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moth`s nervous system - Wageningen UR E
moth`s nervous system - Wageningen UR E

... £10,£12,Z14-16:AL input channel and do not respond differently when the complete, natural blend is presented to the antenna. These cells may therefore be involved in mediating general arousal in response to sex pheromone but apparently do not contribute to species recognition. In contrast, we refer ...
Monkey and humans exhibit similar motion
Monkey and humans exhibit similar motion

... diameter ¼ 1.8 arcmin) against a mean luminance background ...
The Biological Bases of Time-to
The Biological Bases of Time-to

... ated by an approaching stimulus object is the critical stimulus variable that optimally fires these cells. The allocation of the LGMD - DCMD neurons to cell 4 of our schema presented in Table 1 is justified by their connection to pre-motor interneurons and motor-neurons known to be involved in flyin ...
Functional Connectivity during Surround Suppression in
Functional Connectivity during Surround Suppression in

... sensory neurons. For neurons of the visual cortex, it occurs when a visual stimulus extends beyond a neuron's classical receptive field, reducing the neuron's firing rate. While several studies have been attributing the suppression effect on horizontal, long-range lateral or feedback connections, th ...
The 18th European Conference on Artificial - CEUR
The 18th European Conference on Artificial - CEUR

... the fatigue level is increased by a constant, but when they do not fire, the fatigue level is reduced by another constant, but never below 0. The neuron fires at time t if its activity A minus fatigue F is greater than the threshold, see Equation 2. Ait − Fit ≥ θ ...
Lesson Plan  - University of Washington
Lesson Plan - University of Washington

... activity of a group of neurons is what contracts muscles and allows us to move. If you record from the brain of a paralyzed patient, you would see that their neurons are active just like an able-bodied person even though they can’t actually make the intended movement. However, since we know what the ...
phys chapter 51 [3-20
phys chapter 51 [3-20

... Concerned with recognizing letters, reading, determining texture of surfaces, determining detailed color of objects, and deciphering what object is and what it means Neuronal Patterns of Stimulation During Analysis of Visual Image  Areas of max excitation occur along sharp borders of visual pattern ...
Representational Capacity of Face Coding in Monkeys
Representational Capacity of Face Coding in Monkeys

... Demonstrating that individual neurons respond to a wide variety of stimuli or that large numbers of neurons respond to individual stimuli is not sufficient to establish the existence of a truly distributed representation. Distributed coding with its associated exponentially large capacity requires t ...
Optic Glomeruli and Their Inputs inDrosophilaShare an
Optic Glomeruli and Their Inputs inDrosophilaShare an

... imag[z(t)] 2). The baseline was defined as the average power in the second before the beginning of each stimulus. The final power time sequences were normalized to a decibel scale, 10*log10(response/baseline), which allows a direct comparison across frequency bands. Furthermore, the averaged dB powe ...
Three-Dimensional Reconstruction and Stereoscopic Display of
Three-Dimensional Reconstruction and Stereoscopic Display of

... We do not usually start reconstruction with the first or last section of the series, but begin with a middle section containing many stained profiles and having the largest brain area. This achieves optimal placement of the reconstruction, with respect to field boundaries. The wealth of detail in th ...
Synchrony Unbound: Review A Critical Evaluation of
Synchrony Unbound: Review A Critical Evaluation of

... problem in operational terms. How are the signals from distinct populations of neurons combined for higherlevel computation? How do high-level neurons determine which inputs carry information requiring further analysis? The problem would not arise if higher-order neurons received input from just a f ...
gentle - University of Toronto
gentle - University of Toronto

... • First train a layer of features that receive input directly from the pixels. • Then treat the activations of the trained features as if they were pixels and learn features of features in a second hidden layer. • It can be proved that each time we add another layer of features we get a better model ...


... Changes in heart rate during obstructive sleep apnoea To the Editor: A paper was recently published in the Jownal (1] concerning heart rate (HR) in obstructive sleep apnoea In this paper a new hypothesis was put forward to try to explain HR changes in obstructive apnoeas. According to that hypothesi ...
5. Discussion - UvA-DARE - University of Amsterdam
5. Discussion - UvA-DARE - University of Amsterdam

... the spatial selectivity of inhibition is affected by anesthesia (Adesnik et al., 2012; Haider et al., 2012). Alternatively, the increased mesoscopic spatial selectivity could arise from selective potentiation of lateral excitatory connectivity. Neurons could preferentially strengthen connectivity wi ...
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... Extrageniculate visual system Degeneration Tracer Insular visual area Tectum Electron microscopy ...
Motion perception: Seeing and deciding
Motion perception: Seeing and deciding

... LIP was identified by the characteristic visual and saccaderelated activity of its neurons, and by its location on the lateral bank of the intraparietal sulcus. Single-unit activity of LIP neurons was recorded by conventional electrophysiological techniques (e.g., ref. 21). We searched specifically ...
Active vision system for embodied intelligence based
Active vision system for embodied intelligence based

... pathways. When an agent realizes that a specific action resulted in a desirable effect related to the current goal, it stores a representation of the perceived object involved in such action and learns associations between the sensory and motor pathways. ...
Drivers and modulators from push-pull and balanced synaptic input
Drivers and modulators from push-pull and balanced synaptic input

... conductance changes and levels of noise, the synaptic inputs were in a configuration in which excitation approximately balanced inhibition. In particular, to simulate typical in vivo conditions, excitatory inputs were generated at a rate of 7000 Hz and inhibitory inputs at a rate of 3000 Hz, represe ...
Linear Combinations of Optic Flow Vectors for Estimating Self
Linear Combinations of Optic Flow Vectors for Estimating Self

... distances on the estimates. In particular, rotation estimates were highly accurate - in a range comparable to gyroscopic estimates - and consistent across different scenes and different simultaneous translations. Translation estimates, however, turned out to be less accurate and less robust against ...
Integrator or coincidence detector? The role of the cortical neuron
Integrator or coincidence detector? The role of the cortical neuron

... decisive influence on neurons at later stages of processing. Thus, the size of functionally effective neuronal populations (and, hence, the ‘grain’ of cortical representations) can be smaller. In this way, the coincidence detection scheme is able to reduce redundancy in distributed activity patterns ...
A visual processing task: Retina and V1
A visual processing task: Retina and V1

... stages in the brain. Our retina sends some 106 axons, with maybe some 10 bits/sec each. Yet, consciously we process much less information (estimate are about 100 bits/sec). These properties of the input are so called second order statistics, as the calculation of the correlation uses terms such as ⟨ ...
Redgrave - people.vcu.edu
Redgrave - people.vcu.edu

... layers of the colliculus, and DA neurons, are unresponsive to visual events. Visual sensitivity can be restored to both collicular5,57 and DA neurons5 by a local disinhibitory injection of a GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) blocker into the superior colliculus (FIG. 2b). Comparable disinhibition of the vi ...
Visually guided behavior in drosophila
Visually guided behavior in drosophila

... As the main question in this paper is to assess navigational performance based on R2 cells compared to the entire visual system, we can conclude that R2 cells in this computational model are an important predictor. While the depth of the catchment area is affected by sharp resolution changes, the w ...
The visual cortex - Neuroscience Network Basel
The visual cortex - Neuroscience Network Basel

... Form analysis (P-pathway): Cells in V2 respond to illusory contours. Illusory contour: interrupted line of figure which is recreated by the brain. The cell responds as if the line was there, although there is no line in receptive field of the respective neuron. Cells in V4 respond to simple shapes, ...
Watching synapses during sensory information
Watching synapses during sensory information

... 体内是怎样的? 关键词: ...
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Efficient coding hypothesis



The efficient coding hypothesis was proposed by Horace Barlow in 1961 as a theoretical model of sensory coding in the brain. Within the brain, neurons often communicate with one another by sending electrical impulses referred to as action potentials or spikes. One goal of sensory neuroscience is to decipher the meaning of these spikes in order to understand how the brain represents and processes information about the outside world. Barlow hypothesized that the spikes in the sensory system formed a neural code for efficiently representing sensory information. By efficient Barlow meant that the code minimized the number of spikes needed to transmit a given signal. This is somewhat analogous to transmitting information across the internet, where different file formats can be used to transmit a given image. Different file formats require different number of bits for representing the same image at given distortion level, and some are better suited for representing certain classes of images than others. According to this model, the brain is thought to use a code which is suited for representing visual and audio information representative of an organism's natural environment.
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