Memory fields of neurons in the primate prefrontal cortex
... those of neurons engaged by memory-guided saccadic eye movements (4). In this study, the task required a nonspatial behavioral response (bar release to a ‘‘match’’). Thus, the spatial information conveyed by these neurons was likely to be sensory- and not motor-related (36, 37). Finally, unlike neur ...
... those of neurons engaged by memory-guided saccadic eye movements (4). In this study, the task required a nonspatial behavioral response (bar release to a ‘‘match’’). Thus, the spatial information conveyed by these neurons was likely to be sensory- and not motor-related (36, 37). Finally, unlike neur ...
Spiking Neurons with Boltzmann-like Properties to
... There are many computational models of biological neurons, and of more complex biological neural systems composed of neurons and their connections. However, it is difficult to build neural models, which adhere to biological constraints, that perform complex computational tasks. One biological constr ...
... There are many computational models of biological neurons, and of more complex biological neural systems composed of neurons and their connections. However, it is difficult to build neural models, which adhere to biological constraints, that perform complex computational tasks. One biological constr ...
A general mechanism for perceptual decision
... We based our hypotheses on results from single-unit recording studies in monkeys, which have shown that neuronal activity in areas involved in decision-making gradually increases and then remains elevated until a response is given, with the rate of increase being slower during more difficult trials1 ...
... We based our hypotheses on results from single-unit recording studies in monkeys, which have shown that neuronal activity in areas involved in decision-making gradually increases and then remains elevated until a response is given, with the rate of increase being slower during more difficult trials1 ...
Human Cortex: Reflections of Mirror Neurons
... protocols are actually very limited in their ability to isolate mirror neuron activity. The problem, as mentioned above, is that the vast majority of neurons active during movement execution and movement observation are not mirror neurons (Figure 1). Because the fMRI technique measures the average n ...
... protocols are actually very limited in their ability to isolate mirror neuron activity. The problem, as mentioned above, is that the vast majority of neurons active during movement execution and movement observation are not mirror neurons (Figure 1). Because the fMRI technique measures the average n ...
Now you see it: frontal eye field responses to invisible targets
... more effective masking 4,5. Thompson and Schall trained monkeys to first fix their gaze on a point of light at the center of a computer screen. On most trials, a dim target spot was flashed at one of eight locations around the fixation point, one of which was within the receptive field of the FEF ne ...
... more effective masking 4,5. Thompson and Schall trained monkeys to first fix their gaze on a point of light at the center of a computer screen. On most trials, a dim target spot was flashed at one of eight locations around the fixation point, one of which was within the receptive field of the FEF ne ...
The Problem of Consciousness by Francis Crick and
... V I S U A L T H E O R I S T S A G R E E that the problem of visual consciousness is ill posed. The mathematical term “ill posed” means that additional constraints are needed to solve the problem. Although the main function of the visual system is to perceive objects and events in the world around us ...
... V I S U A L T H E O R I S T S A G R E E that the problem of visual consciousness is ill posed. The mathematical term “ill posed” means that additional constraints are needed to solve the problem. Although the main function of the visual system is to perceive objects and events in the world around us ...
text of chapter 2
... the visual system and record how often the single cell fires to particular pictures. Look for instance at Figure 2.7. Washmuth, Oram, and Perrett (1994) show the number of neural impulses per second recorded from brain cells in the visual pathway of monkeys. The cell fired more frequently to picture ...
... the visual system and record how often the single cell fires to particular pictures. Look for instance at Figure 2.7. Washmuth, Oram, and Perrett (1994) show the number of neural impulses per second recorded from brain cells in the visual pathway of monkeys. The cell fired more frequently to picture ...
the original powerpoint file
... version of the wake-sleep algorithm • Replace the top layer of the causal network by an RBM – This eliminates explaining away at the top-level. – It is nice to have an associative memory at the top. • Replace the sleep phase by a top-down pass starting with the state of the RBM produced by the wake ...
... version of the wake-sleep algorithm • Replace the top layer of the causal network by an RBM – This eliminates explaining away at the top-level. – It is nice to have an associative memory at the top. • Replace the sleep phase by a top-down pass starting with the state of the RBM produced by the wake ...
The Art and Science of Research Grant Writing
... nigrostriatal DAergic (70,71) and PHDA neurons (72) seem to be inhibited by D2/3–type DA (auto)receptors. There are data, however, indicating that TIDA neurons can be influenced by both D1 and D2 receptors, but the responses are different from that seen in nigrostriatal DAergic neurons (73). D2 rece ...
... nigrostriatal DAergic (70,71) and PHDA neurons (72) seem to be inhibited by D2/3–type DA (auto)receptors. There are data, however, indicating that TIDA neurons can be influenced by both D1 and D2 receptors, but the responses are different from that seen in nigrostriatal DAergic neurons (73). D2 rece ...
septins were depleted Orai1 became sites. However, more work will be
... recent removal of objects in the environment [12]. The recording of neurons in an experimental manipulation that places local object cues in direct conflict with distal sensory cues provides important support for the presence of two processing streams in lateral versus medial entorhinal cortex. Thes ...
... recent removal of objects in the environment [12]. The recording of neurons in an experimental manipulation that places local object cues in direct conflict with distal sensory cues provides important support for the presence of two processing streams in lateral versus medial entorhinal cortex. Thes ...
Synchronized Activities among Retinal Ganglion Cells in Response
... dynamic concerted firings are therefore critically required for conveying information effectively [1, 2]. Many lines of evidence from multi-electrode studies of retina have confirmed that adjacent RGCs of similar functional subtype tend to fire in synchrony in response to external stimuli [3-5]. Cor ...
... dynamic concerted firings are therefore critically required for conveying information effectively [1, 2]. Many lines of evidence from multi-electrode studies of retina have confirmed that adjacent RGCs of similar functional subtype tend to fire in synchrony in response to external stimuli [3-5]. Cor ...
PDF of article - Janelia Research Campus
... hand side of Figure 2f to b). LPTCs, however, still respond to both rotation and translation of the fly, whereas the gaze-stabilization system is primarily tuned for rotations [12]. This ambiguity is partially resolved by neck motor neurons (NMNs) [31!] and some descending neurons (DNs) [32] which i ...
... hand side of Figure 2f to b). LPTCs, however, still respond to both rotation and translation of the fly, whereas the gaze-stabilization system is primarily tuned for rotations [12]. This ambiguity is partially resolved by neck motor neurons (NMNs) [31!] and some descending neurons (DNs) [32] which i ...
Olfactory processing: maps, time and codes Gilles Laurent
... degree, static, such as a short odor puff. Recent work on olfactory processing in insects from my laboratory [38,39••–41••,42,43] suggests that information about odor identity can indeed be obtained by considering not only the ‘spatial’ component of the response of ensembles of neurons (i.e. which n ...
... degree, static, such as a short odor puff. Recent work on olfactory processing in insects from my laboratory [38,39••–41••,42,43] suggests that information about odor identity can indeed be obtained by considering not only the ‘spatial’ component of the response of ensembles of neurons (i.e. which n ...
Dear Notetaker:
... o Post central sulcus divides the anterior part of parietal lobe from posterior part of parietal lobe Posterior portion of parietal lobe is posterior to sulcus o Posterior portion of parietal lobe has a superior lobule and inferior lobule Superior and inferior parietal lobules are separated by i ...
... o Post central sulcus divides the anterior part of parietal lobe from posterior part of parietal lobe Posterior portion of parietal lobe is posterior to sulcus o Posterior portion of parietal lobe has a superior lobule and inferior lobule Superior and inferior parietal lobules are separated by i ...
“Black” Responses Dominate Macaque Primary Visual Cortex
... World monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). All surgical and experimental procedures were performed in accordance with the guidelines of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and were approved by the University Animal Welfare Committee at the New York University. Animals were sedated with midazolam (0.3 mg/kg ...
... World monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). All surgical and experimental procedures were performed in accordance with the guidelines of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and were approved by the University Animal Welfare Committee at the New York University. Animals were sedated with midazolam (0.3 mg/kg ...
3680Lecture29
... blindness called a scotoma • Identified using perimetry • note macular sparing ...
... blindness called a scotoma • Identified using perimetry • note macular sparing ...
Top-down influence in early visual processing: a Bayesian perspective
... constrain each other’s inference in small loops instantaneously and continuously. Such a system, as a whole, might converge rapidly to an interpretation of the visual scene. We carried out a series of neurophysiological experiments on awake behaving monkeys to test these possibilities. The first exp ...
... constrain each other’s inference in small loops instantaneously and continuously. Such a system, as a whole, might converge rapidly to an interpretation of the visual scene. We carried out a series of neurophysiological experiments on awake behaving monkeys to test these possibilities. The first exp ...
Binding Mechanisms in Visual Perception
... system is smaller compared with that of more central neurons, this functional difference determines that the early stages of visual perception is primarily focused on local characters of the perceptual objects (Alais et al, 1998). These local features will be processed in the primary visual cortex ( ...
... system is smaller compared with that of more central neurons, this functional difference determines that the early stages of visual perception is primarily focused on local characters of the perceptual objects (Alais et al, 1998). These local features will be processed in the primary visual cortex ( ...
3680Lecture27
... • Recall that the feed-forward sweep in not a single wave of information and that it doesn’t only go through V1 ...
... • Recall that the feed-forward sweep in not a single wave of information and that it doesn’t only go through V1 ...
On the choice of a sparse prior
... conjugate gradient descent and even faster methods like the fastICA (Hyvärinen 1999) method. The properties of the optimized neurons are subsequently compared to properties of real neurons in the visual system. It is found that these simulated neurons share selectivity to orientation, spatial freque ...
... conjugate gradient descent and even faster methods like the fastICA (Hyvärinen 1999) method. The properties of the optimized neurons are subsequently compared to properties of real neurons in the visual system. It is found that these simulated neurons share selectivity to orientation, spatial freque ...
Information processes in neurons
... simulation corresponds with a real neuron. It can be concluded that the data are generally consistent with the model. At a more abstract level of description, the spike trains are analyzed without considering exact membrane voltage and one asks how the external stimulus is encoded in the spike train ...
... simulation corresponds with a real neuron. It can be concluded that the data are generally consistent with the model. At a more abstract level of description, the spike trains are analyzed without considering exact membrane voltage and one asks how the external stimulus is encoded in the spike train ...
Symbolic Reasoning in Spiking Neurons:
... In the simplest case, 100 neurons could represent a 100 dimensional vector x by having each e be a different unit vector in each of the 100 dimensions. This would provide a completely local representation of each value in the vector. More realistically, 100 neurons could represent one or two dimensi ...
... In the simplest case, 100 neurons could represent a 100 dimensional vector x by having each e be a different unit vector in each of the 100 dimensions. This would provide a completely local representation of each value in the vector. More realistically, 100 neurons could represent one or two dimensi ...
Theory of Mind: A Neural Prediction Problem
... applied beyond the context of reward prediction to cortical processing more generally. In fact, predictive coding was initially suggested as a model for visual perception (Barlow, 1961; Gregory, 1980; Mumford, 1992), using a visual error code that preferentially encodes unexpected visual information ...
... applied beyond the context of reward prediction to cortical processing more generally. In fact, predictive coding was initially suggested as a model for visual perception (Barlow, 1961; Gregory, 1980; Mumford, 1992), using a visual error code that preferentially encodes unexpected visual information ...
perceptionlecture5
... Is a set of Reichardt detectors is sensitive to motion in one direction and only in a particular speed? It seems like an inefficient design since a great number of neurons will be required to encode motion in all possible directions and speed, unless each of them can actually encode for a small ran ...
... Is a set of Reichardt detectors is sensitive to motion in one direction and only in a particular speed? It seems like an inefficient design since a great number of neurons will be required to encode motion in all possible directions and speed, unless each of them can actually encode for a small ran ...
Efficient coding hypothesis
The efficient coding hypothesis was proposed by Horace Barlow in 1961 as a theoretical model of sensory coding in the brain. Within the brain, neurons often communicate with one another by sending electrical impulses referred to as action potentials or spikes. One goal of sensory neuroscience is to decipher the meaning of these spikes in order to understand how the brain represents and processes information about the outside world. Barlow hypothesized that the spikes in the sensory system formed a neural code for efficiently representing sensory information. By efficient Barlow meant that the code minimized the number of spikes needed to transmit a given signal. This is somewhat analogous to transmitting information across the internet, where different file formats can be used to transmit a given image. Different file formats require different number of bits for representing the same image at given distortion level, and some are better suited for representing certain classes of images than others. According to this model, the brain is thought to use a code which is suited for representing visual and audio information representative of an organism's natural environment.