathways to
... to inhibitory neurons labeled for calbindin (CB) or parvalbumin (PV), which differ in mode of inhibition. Projection neurons in area 10 originated mostly in layers 2--3 and were intermingled with CB inhibitory neurons. In contrast, projections from area 32 originated predominantly in layers 5--6 amo ...
... to inhibitory neurons labeled for calbindin (CB) or parvalbumin (PV), which differ in mode of inhibition. Projection neurons in area 10 originated mostly in layers 2--3 and were intermingled with CB inhibitory neurons. In contrast, projections from area 32 originated predominantly in layers 5--6 amo ...
the inferior colliculus of the rat: quantitative
... Abstract—Both GABA and glycine (Gly) containing neurons send inhibitory projections to the inferior colliculus (IC), whereas inhibitory neurons within the IC are primarily GABAergic. To date, however, a quantitative description of the topographic distribution of GABAergic neurons in the rat’s IC and ...
... Abstract—Both GABA and glycine (Gly) containing neurons send inhibitory projections to the inferior colliculus (IC), whereas inhibitory neurons within the IC are primarily GABAergic. To date, however, a quantitative description of the topographic distribution of GABAergic neurons in the rat’s IC and ...
Neural Mapping of Direction and Frequency in
... nerve cell is mounted on the microscope stage, and the operator controls the precise movement of the neuron in three dimensions by means of three precision stepper motors, each mounted on a different axis of the mechanical microscope stage. The neuron is moved under the microscope so that its branch ...
... nerve cell is mounted on the microscope stage, and the operator controls the precise movement of the neuron in three dimensions by means of three precision stepper motors, each mounted on a different axis of the mechanical microscope stage. The neuron is moved under the microscope so that its branch ...
Auditory Neurons in the Dorsal Cortex of the Inferior Colliculus
... the auditory nerve. The cochlear nucleus is subdivided into ventral and dorsal divisions (VCN and DCN, respectively). The ventral division can be further subdivided into the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), and the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN). Each division of the CN receives ...
... the auditory nerve. The cochlear nucleus is subdivided into ventral and dorsal divisions (VCN and DCN, respectively). The ventral division can be further subdivided into the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), and the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN). Each division of the CN receives ...
Neural mechanisms of stimulus generalization in auditory fear
... of neuronal substrates of auditory discrimination. Accumulating evidence has been showing that each one of the pathways alone is sufficient to support auditory fear conditioning. However, according to a recent study, the auditory cortex might be necessary for the recall of auditory fear learning, wh ...
... of neuronal substrates of auditory discrimination. Accumulating evidence has been showing that each one of the pathways alone is sufficient to support auditory fear conditioning. However, according to a recent study, the auditory cortex might be necessary for the recall of auditory fear learning, wh ...
This type of hearing loss is classified as when “the
... it may able to be treated with medications, surgery, hearing aids, or an implantable bone conduction hearing system (cochlear.com). Unilateral deafness is when an individual’s hearing is normal in one ear but suffers from hearing loss in the other ear. This deafness can range from mild to very sever ...
... it may able to be treated with medications, surgery, hearing aids, or an implantable bone conduction hearing system (cochlear.com). Unilateral deafness is when an individual’s hearing is normal in one ear but suffers from hearing loss in the other ear. This deafness can range from mild to very sever ...
Specialized prefrontal "auditory fields": organization of primate
... specific domains of rostral dorsal area 8 (Barbas and Mesulam, 1981) and areas 45 and 12 in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (Figure 1, top; Hackett et al., 1999; Romanski et al., 1999a,b). These areas receive pathways from auditory association cortices from a restricted and more caudal part of S ...
... specific domains of rostral dorsal area 8 (Barbas and Mesulam, 1981) and areas 45 and 12 in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (Figure 1, top; Hackett et al., 1999; Romanski et al., 1999a,b). These areas receive pathways from auditory association cortices from a restricted and more caudal part of S ...
Patterns of GABAergic Immunoreactivity Define Subdivisions of the
... The anatomy and the spatial distribution of neurons and axonal endings (puncta) immunoreactive for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were studied in the medial geniculate body of the mustached bat (Pteronotus pamellii). The principal findings are that: 1)most GABAer ...
... The anatomy and the spatial distribution of neurons and axonal endings (puncta) immunoreactive for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were studied in the medial geniculate body of the mustached bat (Pteronotus pamellii). The principal findings are that: 1)most GABAer ...
Auditory Pathways and Processes
... The central auditory system begins when the peripheral mechanical process is transformed into electrical impulses and conveyed to the brain via the auditory nerve, a branch of the eighth cranial nerve. From there the signal travels both ipsi- and contralaterally through a series of relay stations un ...
... The central auditory system begins when the peripheral mechanical process is transformed into electrical impulses and conveyed to the brain via the auditory nerve, a branch of the eighth cranial nerve. From there the signal travels both ipsi- and contralaterally through a series of relay stations un ...
physiological plasticity in auditory cortex: rapid induction by learning
... a behavioral index of learning. A behavioral response that develops due to the association of two stimuli permits the inference that neural processes underlying learning have developed plasticity. Most contemporary studies of physiological plasticity during learning employ a type of associative trai ...
... a behavioral index of learning. A behavioral response that develops due to the association of two stimuli permits the inference that neural processes underlying learning have developed plasticity. Most contemporary studies of physiological plasticity during learning employ a type of associative trai ...
Sound processing by local neural populations in the
... starts when a sound wave reaches the inner ear, generating a vibration in the cochlea which is transduced into an electrical signal. This signal propagates along various stations of the auditory pathway, through the thalamus, eventually reaching the auditory cortex (AC). The AC is the primary cortic ...
... starts when a sound wave reaches the inner ear, generating a vibration in the cochlea which is transduced into an electrical signal. This signal propagates along various stations of the auditory pathway, through the thalamus, eventually reaching the auditory cortex (AC). The AC is the primary cortic ...
On the Role of the Pontine Brainstem in Vocal Pattern Generation: A
... Neuronal activity was recorded during all call types uttered. Quantitative data analysis was done for two highly frequency-modulated call types with a rhythmical character (trill, cackle), a high-pitched (peep), and a low-pitched nonrhythmic call (caw). Examples of these call types are depicted in F ...
... Neuronal activity was recorded during all call types uttered. Quantitative data analysis was done for two highly frequency-modulated call types with a rhythmical character (trill, cackle), a high-pitched (peep), and a low-pitched nonrhythmic call (caw). Examples of these call types are depicted in F ...
Evidence for time division multiplexing of multiple simultaneous
... quantiles, by definition (Figure 3A-B; E-F). But on dual-sound (AB) trials, for any given trial or ...
... quantiles, by definition (Figure 3A-B; E-F). But on dual-sound (AB) trials, for any given trial or ...
Evolving concepts of developmental auditory processing disorder
... basis, test validity and standardization, differentiation from other disorders, and even whether it exists as an independent disorder (Jerger, 2009). To evaluate and interpret the scientific evidence on APD, and to advise the audiology profession, the British Society of Audiology (BSA) established a ...
... basis, test validity and standardization, differentiation from other disorders, and even whether it exists as an independent disorder (Jerger, 2009). To evaluate and interpret the scientific evidence on APD, and to advise the audiology profession, the British Society of Audiology (BSA) established a ...
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... enriched housing cage had four levels linked by ramps (Fig. 1B). Hanging chains and wind chimes hung over the entrance of two levels and produced unique sounds with rat movements. A rat’s movement onto two of the three ramps triggered delivery of a ramp-specific tone (lowest ramp ⫽ 2.1 kHz; highest ...
... enriched housing cage had four levels linked by ramps (Fig. 1B). Hanging chains and wind chimes hung over the entrance of two levels and produced unique sounds with rat movements. A rat’s movement onto two of the three ramps triggered delivery of a ramp-specific tone (lowest ramp ⫽ 2.1 kHz; highest ...
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... receptive Welds to decrease by more than 20%. Pairing NB stimulation with sounds that are modulated and vary in their carrier frequency results in intermediate receptive Weld plasticity (35% increase in bandwidth). These results suggest that release of acetylcholine marks certain sounds as behaviora ...
... receptive Welds to decrease by more than 20%. Pairing NB stimulation with sounds that are modulated and vary in their carrier frequency results in intermediate receptive Weld plasticity (35% increase in bandwidth). These results suggest that release of acetylcholine marks certain sounds as behaviora ...
Spike train propagation in the axon of a visual interneuron,... Locusta migratoria
... recycling and presynaptic calcium entry each consumed 3%. Indeed this modeling of energy consumption based on anatomical and physical data supports the idea that a comparatively small amount of energy is required to maintain the vegetative metabolism of a neuron. It also highlights the validity of ...
... recycling and presynaptic calcium entry each consumed 3%. Indeed this modeling of energy consumption based on anatomical and physical data supports the idea that a comparatively small amount of energy is required to maintain the vegetative metabolism of a neuron. It also highlights the validity of ...
Representation of Sounds in Auditory Cortex of Awake
... as we are constantly bombarded by sounds, we effortlessly extract necessary information, whether surrounded by fellow colleagues at a cocktail party, or hunting for prey (being a barn owl). When rapid changes in air pressure (sounds) hit our ears, sounds are transformed in cochlea into series of act ...
... as we are constantly bombarded by sounds, we effortlessly extract necessary information, whether surrounded by fellow colleagues at a cocktail party, or hunting for prey (being a barn owl). When rapid changes in air pressure (sounds) hit our ears, sounds are transformed in cochlea into series of act ...
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... paired with a single tone results in an increased representation of the paired frequency in A1 (Kilgard and Merzenich 1998a). Therefore, similar to classical conditioning and operant conditioning protocols, NB–stimulation pairing leads to stimulus-specific plasticity in A1. The extent of NB–stimulat ...
... paired with a single tone results in an increased representation of the paired frequency in A1 (Kilgard and Merzenich 1998a). Therefore, similar to classical conditioning and operant conditioning protocols, NB–stimulation pairing leads to stimulus-specific plasticity in A1. The extent of NB–stimulat ...
Reticular activating system of a central pattern generator
... activity. The main reason for this asymmetry was the high variation in the flexor tonic phase duration, ranging from 1 to 7 sec. Before the recordings, we carefully placed the multielectrode array in the same position in all the experiments taking into account the obex as an anatomical reference. We ...
... activity. The main reason for this asymmetry was the high variation in the flexor tonic phase duration, ranging from 1 to 7 sec. Before the recordings, we carefully placed the multielectrode array in the same position in all the experiments taking into account the obex as an anatomical reference. We ...
Effect of Adrenalectomy on Miniature Inhibitory Postsynaptic
... cellbody as established during the recording session (see examples in Fig. 1, A--D). Since the intracellular dyes were found to influence the physiological properties of the cells, staining was only performed in a limited number of cells and not routinely applied. Only those neurons that could be id ...
... cellbody as established during the recording session (see examples in Fig. 1, A--D). Since the intracellular dyes were found to influence the physiological properties of the cells, staining was only performed in a limited number of cells and not routinely applied. Only those neurons that could be id ...
A Circuit for Detection of Interaural Time Differences in the Brain
... as described above. Each penetration was marked on a drawing of the floor of the fourth ventricle, using the distinctive patterns of blood vessels as a guide to the approximate mediolateral position and best frequency of the underlying nucleus laminaris. The dorsal surface of the nucleus magnocellul ...
... as described above. Each penetration was marked on a drawing of the floor of the fourth ventricle, using the distinctive patterns of blood vessels as a guide to the approximate mediolateral position and best frequency of the underlying nucleus laminaris. The dorsal surface of the nucleus magnocellul ...
Integration of Visual and Auditory Information by Superior Temporal
... auditory signals on the visual response. Effect of Sound on Visual Responses Auditory signals had a significant effect on the visual response in 22 (23%) of the 95 cells with visual responses. The visual response was significantly augmented in 8 of 95 cells and significantly attenuated in 8 of 95 ce ...
... auditory signals on the visual response. Effect of Sound on Visual Responses Auditory signals had a significant effect on the visual response in 22 (23%) of the 95 cells with visual responses. The visual response was significantly augmented in 8 of 95 cells and significantly attenuated in 8 of 95 ce ...
Tolerance to Sound Intensity of Binaural
... drum. Simultaneous measurement of sound with both the B & K and the Knowles microphones made it possible to translate the voltage output of the Knowles into sound intensity in dB sound pressure level (SPL). The Knowles microphones were then used to calibrate the earphone assemblies at the beginning ...
... drum. Simultaneous measurement of sound with both the B & K and the Knowles microphones made it possible to translate the voltage output of the Knowles into sound intensity in dB sound pressure level (SPL). The Knowles microphones were then used to calibrate the earphone assemblies at the beginning ...
Large-Scale Functional Connectivity in Associative Learning
... for both groups, neural differences between groups reflected differences in the learned associative properties of the stimuli. Covariances of FDG uptake in the auditory system and extraauditory structures were examined using partial least squares. Three strong covariance or functional connectivity p ...
... for both groups, neural differences between groups reflected differences in the learned associative properties of the stimuli. Covariances of FDG uptake in the auditory system and extraauditory structures were examined using partial least squares. Three strong covariance or functional connectivity p ...
Animal echolocation
Echolocation, also called bio sonar, is the biological sonar used by several kinds of animals. Echolocating animals emit calls out to the environment and listen to the echoes of those calls that return from various objects near them. They use these echoes to locate and identify the objects. Echolocation is used for navigation and for foraging (or hunting) in various environments. Some blind humans have learned to find their way using clicks produced by a device or by mouth.Echolocating animals include some mammals and a few birds; most notably microchiropteran bats and odontocetes (toothed whales and dolphins), but also in simpler form in other groups such as shrews, one genus of megachiropteran bats (Rousettus) and two cave dwelling bird groups, the so-called cave swiftlets in the genus Aerodramus (formerly Collocalia) and the unrelated Oilbird Steatornis caripensis.