background_items_1_3 (1)
... reproducibility and results lower than the true value, which might be due to an under-evaluated reference mirror; E1 shows good reproducibility, but the results are higher than the true value, which might indicate an over-evaluated reference mirror. There might also be other influences that produce t ...
... reproducibility and results lower than the true value, which might be due to an under-evaluated reference mirror; E1 shows good reproducibility, but the results are higher than the true value, which might indicate an over-evaluated reference mirror. There might also be other influences that produce t ...
Annular Comb Gate
... When the voltages are grounded (ON state), the ions proceed through. On return of the reflected interacted with the gate even when relatively far away. Heuristically, we were ions, the OFF state deflect the ions onto the two annular detectors. Since deflection depends on trying to chop the ion beam ...
... When the voltages are grounded (ON state), the ions proceed through. On return of the reflected interacted with the gate even when relatively far away. Heuristically, we were ions, the OFF state deflect the ions onto the two annular detectors. Since deflection depends on trying to chop the ion beam ...
ASTR 330: The Solar System
... L19: Pluto and Charon • The outermost ‘double planet’ system is dim and distant, and no spacecraft has yet visited the pair. • Pluto is 2300 km across, and Charon half that size. Both are more typically the size of large moons. • Pluto rotates at inclination 112º: similar to Uranus. Its elliptical o ...
... L19: Pluto and Charon • The outermost ‘double planet’ system is dim and distant, and no spacecraft has yet visited the pair. • Pluto is 2300 km across, and Charon half that size. Both are more typically the size of large moons. • Pluto rotates at inclination 112º: similar to Uranus. Its elliptical o ...
Introductory Presentation on Cosmic Rays
... release of nuclear energy. When the star is particularly massive, then its core will collapse and in so doing will release a huge amount of energy. This will cause a blast wave that ejects the star’s envelop into interstellar space. Many supernovae have been seen in nearby galaxies, they are relativ ...
... release of nuclear energy. When the star is particularly massive, then its core will collapse and in so doing will release a huge amount of energy. This will cause a blast wave that ejects the star’s envelop into interstellar space. Many supernovae have been seen in nearby galaxies, they are relativ ...
Commentary on the Liquid Metallic Hydrogen Model of the Sun
... through the orientation of its liquid metallic hydrogen lattice. When the Sun is quiet, much of its interior is constantly being degassed through the action of the fast solar winds exiting at the poles. During this time, degassing is restricted over equatorial regions. Eventually, the Sun becomes ac ...
... through the orientation of its liquid metallic hydrogen lattice. When the Sun is quiet, much of its interior is constantly being degassed through the action of the fast solar winds exiting at the poles. During this time, degassing is restricted over equatorial regions. Eventually, the Sun becomes ac ...
Enormous Eruption of 2.2 X-class Solar Flares on 10th June 2014
... same time, data from the NOAA issued an R3 level radio blackout, which is centered on Earth where the Sun is currently overhead at the North Africa region. This temporary blackout is caused by the heating of the upper atmosphere from the flare. The blackout level is now at an R1 and this will soon p ...
... same time, data from the NOAA issued an R3 level radio blackout, which is centered on Earth where the Sun is currently overhead at the North Africa region. This temporary blackout is caused by the heating of the upper atmosphere from the flare. The blackout level is now at an R1 and this will soon p ...
Earth
... Measuring the Mass • Kepler’s Third Law (as revised by Newton • something orbiting the Earth (moon or satellite (must be small mass) • period of the orbiting body • average distance of the orbiting body ...
... Measuring the Mass • Kepler’s Third Law (as revised by Newton • something orbiting the Earth (moon or satellite (must be small mass) • period of the orbiting body • average distance of the orbiting body ...
PHYS4013 Medical Imaging
... designated degree programmes in the School of Physics & Astronomy. It is also available in fourth and fifth year students, including those on Physics with Astrophysics programmes, and also to students on some degree programmes offered in other schools. The course aims to provide students with an opp ...
... designated degree programmes in the School of Physics & Astronomy. It is also available in fourth and fifth year students, including those on Physics with Astrophysics programmes, and also to students on some degree programmes offered in other schools. The course aims to provide students with an opp ...
Sample pages 2 PDF
... The Solar system has the following most important physical characteristics. 1. The planetary rotation around the Sun occurs in the same direction as the Sun’s rotation. 2. All planets rotate round their axis in the same direction as the Sun rotates, except for Venus and Uranus. 3. The planets are di ...
... The Solar system has the following most important physical characteristics. 1. The planetary rotation around the Sun occurs in the same direction as the Sun’s rotation. 2. All planets rotate round their axis in the same direction as the Sun rotates, except for Venus and Uranus. 3. The planets are di ...
Generation of highly energetic electrons at
... Context. During solar flares a large amount of energy is suddenly released and partly transfered into energetic electrons. They are of special interest since a substantial part of the energy released during a flare is deposited into the energetic electrons. RHESSI observations, e.g. of the solar eve ...
... Context. During solar flares a large amount of energy is suddenly released and partly transfered into energetic electrons. They are of special interest since a substantial part of the energy released during a flare is deposited into the energetic electrons. RHESSI observations, e.g. of the solar eve ...
HEA_Pulsars
... pulses at IR, optical, X-rays and g-rays. • - Are these also coherent? • Probably not – brightness temperature of Xrays is about 100 billion K, equivalent to electron energies 10MeV, so consistent with ...
... pulses at IR, optical, X-rays and g-rays. • - Are these also coherent? • Probably not – brightness temperature of Xrays is about 100 billion K, equivalent to electron energies 10MeV, so consistent with ...
Twin-Double Layer Structure Producing Tailward Ion
... density from the semi-trapped ions in the very central region of plasma sheet is enough to produce significant repulsive electrostatic Coulomb forces; then two major processes will be probably actuated. First, the portion of ions moving essentially vertically (upward or downward) will be reflected b ...
... density from the semi-trapped ions in the very central region of plasma sheet is enough to produce significant repulsive electrostatic Coulomb forces; then two major processes will be probably actuated. First, the portion of ions moving essentially vertically (upward or downward) will be reflected b ...
1 Planetary-Spin heat, Jupiter- Saturn-Solar Tidal
... It was good for the Earth. If we assumed that all planets were similar to ours, they would have to be mostly rock and have an iron core, some water and an atmosphere. As we know, that is not true. Each planet and moon is very different and we can not superimpose our earth’s history on the other plan ...
... It was good for the Earth. If we assumed that all planets were similar to ours, they would have to be mostly rock and have an iron core, some water and an atmosphere. As we know, that is not true. Each planet and moon is very different and we can not superimpose our earth’s history on the other plan ...
Introduction to Geomagnetism - Center for Science Education
... properties of magnetism. He attacked alchemists for their obscure language, and put many of the legendary claims for lodestone to direct experimental tests. One of these claims was that the lodestone's power, dulled at night, could be restored by a bath in goat's blood! One of Gilbert’s most famous ...
... properties of magnetism. He attacked alchemists for their obscure language, and put many of the legendary claims for lodestone to direct experimental tests. One of these claims was that the lodestone's power, dulled at night, could be restored by a bath in goat's blood! One of Gilbert’s most famous ...
The PAMELA Space Experiment
... lines the electron flux decreases. For PAMELA the minimum threshold energy for electron detection is 50 MeV. In this energy range, however, geomagnetic shielding will reduce the active observation time reducing total counts. Nevertheless it will be possible to study for the first time the high energ ...
... lines the electron flux decreases. For PAMELA the minimum threshold energy for electron detection is 50 MeV. In this energy range, however, geomagnetic shielding will reduce the active observation time reducing total counts. Nevertheless it will be possible to study for the first time the high energ ...
impulsive electron acceleration by gravitational waves
... & Papadopoulos 1993; Kleidis et al. 1995). The main conclusion of these studies is that the coupling between the GW and an isolated charged particle gyrating inside a constant magnetic field can be very strong only if the GW is very intense. This type of analysis can treat the full nonlinear couplin ...
... & Papadopoulos 1993; Kleidis et al. 1995). The main conclusion of these studies is that the coupling between the GW and an isolated charged particle gyrating inside a constant magnetic field can be very strong only if the GW is very intense. This type of analysis can treat the full nonlinear couplin ...
A new view on the solar wind interaction with the Moon | Geoscience
... Using the entire data of ENA observations by Chandrayaan-1/CENA, the first global ENA albedo map covering ∼89 % of the lunar surface has been generated (Vorburger et al. 2013) (Fig. 7). Local variations in the ENA albedo were seen from the map, which indicated that lunar surface is not a homogene ...
... Using the entire data of ENA observations by Chandrayaan-1/CENA, the first global ENA albedo map covering ∼89 % of the lunar surface has been generated (Vorburger et al. 2013) (Fig. 7). Local variations in the ENA albedo were seen from the map, which indicated that lunar surface is not a homogene ...
ah-quanta-summary notes problems-2015
... reflected beam. They had expected to see diffuse reflection since even this smooth surface would look ‘rough’ to the tiny electrons. To their surprise, they observed a similar pattern to X-ray diffraction from a surface. Thomson and Davisson were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1937 for demonstrating the ...
... reflected beam. They had expected to see diffuse reflection since even this smooth surface would look ‘rough’ to the tiny electrons. To their surprise, they observed a similar pattern to X-ray diffraction from a surface. Thomson and Davisson were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1937 for demonstrating the ...
Full PDF - IOSRJEN
... active processes in solar plasma. The problem of Sun’s flare activity has been solved. In the first time, in the Nature, the current sheets have been discovered, which in able of to transform the magnetic energy into energy of plasma.For the first time, the EFhEF energetics provided any installation ...
... active processes in solar plasma. The problem of Sun’s flare activity has been solved. In the first time, in the Nature, the current sheets have been discovered, which in able of to transform the magnetic energy into energy of plasma.For the first time, the EFhEF energetics provided any installation ...
Lecture 5: Solar System Formation Theories
... a very massive star in three stages: 1. Massive star passes within Roche Limit of Sun, pulling out material in the form of a filament. 2. Filament is gravitationally unstable, and breaks into series of blobs of masses greater than the Jeans’ critical mass, and so collapse to form ...
... a very massive star in three stages: 1. Massive star passes within Roche Limit of Sun, pulling out material in the form of a filament. 2. Filament is gravitationally unstable, and breaks into series of blobs of masses greater than the Jeans’ critical mass, and so collapse to form ...
Relationship between solar wind dynamic pressure and amplitude
... In the second stage after the passage of the compressional HM wave front tail-ward, the dawn-to-dusk electric field is enhanced by the enhanced magnetospheric convection in the compressed magnetosphere. This electric field produces the FACs and ICs, which flow in the opposite direction of the initia ...
... In the second stage after the passage of the compressional HM wave front tail-ward, the dawn-to-dusk electric field is enhanced by the enhanced magnetospheric convection in the compressed magnetosphere. This electric field produces the FACs and ICs, which flow in the opposite direction of the initia ...
Plasma in ionosphere
... gases in this region are molecular oxygen O2 and molecular nitrogen N2. All weather is confined in this region and it contains 90 % of earth’s atmosphere and 99 % of water vapors. The highest mountains are still within the troposphere and all of our normal day-to-day activities occur here. The high ...
... gases in this region are molecular oxygen O2 and molecular nitrogen N2. All weather is confined in this region and it contains 90 % of earth’s atmosphere and 99 % of water vapors. The highest mountains are still within the troposphere and all of our normal day-to-day activities occur here. The high ...
Energetic neutral atom
Energetic neutral atom (ENA) imaging, often described as ""seeing with atoms"", is a technology used to create global images of otherwise invisible phenomena in the magnetospheres of planets and throughout the heliosphere, even to its outer boundary.This constitutes the far-flung edge of the solar system.The solar wind consists of ripped-apart atoms (called plasma) flying out of the Sun. This is mostly hydrogen, that is, bare electrons and protons, with a little bit of other kinds of nuclei, mostly helium. The space between solar systems is similar, but they come from other stars in our galaxy. These charged particles can be redirected by magnetic fields; for instance, Earth's magnetic field shields us from these particles. But, every so often, a few of them steal electrons from neutral atoms they run into. At that point, they become neutral, although they're still moving very fast, and they travel in an exact straight line. These are called Energetic Neutral Atoms. ENA images are constructed from the detection of these energetic neutral atoms.Earth's magnetosphere preserves Earth's atmosphere and protects us from cell-damaging radiation. This region of ""space weather"" is the site of geomagnetic storms that disrupt communications systems and pose radiation hazards to humans traveling at high polar altitudes or in orbiting spacecraft. A deeper understanding of this region is vitally important. Geomagnetic weather systems have been late to benefit from the satellite imagery taken for granted in weather forecasting, and space physics because their origins in magnetospheric plasmas present the added problem of invisibility.The heliosphere protects the entire Solar System from the majority of cosmic rays but is so remote that only an imaging technique such as ENA imaging will reveal its properties. The heliosphere's structure is due to the invisible interaction between the solar wind and cold gas from the local interstellar medium.The creation of ENAs by space plasmas was predicted but their discovery was both deliberate and serendipitous. While some early efforts were made at detection, their signatures also explained inconsistent findings by ion detectors in regions of expected low ion populations. Ion detectors were co-opted for further ENA detection experiments in other low-ion regions. However, the development of dedicated ENA detectors entailed overcoming significant obstacles in both skepticism and technology.Although ENAs were observed in space from the 1960s through 1980s, the first dedicated ENA camera was not flown until 1995 on the Swedish Astrid-1 satellite, to study Earth's magnetosphere.Today, dedicated ENA instruments have provided detailed magnetospheric images from Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Cassini's ENA images of Saturn revealed a unique magnetosphere with complex interactions that have yet to be fully explained. The IMAGE mission's three dedicated ENA cameras observed Earth's magnetosphere from 2000–2005 while the TWINS Mission, launched in 2008, provides stereo ENA imaging of Earth's magnetosphere using simultaneous imaging from two satellites.The first ever images of the heliospheric boundary, published in October 2009, were made by the ENA instruments aboard the IBEX and Cassini spacecraft. These images are very exciting because they challenge existing theories about the region.