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notes as
notes as

... and bind to receptor molecules in the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron thus changing their shape. – This opens up holes that allow specific ions in or out. • The effectiveness of the synapse can be changed – vary the number of vesicles of transmitter – vary the number of receptor molecules. • Syn ...
WHY HAVE MULTIPLE CORTICAL AREAS?
WHY HAVE MULTIPLE CORTICAL AREAS?

... Fig. 2. Transformations, or non-to~graphic maps, of a visual image can bring close together items of information that are represented far apart in the original image or a topographic map of it. At the fop the Hough transform is represented; here the ordinate gives the orientation of a line segment, ...
Neural Nets: introduction
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... and bind to receptor molecules in the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron thus changing their shape. – This opens up holes that allow specific ions in or out. • The effectiveness of the synapse can be changed – vary the number of vesicles of transmitter – vary the number of receptor molecules. • Syn ...
Introduction to Neuroscience: Systems Neuroscience – Concepts
Introduction to Neuroscience: Systems Neuroscience – Concepts

... • Not all brain regions have columns or maps. Example: Hippocampus (no columns – nearby neurons have different place coding). • Even in cortex, there are stimulus properties that are arranged in columns (nearby neurons do similar things) but not in maps (no large-scale organization of the columns). ...
Of Toasters and Molecular Ticker Tapes
Of Toasters and Molecular Ticker Tapes

... each neuron may interact with each other neuron. This, in turn, leads to models with many free parameters, which requires new statistical methods of fitting these parameters. Molecular biology has seen accelerating progress over the last decades. One readily quantifiable cost in molecular biology is ...
ppt
ppt

... synapses which can learn how much signal is transmitted. • McCulloch and Pitt (’43) built a first abstract model of a neuron. ...
lgn - cinpla
lgn - cinpla

... The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is placed in a prominent position in the early visual pathway. It sits between the retina and the visual cortex, acting as a relay between the two. Inserting a microelectrode into the LGN reveals that the receptive fields are very similar to those in the retina. ...
Neural Coding: A Least Squares Approach
Neural Coding: A Least Squares Approach

... Spike train data consist of distinct events occurring in continuous time, and therefore cannot be analysed by familiar techniques. Due to the inherent randomness of spike trains, we resort to modelling the instantaneous probability rate of spiking, given the history ...
VISION John Gabrieli Melissa Troyer 9.00
VISION John Gabrieli Melissa Troyer 9.00

... • A piano can only emit its own notes – it can’t sound like a clarinet. Similarly perceptions are evoked by the world, but they generate experiences limited by the neural structures of our brain. • Our percepts are evoked by nature; but they are personal and not a copy of nature. ...
Eagleman Ch 5. Vision
Eagleman Ch 5. Vision

... Most activity within the brain is produced on the inside and is only modified by sensory input.  Patients who lose their vision hallucinate that they still see objects around them. ...
Perception - Vision
Perception - Vision

... low spatial resolution, high sensitivity to contrast, rapid signal transfer, without information about color. The small-celled pathway has 4 small-grained layers in the LGN, high spatial resolution, color, slower information transfer, low sensitivity ...
CHAPTER 15 THE CENTRAL VISUAL PATHWAYS
CHAPTER 15 THE CENTRAL VISUAL PATHWAYS

... Although much processing takes place in the retina, even more takes place in the central nervous system. At every level of the visual system, there is one obvious organizational principle. This is the systematic representation of different points in the visual field across a population of neurons. S ...
Acoustic Information Flow-ICCS'06-RIOFRIO
Acoustic Information Flow-ICCS'06-RIOFRIO

... It is reasonable to think that through evolution the neurons are becoming those cellular entities that explore the potentialities of electromagnetic field management. In this respect, we support our studies in the results and proposals which, precisely, claim that those things known as mental phenom ...
Neural Mechanism of Language
Neural Mechanism of Language

... that time, she will select the word “cat” instead of dog. And then she will make a new sentence “this is cat”. Similarly, other sentence elements such as subject and predicate can also be selected in this way. Since most nouns could be both subjects and objects, there should be abundant circuits. O ...
Finding the missing fundamental
Finding the missing fundamental

... top-down influences from centres associated with complex functions in frontal or parietal lobes are also significant. This last point is relevant, because one technical advantage of this work is that the animals tested were awake rather than anaesthetized, meaning that attentional and other cognitiv ...
Bridging Rate Coding and Temporal Spike Coding
Bridging Rate Coding and Temporal Spike Coding

... than the time required for temporal averaging of spike signals necessary for obtaining firing rates. Actually, precisely timed reproducible spiking has been experimentally observed with a precision of milliseconds [1], suggesting the importance of precise spike timing in information processing. The ...
Sensory receptors
Sensory receptors

... • Sensation characteristic of each sensory neuron is that produced by its normal or adequate stimulus. • Adequate stimulus: • Requires least amount of energy to activate a receptor. • Regardless of how a sensory neuron is stimulated, only one sensory modality will be perceived. • Allows brain to per ...
The NTVA framework: Linking Cognition and Neuroscience
The NTVA framework: Linking Cognition and Neuroscience

... In extensive reviews of the psychological attention literature, the TVA model has been shown to account for results from many different experimental paradigms such as singlestimulus recognition, visual search, whole report, partial report, and cued detection (Bundesen, 1990; Bundesen & Habekost, 200 ...
lecture9
lecture9

... 5 months: hand does not orient to object until contact 9 months: hand orients prior to contact (note visual information about orientation is available at 2 months). Pre-shape for object size. Still adjusting grip force by 7-8 years (grip force larger for larger objects). Use palmar grasp until about ...
Neurons and Circuits - UT Computer Science
Neurons and Circuits - UT Computer Science

... These cells form individual circuits that are specialized for each of the brain’s different subsystems. The problem of figuring out what they do is complex and our comprehension at this point is still full of holes even though enormous amounts of information has been learned. To understand the magni ...
The Language of the Brain
The Language of the Brain

... ly, however, the practical development of computer models of the nervous system and new results from experimental and theoretical neuroscience have spurred interest in timing as a way to better understand how neurons talk to one another. Brain cells receive all kinds of inputs on diferent timescales ...
Object recognition in clutter: selectivity and invariance
Object recognition in clutter: selectivity and invariance

... stimulus transformations such as scale and position changes [2, 3]. Previous studies report a reduction of an IT neuron response to its preferred stimulus when an additional “clutter” stimulus is simultaneously present in its receptive field [4, 5]. However, the relationship between position-, shape ...
Document
Document

... Neurons in retina, LGN and visual cortex have receptive fields: – Neurons fire only in response to higher/lower illumination within receptive field – Neural response depends (indirectly) on illumination outside receptive field ...
Uncomfortable images produce non-sparse responses in a model of
Uncomfortable images produce non-sparse responses in a model of

... shown to produce sparse responses to natural image inputs [4]. Equally, learning algorithms that seek to generate sparse responses to natural image samples produce units with receptive fields that are strikingly similar to those found in the visual cortex [5]. This suggests that sparse coding might, ...
class_2015_readinglist
class_2015_readinglist

... gyrus in 12 of the 15 subjects tested that was significantly more active when the subjects viewed faces than when they viewed assorted common objects. This face activation was used to define a specific region of interest individually for each subject, within which several new tests of face specifici ...
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Efficient coding hypothesis



The efficient coding hypothesis was proposed by Horace Barlow in 1961 as a theoretical model of sensory coding in the brain. Within the brain, neurons often communicate with one another by sending electrical impulses referred to as action potentials or spikes. One goal of sensory neuroscience is to decipher the meaning of these spikes in order to understand how the brain represents and processes information about the outside world. Barlow hypothesized that the spikes in the sensory system formed a neural code for efficiently representing sensory information. By efficient Barlow meant that the code minimized the number of spikes needed to transmit a given signal. This is somewhat analogous to transmitting information across the internet, where different file formats can be used to transmit a given image. Different file formats require different number of bits for representing the same image at given distortion level, and some are better suited for representing certain classes of images than others. According to this model, the brain is thought to use a code which is suited for representing visual and audio information representative of an organism's natural environment.
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