Tuning Curve Shift by Attention Modulation in Cortical Neurons: a
... cortical space between the positions of the stimuli that elicit a maximum response when attention is present and when it is absent. When this quantity is positive (negative), the shift is towards (away from) attention. In a few cases (Fig. 4C) we also tried systematically another measure of RF shift ...
... cortical space between the positions of the stimuli that elicit a maximum response when attention is present and when it is absent. When this quantity is positive (negative), the shift is towards (away from) attention. In a few cases (Fig. 4C) we also tried systematically another measure of RF shift ...
Cortex, Cognition and the Cell: New Insights into the Pyramidal
... Lessons from Sensory Cortex Of all cortical regions in the brain, the most extensively studied is sensory cortex. In particular, the visual cortex of the macaque monkey has been the focus of much interest due to its parallels with the human visual system (Kaas, 1992). Visual cortex, like other senso ...
... Lessons from Sensory Cortex Of all cortical regions in the brain, the most extensively studied is sensory cortex. In particular, the visual cortex of the macaque monkey has been the focus of much interest due to its parallels with the human visual system (Kaas, 1992). Visual cortex, like other senso ...
Alpha-beta and Gamma Rhythms Subserve Feedback and
... Non-human primate visual cortical areas are organized in a hierarchy with characteristic laminar patterns of feedforward and feedback projections (Barone et al., 2000; Felleman and Essen, 1991; Markov et al., 2014). Feedforward projections typically target layer 4. They originate predominantly from ...
... Non-human primate visual cortical areas are organized in a hierarchy with characteristic laminar patterns of feedforward and feedback projections (Barone et al., 2000; Felleman and Essen, 1991; Markov et al., 2014). Feedforward projections typically target layer 4. They originate predominantly from ...
Dopamine: generalization and bonuses
... (such as turning left or right in the maze) even if the rewards will only be provided at much later times (such as at the goal). Of course, as the animal changes its policy, the values change too. For instance, the goal in a maze might only be 10 steps away from the start given the correct strategy, ...
... (such as turning left or right in the maze) even if the rewards will only be provided at much later times (such as at the goal). Of course, as the animal changes its policy, the values change too. For instance, the goal in a maze might only be 10 steps away from the start given the correct strategy, ...
Neuroanatomical correlates of the near response: voluntary
... inhibition of accommodation to blur induced optically by a ±5.0-D glass lens (Opt-blur; Fig. 2B and D): the subjects see alternately a sharp or a blurred image; (iii) VPA requiring large amplitude (~ ± 5 D), high-frequency (0.3 Hz), voluntary positive accommodation in the viewing eye in response to ...
... inhibition of accommodation to blur induced optically by a ±5.0-D glass lens (Opt-blur; Fig. 2B and D): the subjects see alternately a sharp or a blurred image; (iii) VPA requiring large amplitude (~ ± 5 D), high-frequency (0.3 Hz), voluntary positive accommodation in the viewing eye in response to ...
Plasticity of Binocularity and Visual Acuity Are Differentially Limited
... established once a mouse exhibited a consistent pattern of performance. Acuity thresholds were estimated as the spatial frequency average from three or more failures at adjacent spatial frequencies. Throughout the testing phase, any mouse that failed to find the hidden platform on the first try repe ...
... established once a mouse exhibited a consistent pattern of performance. Acuity thresholds were estimated as the spatial frequency average from three or more failures at adjacent spatial frequencies. Throughout the testing phase, any mouse that failed to find the hidden platform on the first try repe ...
Bipolar Cell
... The Stimulus • As we all know, our eyes detect the presence of light. • For humans, light is a narrow band of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 380 and 760 nm (a nanometer, nm, is one-billionth of a meter) is visible to us. (See Figure ...
... The Stimulus • As we all know, our eyes detect the presence of light. • For humans, light is a narrow band of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 380 and 760 nm (a nanometer, nm, is one-billionth of a meter) is visible to us. (See Figure ...
The anatomy, physiology and functions of the
... and 36) originally described by Brodmann [7]. In monkeys, perirhinal areas 35 and 36 form a band of cortex situated lateral to the full extent of the rhinal sulcus (Figure la) [P]. On the ventral surface of the brain, the perirhinal cortex includes much of the inferotemporal gyrus (i.e. the band of ...
... and 36) originally described by Brodmann [7]. In monkeys, perirhinal areas 35 and 36 form a band of cortex situated lateral to the full extent of the rhinal sulcus (Figure la) [P]. On the ventral surface of the brain, the perirhinal cortex includes much of the inferotemporal gyrus (i.e. the band of ...
Topographic Maps in Human Frontal Cortex Revealed in Memory
... doi:10.1152/jn.00010.2007. We used fMRI at 3 Tesla and improved spatial resolution (2 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 2 mm3) to investigate topographic organization in human frontal cortex using memory-guided response tasks performed at 8 or 12 peripheral locations arranged clockwise around a central fixation point. The task ...
... doi:10.1152/jn.00010.2007. We used fMRI at 3 Tesla and improved spatial resolution (2 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 2 mm3) to investigate topographic organization in human frontal cortex using memory-guided response tasks performed at 8 or 12 peripheral locations arranged clockwise around a central fixation point. The task ...
JERZY KONORSKI`S THEORY OF CONDITIONED
... Warsaw discovered a certain gap in his reasoning. They arrived at the .conclusion that Pavlov's model of conditioned reflex was not sufficient t o explain the acquired motor behavior of animals and men. The association in time of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli does not ensure the learning of ...
... Warsaw discovered a certain gap in his reasoning. They arrived at the .conclusion that Pavlov's model of conditioned reflex was not sufficient t o explain the acquired motor behavior of animals and men. The association in time of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli does not ensure the learning of ...
Functional Neuronal Processing of Body Odors
... (Wallace 1977). In fact, humans are able to use signals conveyed in body odor to make accurate kin--nonkin judgments (Weisfeld et al. 2003) and to detect minute differences in genetic composition of unknown individuals (Jacob et al. 2002). It has even been suggested that signals communicating emotio ...
... (Wallace 1977). In fact, humans are able to use signals conveyed in body odor to make accurate kin--nonkin judgments (Weisfeld et al. 2003) and to detect minute differences in genetic composition of unknown individuals (Jacob et al. 2002). It has even been suggested that signals communicating emotio ...
Spatio-temporal dynamics of depth propagation on uniform region
... As shown in Fig. 2, the horizontal bar and the vertical probe crossed each other in Experiments 1–4, that is, they were overlapping. The percept at the intersection of the two bars varies according to the phase difference between the vertical probe and the ends of the horizontal bar. As a result of ...
... As shown in Fig. 2, the horizontal bar and the vertical probe crossed each other in Experiments 1–4, that is, they were overlapping. The percept at the intersection of the two bars varies according to the phase difference between the vertical probe and the ends of the horizontal bar. As a result of ...
Topography of Visual Cortex Connections with Frontal Eye Field in
... cortical areas is combined to generate perception and action is not known. The investigation of visually guided eye movements may be a domain in which this issue can be examined effectively because information about both object identity and spatial location must be combined to produce accurate eye m ...
... cortical areas is combined to generate perception and action is not known. The investigation of visually guided eye movements may be a domain in which this issue can be examined effectively because information about both object identity and spatial location must be combined to produce accurate eye m ...
Emotional and Behavioral Correlates of Mediodorsal Thalamic
... Neurophysiological studies have included both single- and multiple-unit activity in the MD during a delayed response task or visual recognition task in monkeys (Kubota et al., 1972; Fuster and Alexander, 1973; Fahy et al., 1993) and avoidance learning in rabbits (Kubota and Gabriel, 1995); however, ...
... Neurophysiological studies have included both single- and multiple-unit activity in the MD during a delayed response task or visual recognition task in monkeys (Kubota et al., 1972; Fuster and Alexander, 1973; Fahy et al., 1993) and avoidance learning in rabbits (Kubota and Gabriel, 1995); however, ...
The Suppressive Field of Neurons in Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
... were not statistically correlated ( p ⬎ 0.2). We tracked them by letting Vmax and V0 vary from one experiment to another. In each experiment, we fixed V0 to minus the mean spontaneous firing rate, which we obtained from the responses to blank stimuli, and we chose Vmax to minimize square error betwe ...
... were not statistically correlated ( p ⬎ 0.2). We tracked them by letting Vmax and V0 vary from one experiment to another. In each experiment, we fixed V0 to minus the mean spontaneous firing rate, which we obtained from the responses to blank stimuli, and we chose Vmax to minimize square error betwe ...
Functional Dissociation of Attentional Selection within PFC
... acquired using the BOLD technique (TR = 2500 ms, TE = 40 ms, flip angle = 90°), each consisting of 20 contiguous axial slices (matrix = 64 3 64, inplane resolution = 3.75 3 3.75 mm2, thickness = 6 mm, gap = 0.9 mm), parallel to the anterior commissure-posterior commissure line. Prior to the EPI image ...
... acquired using the BOLD technique (TR = 2500 ms, TE = 40 ms, flip angle = 90°), each consisting of 20 contiguous axial slices (matrix = 64 3 64, inplane resolution = 3.75 3 3.75 mm2, thickness = 6 mm, gap = 0.9 mm), parallel to the anterior commissure-posterior commissure line. Prior to the EPI image ...
Electroencephalogram based Brain
... midline locations (such as Fz, Cz and Pz). The potential is limited to 8 Hz and hence a low pass filter is normally used to filter VEP prior to analysis. It is evoked in a variety of decision-making tasks and in particular, when a target stimulus is identified, for example when a picture is recognis ...
... midline locations (such as Fz, Cz and Pz). The potential is limited to 8 Hz and hence a low pass filter is normally used to filter VEP prior to analysis. It is evoked in a variety of decision-making tasks and in particular, when a target stimulus is identified, for example when a picture is recognis ...
Predictive Coding: A Possible Explanation of Filling
... (HPC)of natural images, which has, recently, gained growing support as the general coding principle of visual cortex [14–24] (For an excellent review see [25]). The root of Hierarchical predictive coding lies in the probabilistic hierarchical generative model and the efficient coding of natural imag ...
... (HPC)of natural images, which has, recently, gained growing support as the general coding principle of visual cortex [14–24] (For an excellent review see [25]). The root of Hierarchical predictive coding lies in the probabilistic hierarchical generative model and the efficient coding of natural imag ...
Spatial generalization from learning dynamics of
... muscle PDs may gradually rotate from that observed in the null field (when no external forces are imposed). However, a muscle’s PD may also depend on the configuration of the arm (Buneo et al., 1997). We thought that the patterns of spatial generalization of dynamics might be related to the relative ...
... muscle PDs may gradually rotate from that observed in the null field (when no external forces are imposed). However, a muscle’s PD may also depend on the configuration of the arm (Buneo et al., 1997). We thought that the patterns of spatial generalization of dynamics might be related to the relative ...
functional classes of neurons in primary auditory cortex of the cat
... We have addressed these questions by recording from single units in AI while presenting tonal stimuli in a free sound field. The receptive fields of auditory neurons were mapped by plotting the boundaries of spatial regions within which stimuli elicited a given neural response. Tangential electrode ...
... We have addressed these questions by recording from single units in AI while presenting tonal stimuli in a free sound field. The receptive fields of auditory neurons were mapped by plotting the boundaries of spatial regions within which stimuli elicited a given neural response. Tangential electrode ...
Stereoscopic Processing of Absolute and Relative Disparity in
... sensitive to this attribute, and one in which the attribute is varied so as to avoid adaptation. Any reduction in the fMRI signal should be a consequence of the reduction in response from adapted neurons selective for the attribute being tested. The major advantage of this approach is that it target ...
... sensitive to this attribute, and one in which the attribute is varied so as to avoid adaptation. Any reduction in the fMRI signal should be a consequence of the reduction in response from adapted neurons selective for the attribute being tested. The major advantage of this approach is that it target ...
Functional Organization in the Motor Cortex
... this trend here by studying directionality of reaching movements in humans using fMRI, and attempt to bridge over the gap between electrophysiological data from monkeys and imaging data from humans. Hubel and Wiesel have showed in the 1960’s that neurons in the primary visual cortex are organized ac ...
... this trend here by studying directionality of reaching movements in humans using fMRI, and attempt to bridge over the gap between electrophysiological data from monkeys and imaging data from humans. Hubel and Wiesel have showed in the 1960’s that neurons in the primary visual cortex are organized ac ...
Saccade-related spread of activity across superior colliculus may
... if the receptive fields of those neurons are close together in visual space. This postulate leads to a visually symmetric kernel. In fact, symmetry in the visual space, but not on the brain map, has been demonstrated in V1 (Angelucci et al. 2002). As shown below, the visually symmetric kernel, once ...
... if the receptive fields of those neurons are close together in visual space. This postulate leads to a visually symmetric kernel. In fact, symmetry in the visual space, but not on the brain map, has been demonstrated in V1 (Angelucci et al. 2002). As shown below, the visually symmetric kernel, once ...
Anatomic Studies on the Superior Colliculus
... is topographically arranged such that an area of cortex receiving from one retinal area projects to an area of the colliculus receiving from the same retinal area.23 There are two interesting problems related to this matching topography, which holds good for rat,23'24 rabbit,25'2G cat,9'27 tree shre ...
... is topographically arranged such that an area of cortex receiving from one retinal area projects to an area of the colliculus receiving from the same retinal area.23 There are two interesting problems related to this matching topography, which holds good for rat,23'24 rabbit,25'2G cat,9'27 tree shre ...
The relative roles of vertices and sides in determining perceptual
... determine the origin of the significant effects. Because each analysis was concerned only with the data from a particular shape, non-standardized distances were used. The interaction between Orientation and Variant was due to shape 2 only, in which it was significant [F(6,130)=2.9, P=0.012]; Variant ...
... determine the origin of the significant effects. Because each analysis was concerned only with the data from a particular shape, non-standardized distances were used. The interaction between Orientation and Variant was due to shape 2 only, in which it was significant [F(6,130)=2.9, P=0.012]; Variant ...