Variability of solar/stellar activity and magnetic field and its influence... planetary atmosphere evolution
... to study the consequences this might have had for the development of the planetary environments, including the formation and evolution of planetary atmospheres and initial H2 O inventories. To understand the impacts of the radiation and particle environment of the young Sun or other stars on early p ...
... to study the consequences this might have had for the development of the planetary environments, including the formation and evolution of planetary atmospheres and initial H2 O inventories. To understand the impacts of the radiation and particle environment of the young Sun or other stars on early p ...
Spheromaks, solar prominences, and Alfvén instability of current
... been studied by using a coaxial magnetized plasma gun to inject helicity-bearing plasma into a very large vacuum chamber. The spheromak is formed without a flux conserver and internal λ profiles have been measured. Spheromak-based technology has been used to make laboratory plasmas having the topolo ...
... been studied by using a coaxial magnetized plasma gun to inject helicity-bearing plasma into a very large vacuum chamber. The spheromak is formed without a flux conserver and internal λ profiles have been measured. Spheromak-based technology has been used to make laboratory plasmas having the topolo ...
A Novel Forecasting System for Solar Particle Events and Flares
... the intensity of the first hours of SEP events. Furthermore, using solar flare observations, PPS – an empirical SEP prediction system [22] – predicts, for > 5, 10 and 50 MeV SEP events at 1 AU, characteristics such as the occurrence, timing, intensities, spectra and elemental abundances. To fulfil i ...
... the intensity of the first hours of SEP events. Furthermore, using solar flare observations, PPS – an empirical SEP prediction system [22] – predicts, for > 5, 10 and 50 MeV SEP events at 1 AU, characteristics such as the occurrence, timing, intensities, spectra and elemental abundances. To fulfil i ...
Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, 2016, Vol. 56, № 7, pp. 1
... Sun and its nearest space environment, many important and interesting problems in solar and heliospheric physics remain unsolved yet. In particular, we do not yet understand in details mechanisms of the solar dynamo and solar cycle, heating of the solar corona and formation of the solar wind, accele ...
... Sun and its nearest space environment, many important and interesting problems in solar and heliospheric physics remain unsolved yet. In particular, we do not yet understand in details mechanisms of the solar dynamo and solar cycle, heating of the solar corona and formation of the solar wind, accele ...
Surface temperatures at the nearside of the Moon as a
... radiation. Accurate measurement of total solar irradiance (TSI) was not possible until high precision and self-calibrating solar probes were lofted into orbit by spacecraft. Satellite TSI monitoring started in late1978 by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Nimbus 7 Earth Radiation ...
... radiation. Accurate measurement of total solar irradiance (TSI) was not possible until high precision and self-calibrating solar probes were lofted into orbit by spacecraft. Satellite TSI monitoring started in late1978 by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Nimbus 7 Earth Radiation ...
Collisionless interaction of an energetic laser produced plasma C. Constantin
... find that for a constant MA shock (vs ∼ B/ mn) neither the magnetization %m , nor NT and the plasma β vary with the external magnetic field. The reduced gyroperiod at higher B is compensated by the shorter shock transit time, while the temperature of the shocked ions must increase with B keeping the ...
... find that for a constant MA shock (vs ∼ B/ mn) neither the magnetization %m , nor NT and the plasma β vary with the external magnetic field. The reduced gyroperiod at higher B is compensated by the shorter shock transit time, while the temperature of the shocked ions must increase with B keeping the ...
Acoustic Waves - The Evergreen State College
... CMEs are magnetized blobs of plasma. Plasma is often called the fourth state of matter and is the state in which most of the matter in the universe exists. It is an overall neutrally charged, ionized gas of negative electrons and positive ions. One characteristic of plasma is that it creates and is ...
... CMEs are magnetized blobs of plasma. Plasma is often called the fourth state of matter and is the state in which most of the matter in the universe exists. It is an overall neutrally charged, ionized gas of negative electrons and positive ions. One characteristic of plasma is that it creates and is ...
payload_ssr
... As discussed further below, Ralph is essentially two instruments rolled into a single package: the Multispectral Visible Imaging Camera (MVIC) is an optical panchromatic and color imager; the Linear Etalon Imaging Spectral Array (LEISA) is an infrared imaging spectrometer. The boresights of MVIC, LE ...
... As discussed further below, Ralph is essentially two instruments rolled into a single package: the Multispectral Visible Imaging Camera (MVIC) is an optical panchromatic and color imager; the Linear Etalon Imaging Spectral Array (LEISA) is an infrared imaging spectrometer. The boresights of MVIC, LE ...
overview of the new horizons science payload
... As discussed further below, Ralph is essentially two instruments rolled into a single package: the Multispectral Visible Imaging Camera (MVIC) is an optical panchromatic and color imager; the Linear Etalon Imaging Spectral Array (LEISA) is an infrared imaging spectrometer. The boresights of MVIC, LE ...
... As discussed further below, Ralph is essentially two instruments rolled into a single package: the Multispectral Visible Imaging Camera (MVIC) is an optical panchromatic and color imager; the Linear Etalon Imaging Spectral Array (LEISA) is an infrared imaging spectrometer. The boresights of MVIC, LE ...
Folie 1
... • Eventually, the density in the core becomes so great significantly opacity develops. This slows the collapse, and the core begins to heat. When the temperature reaches about 2000K, molecular dissociation occurs, and the molecular H dissociates into atomic hydrogen. ...
... • Eventually, the density in the core becomes so great significantly opacity develops. This slows the collapse, and the core begins to heat. When the temperature reaches about 2000K, molecular dissociation occurs, and the molecular H dissociates into atomic hydrogen. ...
STELLAR ABLATION OF PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES
... that codes based on this assumption can never include the plasmasphere because its ionospheric origin violates the assumption of a thin shell ionosphere. The plasmasphere is an important region of the inner magnetosphere that was discovered early in the space age [Carpenter, 1963; Carpenter et al., ...
... that codes based on this assumption can never include the plasmasphere because its ionospheric origin violates the assumption of a thin shell ionosphere. The plasmasphere is an important region of the inner magnetosphere that was discovered early in the space age [Carpenter, 1963; Carpenter et al., ...
ASTR 1 Syllabus - Penn Physics
... Syllabus suggestions for Bennett et al’s The Cosmic Perspective, 3/e. In addition to the media assets listed below, the web site includes many self-assessment tools for each chapter, such as summaries, quizzes, electronic version of the end-of-chapter questions, flashcards and suggested web links. N ...
... Syllabus suggestions for Bennett et al’s The Cosmic Perspective, 3/e. In addition to the media assets listed below, the web site includes many self-assessment tools for each chapter, such as summaries, quizzes, electronic version of the end-of-chapter questions, flashcards and suggested web links. N ...
1 Saturn`s Titan: A Strict Test for Life`s Cosmic Ubiquity Jonathan I
... method (there is no quantitative null experiment in the effort to find radio signals from putative extraterrestrial intelligences). Much of 20th century astronomy not concerned with cosmology was devoted to establishing the first term in the Drake equation, while the other terms remained speculative ...
... method (there is no quantitative null experiment in the effort to find radio signals from putative extraterrestrial intelligences). Much of 20th century astronomy not concerned with cosmology was devoted to establishing the first term in the Drake equation, while the other terms remained speculative ...
Dynamical theory of the solar wind
... It is shown that viscosity plays no important role in the expansion of an atmosphere either with or without a weak magnetic field. The termination of the solar wind, presumably between i0-10 a AU, is discussed briefly. The interesting development here is the interplanetary L~ recently observed, whic ...
... It is shown that viscosity plays no important role in the expansion of an atmosphere either with or without a weak magnetic field. The termination of the solar wind, presumably between i0-10 a AU, is discussed briefly. The interesting development here is the interplanetary L~ recently observed, whic ...
ICP-MS and Planetary Geosciences
... ICP-MS data contribute to understanding the origin of our Solar System and, in fact, the history of the region of interstellar space where the Sun formed. For example, the variability of the amount of 60 Fe and 26 Al (both are short-lived, now extinct, isotopes) might conceivably mean that 60 Fe was ...
... ICP-MS data contribute to understanding the origin of our Solar System and, in fact, the history of the region of interstellar space where the Sun formed. For example, the variability of the amount of 60 Fe and 26 Al (both are short-lived, now extinct, isotopes) might conceivably mean that 60 Fe was ...
Reading for Lunine 1 - University of Arizona
... a promising abode for terrestrial-type life. Here again, one cannot completely rule out the possibility of cross-contamination with the Earth, albeit a small one. Enceladus is easier to explore than Europa, with an external radiation environment vastly more quiescent, and a much smaller gravitationa ...
... a promising abode for terrestrial-type life. Here again, one cannot completely rule out the possibility of cross-contamination with the Earth, albeit a small one. Enceladus is easier to explore than Europa, with an external radiation environment vastly more quiescent, and a much smaller gravitationa ...
Solar and Stellar Active Regions
... in the extrapolated magnetic fields as in Vlahos and Georgoulis [46]: They use an observed active-region vector magnetogram and then: (i) resolve the intrinsic azimuthal ambiguity of 180o [18], and (ii) find the best-fit value αAR of the force-free parameter for the entire active region, by minimizi ...
... in the extrapolated magnetic fields as in Vlahos and Georgoulis [46]: They use an observed active-region vector magnetogram and then: (i) resolve the intrinsic azimuthal ambiguity of 180o [18], and (ii) find the best-fit value αAR of the force-free parameter for the entire active region, by minimizi ...
UAH
... • MHD is not valid wherever grad-B drifts are important, e.g., inhomogeneous fields, hot plasma • “Malmberg trap” for non-neutral plasmas – Used to trap positrons, making anti-hydrogen – A dipole B-field w/ ionosphere “looks like” Malmberg ...
... • MHD is not valid wherever grad-B drifts are important, e.g., inhomogeneous fields, hot plasma • “Malmberg trap” for non-neutral plasmas – Used to trap positrons, making anti-hydrogen – A dipole B-field w/ ionosphere “looks like” Malmberg ...
The Limits of Our Solar System - Lunar and Planetary Institute
... the heliopause is the inner heliosheath and the region between the bow shock and the heliopause is the outer heliosheath. Plate 11 shows the equatorial plane from a model simulation of the heliospheric system (Müller et al., 2006). The color coding in the top panel gives the plasma temperature and i ...
... the heliopause is the inner heliosheath and the region between the bow shock and the heliopause is the outer heliosheath. Plate 11 shows the equatorial plane from a model simulation of the heliospheric system (Müller et al., 2006). The color coding in the top panel gives the plasma temperature and i ...
Propagation of cosmic rays in the solar wind
... the modulation was heliocentrieand affected the cosmic-ray intensity throughout the inner solar system. It remained to determine the mechanismresponsible for the modulation. Various models involving static heliocentric electric or magnetic fields were proposed [Freier and Waddington, 1965], but none ...
... the modulation was heliocentrieand affected the cosmic-ray intensity throughout the inner solar system. It remained to determine the mechanismresponsible for the modulation. Various models involving static heliocentric electric or magnetic fields were proposed [Freier and Waddington, 1965], but none ...
Numerical simulation of the Helicon Double Layer Thruster
... plasma phenomena.1, 2 The motions of charged particles determine the internal structure of a DL and, by the net charge distribution, its electric field. In the most general DL structure both free and reflected electrons and ions are required. The electric field acts as a barrier for the reflected pa ...
... plasma phenomena.1, 2 The motions of charged particles determine the internal structure of a DL and, by the net charge distribution, its electric field. In the most general DL structure both free and reflected electrons and ions are required. The electric field acts as a barrier for the reflected pa ...
- 1 - Ulysses Observations of Solar Energetic Particles From the July
... must travel in the heliospheric magnetic field from their source location to a spacecraft. Thus these energetic particles can be used as remote sensors for studying the structure of heliospheric magnetic fields. Previous studies from Ulysses measurements (see reviews by McKibben, 2001; Lanzerotti an ...
... must travel in the heliospheric magnetic field from their source location to a spacecraft. Thus these energetic particles can be used as remote sensors for studying the structure of heliospheric magnetic fields. Previous studies from Ulysses measurements (see reviews by McKibben, 2001; Lanzerotti an ...
Potential for Life on the Terrestrial Planets
... tens to hundreds of bars of atmospheric pressure, or even their whole atmospheres due to the CME-induced O+ ion pick up at orbital distances ≤ 0.2 AU. We have found that atmospheres with CO2/N2 mixing ratios lower then 96% and exposed to intense XUV fluxes result in higher exospheric temperatures an ...
... tens to hundreds of bars of atmospheric pressure, or even their whole atmospheres due to the CME-induced O+ ion pick up at orbital distances ≤ 0.2 AU. We have found that atmospheres with CO2/N2 mixing ratios lower then 96% and exposed to intense XUV fluxes result in higher exospheric temperatures an ...
NAME: CONOR A NIXON - Solutions
... (iv) Compare and contrast the greenhouse effects on Mars and Venus with that of the Earth. The greenhouse effect on Venus is much stronger than on the Earth, contributing a temperature increase of over 500K compared to the equilibrium temperature of 230K (if it had no atmosphere at all). The main gr ...
... (iv) Compare and contrast the greenhouse effects on Mars and Venus with that of the Earth. The greenhouse effect on Venus is much stronger than on the Earth, contributing a temperature increase of over 500K compared to the equilibrium temperature of 230K (if it had no atmosphere at all). The main gr ...
Energetic neutral atom
Energetic neutral atom (ENA) imaging, often described as ""seeing with atoms"", is a technology used to create global images of otherwise invisible phenomena in the magnetospheres of planets and throughout the heliosphere, even to its outer boundary.This constitutes the far-flung edge of the solar system.The solar wind consists of ripped-apart atoms (called plasma) flying out of the Sun. This is mostly hydrogen, that is, bare electrons and protons, with a little bit of other kinds of nuclei, mostly helium. The space between solar systems is similar, but they come from other stars in our galaxy. These charged particles can be redirected by magnetic fields; for instance, Earth's magnetic field shields us from these particles. But, every so often, a few of them steal electrons from neutral atoms they run into. At that point, they become neutral, although they're still moving very fast, and they travel in an exact straight line. These are called Energetic Neutral Atoms. ENA images are constructed from the detection of these energetic neutral atoms.Earth's magnetosphere preserves Earth's atmosphere and protects us from cell-damaging radiation. This region of ""space weather"" is the site of geomagnetic storms that disrupt communications systems and pose radiation hazards to humans traveling at high polar altitudes or in orbiting spacecraft. A deeper understanding of this region is vitally important. Geomagnetic weather systems have been late to benefit from the satellite imagery taken for granted in weather forecasting, and space physics because their origins in magnetospheric plasmas present the added problem of invisibility.The heliosphere protects the entire Solar System from the majority of cosmic rays but is so remote that only an imaging technique such as ENA imaging will reveal its properties. The heliosphere's structure is due to the invisible interaction between the solar wind and cold gas from the local interstellar medium.The creation of ENAs by space plasmas was predicted but their discovery was both deliberate and serendipitous. While some early efforts were made at detection, their signatures also explained inconsistent findings by ion detectors in regions of expected low ion populations. Ion detectors were co-opted for further ENA detection experiments in other low-ion regions. However, the development of dedicated ENA detectors entailed overcoming significant obstacles in both skepticism and technology.Although ENAs were observed in space from the 1960s through 1980s, the first dedicated ENA camera was not flown until 1995 on the Swedish Astrid-1 satellite, to study Earth's magnetosphere.Today, dedicated ENA instruments have provided detailed magnetospheric images from Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Cassini's ENA images of Saturn revealed a unique magnetosphere with complex interactions that have yet to be fully explained. The IMAGE mission's three dedicated ENA cameras observed Earth's magnetosphere from 2000–2005 while the TWINS Mission, launched in 2008, provides stereo ENA imaging of Earth's magnetosphere using simultaneous imaging from two satellites.The first ever images of the heliospheric boundary, published in October 2009, were made by the ENA instruments aboard the IBEX and Cassini spacecraft. These images are very exciting because they challenge existing theories about the region.