Rate versus Temporal Coding Models
... 1000) to higher rates causes movements and, in a few cases, apparent changes in perception. In one remarkable example from the visual cortex, investigators measured the spike rate from individual neurons in association with visual stimuli. On the basis of changes in spike rate, they deduced the mess ...
... 1000) to higher rates causes movements and, in a few cases, apparent changes in perception. In one remarkable example from the visual cortex, investigators measured the spike rate from individual neurons in association with visual stimuli. On the basis of changes in spike rate, they deduced the mess ...
The mind`s mirror
... able to prove that humans have individual mirror neurons like monkeys, although they have shown that humans have a more general mirror system. And researchers are just beginning to branch out from the motor cortex to try to figure out where else in the brain these neurons might reside. The first stu ...
... able to prove that humans have individual mirror neurons like monkeys, although they have shown that humans have a more general mirror system. And researchers are just beginning to branch out from the motor cortex to try to figure out where else in the brain these neurons might reside. The first stu ...
Integrate-and-Fire Neurons and Networks
... Most biological neurons communicate by short electrical pulses, called action potentials or spikes. In contrast to the standard neuron model used in artificial neural networks, integrate-and-fire neurons do not rely on a temporal average over the pulses. In integrate-and-fire and similar spiking neu ...
... Most biological neurons communicate by short electrical pulses, called action potentials or spikes. In contrast to the standard neuron model used in artificial neural networks, integrate-and-fire neurons do not rely on a temporal average over the pulses. In integrate-and-fire and similar spiking neu ...
Dispatch Vision: How to Train Visual Cortex to Predict Reward Time
... revision, with increasing appreciation for the role of feedback from higher cortical centers, as well as highly precise recurrent and lateral connectivity [7,8]. For instance, lateral connections are thought to mediate response modulation specific to the geometry of object boundaries, an important p ...
... revision, with increasing appreciation for the role of feedback from higher cortical centers, as well as highly precise recurrent and lateral connectivity [7,8]. For instance, lateral connections are thought to mediate response modulation specific to the geometry of object boundaries, an important p ...
Introduction
... location and movement direction. In conclusion, the authors write: “A comprehensive theory of visuomotor transformations must take into account the distributed nature of gaze modulation of the discharge rates of individual neurons across the cerebral cortex.” Implicit in their findings, the authors ...
... location and movement direction. In conclusion, the authors write: “A comprehensive theory of visuomotor transformations must take into account the distributed nature of gaze modulation of the discharge rates of individual neurons across the cerebral cortex.” Implicit in their findings, the authors ...
Inhibition
... Introduction • Eye fixation is an active process • Two mechanisms have been proposed: – An inhibition of the saccadic system by the fixation system • When fixation occurs, the threshold for evoking saccades increases by electrical stimulation from the frontal eye field (FEF) and the superior collic ...
... Introduction • Eye fixation is an active process • Two mechanisms have been proposed: – An inhibition of the saccadic system by the fixation system • When fixation occurs, the threshold for evoking saccades increases by electrical stimulation from the frontal eye field (FEF) and the superior collic ...
Neural correlates of decision processes
... brain that are innervated by MT, such as the superior colliculus (SC) [13], the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) [14] and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex including the frontal eye field (FEF) [15]. The recent study by Roitman and Shadlen [11] permitted monkeys to report the direction of motion a ...
... brain that are innervated by MT, such as the superior colliculus (SC) [13], the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) [14] and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex including the frontal eye field (FEF) [15]. The recent study by Roitman and Shadlen [11] permitted monkeys to report the direction of motion a ...
Information Theory and Neural Coding
... Machens et al (J Neurosci 2001) found that grasshopper auditory neurons transmit information about sound stimuli with highest efficiency if the properties of these stimuli match the time scales and amplitude distributions of natural songs. Mrsic-Flogel et al (Nature Neurosci 2003) found that respons ...
... Machens et al (J Neurosci 2001) found that grasshopper auditory neurons transmit information about sound stimuli with highest efficiency if the properties of these stimuli match the time scales and amplitude distributions of natural songs. Mrsic-Flogel et al (Nature Neurosci 2003) found that respons ...
The neural basis for combinatorial coding in a cortical population response
... be more prominent in discussions of sensory coding in the cortex. Here we reexamine the issue of combinatorial coding using neural responses to visual motion recorded in the middle temporal (MT) area of visual cortex (Dubner and Zeki, 1971; Maunsell and van Essen, 1983; Albright et al., 1984). In MT ...
... be more prominent in discussions of sensory coding in the cortex. Here we reexamine the issue of combinatorial coding using neural responses to visual motion recorded in the middle temporal (MT) area of visual cortex (Dubner and Zeki, 1971; Maunsell and van Essen, 1983; Albright et al., 1984). In MT ...
3680Lecture29 - U of L Class Index
... • Recall that the feed-forward sweep is not a single wave of information and that it doesn’t only go through V1 ...
... • Recall that the feed-forward sweep is not a single wave of information and that it doesn’t only go through V1 ...
Hafiz Noordin Term Paper - Engineering Computing Facility
... to understanding biological systems has compelled scientists and engineers to reevaluate modern methodologies. In particular, the techniques used to characterize biological systems as mathematical models must follow a particular “Framework for Systems Biology” [1] in order to correctly adhere to the ...
... to understanding biological systems has compelled scientists and engineers to reevaluate modern methodologies. In particular, the techniques used to characterize biological systems as mathematical models must follow a particular “Framework for Systems Biology” [1] in order to correctly adhere to the ...
Why light
... Layers 1 & 2 probably carry information about movement, location. Layers 3, 4, 5, & 6 probably carry information about form and color. Buy why 4 layers for form and color. My guess is that there’s a finer “breakdown” of the layers into 3&4 and 5&6. It is not yet known precisely what the differences ...
... Layers 1 & 2 probably carry information about movement, location. Layers 3, 4, 5, & 6 probably carry information about form and color. Buy why 4 layers for form and color. My guess is that there’s a finer “breakdown” of the layers into 3&4 and 5&6. It is not yet known precisely what the differences ...
LGN
... LGN interneurons make only local connections. There are more interneurons than relay neurons! LGN neurons get feedback connections from cortex. (The one-way connection from retina to rest of brain is unique in the visual system). LGN gets other inputs as well. For example: from brainstem and perigen ...
... LGN interneurons make only local connections. There are more interneurons than relay neurons! LGN neurons get feedback connections from cortex. (The one-way connection from retina to rest of brain is unique in the visual system). LGN gets other inputs as well. For example: from brainstem and perigen ...
Communication as an emergent metaphor for neuronal operation
... function of both morphology and context. Hence, in a sense, the way conventional neural networks operate resembles symbolic systems - both have built in rigid behaviour and operate in an a priori determined way. Taking different ‘histories’ into account would allow for the context sensitive behavio ...
... function of both morphology and context. Hence, in a sense, the way conventional neural networks operate resembles symbolic systems - both have built in rigid behaviour and operate in an a priori determined way. Taking different ‘histories’ into account would allow for the context sensitive behavio ...
Gamma Band Oscillation
... philosophy, however they are unique in both cases. In neuroscience, the question is; how higher-order neural structures are able to segregate and integrate the proper inputs, both from sensory organs and internal computations? In areas such as V1 this is partly accounted for by the discovery of cort ...
... philosophy, however they are unique in both cases. In neuroscience, the question is; how higher-order neural structures are able to segregate and integrate the proper inputs, both from sensory organs and internal computations? In areas such as V1 this is partly accounted for by the discovery of cort ...
text - Systems Neuroscience Course, MEDS 371, Univ. Conn. Health
... neurons in deeper layers, and axons that traverse the region or make connections with the dendrites. B. Layers 2 & 3 contain small to intermediate sized pyramidal cells that project their axons to other areas of the cerebral cortex. In V1, some of these cells are located in patches that receive the ...
... neurons in deeper layers, and axons that traverse the region or make connections with the dendrites. B. Layers 2 & 3 contain small to intermediate sized pyramidal cells that project their axons to other areas of the cerebral cortex. In V1, some of these cells are located in patches that receive the ...
Simple model of spiking neurons
... Hoppensteadt and Izhikevich [1] and Wang [2] have proposed network models where the neural activity is described by differential equations. Both architectures can be used for pattern recognition via associative memory, which occurs when a group of neurons fires synchronously. These models were inspi ...
... Hoppensteadt and Izhikevich [1] and Wang [2] have proposed network models where the neural activity is described by differential equations. Both architectures can be used for pattern recognition via associative memory, which occurs when a group of neurons fires synchronously. These models were inspi ...
Simple model of spiking neurons
... Hoppensteadt and Izhikevich [1] and Wang [2] have proposed network models where the neural activity is described by differential equations. Both architectures can be used for pattern recognition via associative memory, which occurs when a group of neurons fires synchronously. These models were inspi ...
... Hoppensteadt and Izhikevich [1] and Wang [2] have proposed network models where the neural activity is described by differential equations. Both architectures can be used for pattern recognition via associative memory, which occurs when a group of neurons fires synchronously. These models were inspi ...
For Motor Outputs, as for Sensory Inputs, Spike Timing Carries More
... Freelance Science Writer, Sherborn, Massachusetts, United States of America ...
... Freelance Science Writer, Sherborn, Massachusetts, United States of America ...
Trigeminal system
... There are four different body maps to help extract texture, form, and motion ...
... There are four different body maps to help extract texture, form, and motion ...
Trigeminal pathways PP
... The right side of the pons is lesioned. What sensory loss would you expect? Below the lesion: • Loss of facial sensation on right • Loss of pain and temp from left side • Loss of proprioception/vibration from left side ...
... The right side of the pons is lesioned. What sensory loss would you expect? Below the lesion: • Loss of facial sensation on right • Loss of pain and temp from left side • Loss of proprioception/vibration from left side ...
Chapter 16
... Physiology of Equilibrium 51. Distinguish between the two kinds of equilibrium. Otolithic Organs: Saccule and Utricle 52. Describe the cellular and extracellular constituents of the maculae, and the relative spacial position of these otoliths organs with the saccule and utricle. 53. Discuss how the ...
... Physiology of Equilibrium 51. Distinguish between the two kinds of equilibrium. Otolithic Organs: Saccule and Utricle 52. Describe the cellular and extracellular constituents of the maculae, and the relative spacial position of these otoliths organs with the saccule and utricle. 53. Discuss how the ...
This Week in The Journal
... The locus ceruleus (LC) and the adjacent subceruleus nucleus (subC) are the brain’s primary sources of norepinephrine, which has roles in arousal, attention, and learning. Neurons in LC respond phasically to reward-indicating stimuli, particularly when those stimuli elicit an abrupt behavioral respo ...
... The locus ceruleus (LC) and the adjacent subceruleus nucleus (subC) are the brain’s primary sources of norepinephrine, which has roles in arousal, attention, and learning. Neurons in LC respond phasically to reward-indicating stimuli, particularly when those stimuli elicit an abrupt behavioral respo ...
Gnostic cells in the 21st century
... to distinguish different faces from the activity of a population of these cells (Hung et al. 2005, Kreiman et al. 2006) (e.g. if cell 1 fires to face A and B but not C, and cell 2 fires to B and C but not A, analyzing the firing of both cells together can tell us which face it is) but each individua ...
... to distinguish different faces from the activity of a population of these cells (Hung et al. 2005, Kreiman et al. 2006) (e.g. if cell 1 fires to face A and B but not C, and cell 2 fires to B and C but not A, analyzing the firing of both cells together can tell us which face it is) but each individua ...
Efficient coding hypothesis
The efficient coding hypothesis was proposed by Horace Barlow in 1961 as a theoretical model of sensory coding in the brain. Within the brain, neurons often communicate with one another by sending electrical impulses referred to as action potentials or spikes. One goal of sensory neuroscience is to decipher the meaning of these spikes in order to understand how the brain represents and processes information about the outside world. Barlow hypothesized that the spikes in the sensory system formed a neural code for efficiently representing sensory information. By efficient Barlow meant that the code minimized the number of spikes needed to transmit a given signal. This is somewhat analogous to transmitting information across the internet, where different file formats can be used to transmit a given image. Different file formats require different number of bits for representing the same image at given distortion level, and some are better suited for representing certain classes of images than others. According to this model, the brain is thought to use a code which is suited for representing visual and audio information representative of an organism's natural environment.