Using gamma-rays to probe the clumped structure of stellar winds
... be similar to the primary in Cygnus X-1. The fraction of the accretion power that goes to relativistic The basic model for hadronic gamma-ray produc- protons in the jet is 10−3 . tion in a microquasar with an homogeneous wind From Fig. 2 we see that a gamma-ray flare with has been developed by Romer ...
... be similar to the primary in Cygnus X-1. The fraction of the accretion power that goes to relativistic The basic model for hadronic gamma-ray produc- protons in the jet is 10−3 . tion in a microquasar with an homogeneous wind From Fig. 2 we see that a gamma-ray flare with has been developed by Romer ...
PPT
... balanced and solve (poloidal) field aligned flow. • If we consider more realistic situation in 2D, we need to solve additional equation, so-called Grad-Shafranov equation (trans-field equation) which describing force balance perpendicular to poloidal field line coupling with wind equations. • In gen ...
... balanced and solve (poloidal) field aligned flow. • If we consider more realistic situation in 2D, we need to solve additional equation, so-called Grad-Shafranov equation (trans-field equation) which describing force balance perpendicular to poloidal field line coupling with wind equations. • In gen ...
Power Point slides for Reporter Review
... Development and evolution of parallel potential drops and their relation to external conditions is still not well understood: our suspicion is that Alfvenic processes pre-condition auroral field lines to form quasi-static potentials (see, e.g., Song and Lysak, 2001). Relation of ion outflows to driv ...
... Development and evolution of parallel potential drops and their relation to external conditions is still not well understood: our suspicion is that Alfvenic processes pre-condition auroral field lines to form quasi-static potentials (see, e.g., Song and Lysak, 2001). Relation of ion outflows to driv ...
Solar System Stroll - Madison Metropolitan School District
... often not encountered in other science lessons. Yet, the vast amounts of geologic time involved in the evolution of our planet and the astounding distances involved just within “our own” galaxy, are crucial prerequisites for understanding these subjects. “How big is space?,” is not only a perfectly ...
... often not encountered in other science lessons. Yet, the vast amounts of geologic time involved in the evolution of our planet and the astounding distances involved just within “our own” galaxy, are crucial prerequisites for understanding these subjects. “How big is space?,” is not only a perfectly ...
FREE Sample Here - Find the cheapest test bank for your
... Discuss the Bohr model of the atom and the electrical role of the nucleus and surrounding electrons. Stress the emptiness of the atom and lead into the idea of solid matter being mostly empty space. State how our bodies are 99.999% empty spaces, and how a particle, if tiny enough and not affected by ...
... Discuss the Bohr model of the atom and the electrical role of the nucleus and surrounding electrons. Stress the emptiness of the atom and lead into the idea of solid matter being mostly empty space. State how our bodies are 99.999% empty spaces, and how a particle, if tiny enough and not affected by ...
2 Atoms - We can offer most test bank and solution manual you need.
... Discuss the Bohr model of the atom and the electrical role of the nucleus and surrounding electrons. Stress the emptiness of the atom and lead into the idea of solid matter being mostly empty space. State how our bodies are 99.999% empty spaces, and how a particle, if tiny enough and not affected by ...
... Discuss the Bohr model of the atom and the electrical role of the nucleus and surrounding electrons. Stress the emptiness of the atom and lead into the idea of solid matter being mostly empty space. State how our bodies are 99.999% empty spaces, and how a particle, if tiny enough and not affected by ...
Pickup ions near Mars associated with escaping oxygen atoms
... suggested in this paper that ‘‘the pickup ions detected by SLED should have their origin 5 – 6 104 km upstream of Mars’’ (this is due to the very large gyroradius of a pickup oxygen ion). [4] Pickup ions are created by the ionization of neutrals and are initially almost at rest in comparison with ...
... suggested in this paper that ‘‘the pickup ions detected by SLED should have their origin 5 – 6 104 km upstream of Mars’’ (this is due to the very large gyroradius of a pickup oxygen ion). [4] Pickup ions are created by the ionization of neutrals and are initially almost at rest in comparison with ...
Comparative Planetology
... solar wind, which generate substorms and geomagnetic storms reflected in perturbations to the magnetic field morphology as well as in the aurora. Jupiter’s magnetosphere appears to be rotationally driven, due to both the rapid rotation of the planet and the internal plasma loading provided by Io. Th ...
... solar wind, which generate substorms and geomagnetic storms reflected in perturbations to the magnetic field morphology as well as in the aurora. Jupiter’s magnetosphere appears to be rotationally driven, due to both the rapid rotation of the planet and the internal plasma loading provided by Io. Th ...
Sample
... Discuss the Bohr model of the atom and the electrical role of the nucleus and surrounding electrons. Stress the emptiness of the atom and lead into the idea of solid matter being mostly empty space. State how our bodies are 99.999% empty spaces, and how a particle, if tiny enough and not affected by ...
... Discuss the Bohr model of the atom and the electrical role of the nucleus and surrounding electrons. Stress the emptiness of the atom and lead into the idea of solid matter being mostly empty space. State how our bodies are 99.999% empty spaces, and how a particle, if tiny enough and not affected by ...
3D Motion Analysis from 2D Monochromatic Images of a Solar
... my time at Alfred. To Dr. Grove, thank you for joining my committee and providing both a technical and outside perspective to the project. To the technicians and directors at the Sacramento Peak facility, thank you very much for your hospitality and dedication. ...
... my time at Alfred. To Dr. Grove, thank you for joining my committee and providing both a technical and outside perspective to the project. To the technicians and directors at the Sacramento Peak facility, thank you very much for your hospitality and dedication. ...
Observations and analysis of phase scintillation of spacecraft signal
... takes the electron density in fast and slow wind into account. The calculated TEC values for the Mars and Venus orbits are shown with respect to solar elongation angle in Fig. 1. Although this work focusses on VEX, we included data for Mars since MEX can also be used for interplanetary plasma studie ...
... takes the electron density in fast and slow wind into account. The calculated TEC values for the Mars and Venus orbits are shown with respect to solar elongation angle in Fig. 1. Although this work focusses on VEX, we included data for Mars since MEX can also be used for interplanetary plasma studie ...
The Mariner Jupiter/Saturn 1977 Mission
... the range from the Sun precludes the use of solar electric power sources for the spacecraft, and radioisotope thermoelectric generators must be used. Thus, in many ways, Mariner Jupiter/Saturn 1977 is a logical extension of design and operating prin ciples demonstrated in the investigation of the i ...
... the range from the Sun precludes the use of solar electric power sources for the spacecraft, and radioisotope thermoelectric generators must be used. Thus, in many ways, Mariner Jupiter/Saturn 1977 is a logical extension of design and operating prin ciples demonstrated in the investigation of the i ...
release history and transport parameters of relativistic solar
... detected only a single extended particle intensity enhancement; i.e. IMP-8 did not resolve four individual events. Wibberenz & Cane (2006) suggested that the source of the events seen by Helios-1 and IMP-8 was the same and that the main difference between the two profiles was caused primarily by the ...
... detected only a single extended particle intensity enhancement; i.e. IMP-8 did not resolve four individual events. Wibberenz & Cane (2006) suggested that the source of the events seen by Helios-1 and IMP-8 was the same and that the main difference between the two profiles was caused primarily by the ...
Plasma Seminar 4/23/07 "Negative Ion Plasmas"
... remove extra electron 1653 nm (Saha relation) so H– can account for absorption down to very long wavelengths negative H makes photosphere as opaque as a dense object, therefore it radiates like a blackbody ...
... remove extra electron 1653 nm (Saha relation) so H– can account for absorption down to very long wavelengths negative H makes photosphere as opaque as a dense object, therefore it radiates like a blackbody ...
Convective storms in planetary atmospheres
... Figure 1: Atmospheres of the terrestrial planets. Planets are drawn respecting their relative scale. relevant characteristics of their atmospheres. Mars is a planet with a variety of clouds made of CO2 and water and Venus is permanently covered by a vertically extended system of H2 SO4 clouds. Howev ...
... Figure 1: Atmospheres of the terrestrial planets. Planets are drawn respecting their relative scale. relevant characteristics of their atmospheres. Mars is a planet with a variety of clouds made of CO2 and water and Venus is permanently covered by a vertically extended system of H2 SO4 clouds. Howev ...
Driven reconnection and bursty bulk flows
... minute or so. The numerical simulation of driven reconnection by Birn et al. (1998) suggests that the maximum amplitude of velocity perturbation is large for a short time scale, which is in conformity with Eq. (14). For typical plasma parameters, e.g. magnetic field B ∼ 25 nT, a ∼ 30 RE , δi ∼ 104 k ...
... minute or so. The numerical simulation of driven reconnection by Birn et al. (1998) suggests that the maximum amplitude of velocity perturbation is large for a short time scale, which is in conformity with Eq. (14). For typical plasma parameters, e.g. magnetic field B ∼ 25 nT, a ∼ 30 RE , δi ∼ 104 k ...
Chapter 9 Life and Times on the Main Sequence
... • The assumption that the Sun was formed from a homogenous mixture of gases is motivated by the strong convection expected in the protostar during collapse to the main sequence. • The surface abundances are then assumed to have been undisturbed in the subsequent evolution, so that present surface ab ...
... • The assumption that the Sun was formed from a homogenous mixture of gases is motivated by the strong convection expected in the protostar during collapse to the main sequence. • The surface abundances are then assumed to have been undisturbed in the subsequent evolution, so that present surface ab ...
A brief review of double-pulsar system PSR J0737-3039
... As the secondary evolves to a red giant, mass accretion takes place in an HMXB phase. The accretion spins up the NS into millisecond period in 106-107 years, dramatically reducing its magnetic field (to <1010G). In a close binary, the secondary’s envelop enlarges to meet the NS to spirals in. The ...
... As the secondary evolves to a red giant, mass accretion takes place in an HMXB phase. The accretion spins up the NS into millisecond period in 106-107 years, dramatically reducing its magnetic field (to <1010G). In a close binary, the secondary’s envelop enlarges to meet the NS to spirals in. The ...
Simultaneous observation of the electron acceleration and ion deceleration
... indicates the existence of a static electric field over the dayside magnetic anomaly above the Kaguya altitude. Figure 6 shows the velocity moments of electrons and ions during the same time interval as shown in Fig. 3. The density of ions from the Moon observed by IMA is shown by a red line while t ...
... indicates the existence of a static electric field over the dayside magnetic anomaly above the Kaguya altitude. Figure 6 shows the velocity moments of electrons and ions during the same time interval as shown in Fig. 3. The density of ions from the Moon observed by IMA is shown by a red line while t ...
Many-body Physics in Neutrino Detection and Dark Matter Searches
... For sterile-to-active transition (ms>0; ma≈0), Q2 can be time-like (T→ms), and there is a cross over the real ...
... For sterile-to-active transition (ms>0; ma≈0), Q2 can be time-like (T→ms), and there is a cross over the real ...
Plasma Astrophysics
... – via short-range atomic forces (during collision) – via long-range electro-magnetic forces due to currents and charge ...
... – via short-range atomic forces (during collision) – via long-range electro-magnetic forces due to currents and charge ...
The Galactic Environment of the Sun
... electrons)—that streams outward from the sun at high speed. Its source is the solar corona, the tenuous, million-degree plasma surrounding the sun that is evident during a total solar eclipse as a halo of brilliant “hair” surrounding the darkened disk. The solar wind also contains an embedded magnet ...
... electrons)—that streams outward from the sun at high speed. Its source is the solar corona, the tenuous, million-degree plasma surrounding the sun that is evident during a total solar eclipse as a halo of brilliant “hair” surrounding the darkened disk. The solar wind also contains an embedded magnet ...
The Cosmos, the Solar System and the Primeval Earth
... 2.2 Formation of the Bioelements The well-known textbook General Chemistry by Atkins and Beran (1992) starts by telling the reader that “the cradle of chemistry lies in the stars.” One can hardly think of a better way of emphasising the role of cosmochemistry. The synthesis of the elements, which ar ...
... 2.2 Formation of the Bioelements The well-known textbook General Chemistry by Atkins and Beran (1992) starts by telling the reader that “the cradle of chemistry lies in the stars.” One can hardly think of a better way of emphasising the role of cosmochemistry. The synthesis of the elements, which ar ...
Kinetic Studies of Nonrelativistic Young Supernova Remnant
... the double-shock structure. Thus, electron dynamics play an important role in the development of the system. Ionion or ion-electron streaming generally drives the turbulence, which is mainly magnetic. The exact type of an instability, however, depends on the location in the shock precursor and is ge ...
... the double-shock structure. Thus, electron dynamics play an important role in the development of the system. Ionion or ion-electron streaming generally drives the turbulence, which is mainly magnetic. The exact type of an instability, however, depends on the location in the shock precursor and is ge ...
Saturn - Delapre Blog
... Saturn is 58,232 km big .It is one of the biggest planets in our Solar System. In fact it is the 2nd biggest planet in the solar system . ...
... Saturn is 58,232 km big .It is one of the biggest planets in our Solar System. In fact it is the 2nd biggest planet in the solar system . ...
Energetic neutral atom
Energetic neutral atom (ENA) imaging, often described as ""seeing with atoms"", is a technology used to create global images of otherwise invisible phenomena in the magnetospheres of planets and throughout the heliosphere, even to its outer boundary.This constitutes the far-flung edge of the solar system.The solar wind consists of ripped-apart atoms (called plasma) flying out of the Sun. This is mostly hydrogen, that is, bare electrons and protons, with a little bit of other kinds of nuclei, mostly helium. The space between solar systems is similar, but they come from other stars in our galaxy. These charged particles can be redirected by magnetic fields; for instance, Earth's magnetic field shields us from these particles. But, every so often, a few of them steal electrons from neutral atoms they run into. At that point, they become neutral, although they're still moving very fast, and they travel in an exact straight line. These are called Energetic Neutral Atoms. ENA images are constructed from the detection of these energetic neutral atoms.Earth's magnetosphere preserves Earth's atmosphere and protects us from cell-damaging radiation. This region of ""space weather"" is the site of geomagnetic storms that disrupt communications systems and pose radiation hazards to humans traveling at high polar altitudes or in orbiting spacecraft. A deeper understanding of this region is vitally important. Geomagnetic weather systems have been late to benefit from the satellite imagery taken for granted in weather forecasting, and space physics because their origins in magnetospheric plasmas present the added problem of invisibility.The heliosphere protects the entire Solar System from the majority of cosmic rays but is so remote that only an imaging technique such as ENA imaging will reveal its properties. The heliosphere's structure is due to the invisible interaction between the solar wind and cold gas from the local interstellar medium.The creation of ENAs by space plasmas was predicted but their discovery was both deliberate and serendipitous. While some early efforts were made at detection, their signatures also explained inconsistent findings by ion detectors in regions of expected low ion populations. Ion detectors were co-opted for further ENA detection experiments in other low-ion regions. However, the development of dedicated ENA detectors entailed overcoming significant obstacles in both skepticism and technology.Although ENAs were observed in space from the 1960s through 1980s, the first dedicated ENA camera was not flown until 1995 on the Swedish Astrid-1 satellite, to study Earth's magnetosphere.Today, dedicated ENA instruments have provided detailed magnetospheric images from Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Cassini's ENA images of Saturn revealed a unique magnetosphere with complex interactions that have yet to be fully explained. The IMAGE mission's three dedicated ENA cameras observed Earth's magnetosphere from 2000–2005 while the TWINS Mission, launched in 2008, provides stereo ENA imaging of Earth's magnetosphere using simultaneous imaging from two satellites.The first ever images of the heliospheric boundary, published in October 2009, were made by the ENA instruments aboard the IBEX and Cassini spacecraft. These images are very exciting because they challenge existing theories about the region.