The Sun`s magnetic field
... tens to thousands of stars, each star having condensed from a separate fragment of a single parent gas cloud. It is possible that our Sun was also born as part of such a group of stars, but its current isolation is because any young group of stars rapidly disperses (within several million years), as ...
... tens to thousands of stars, each star having condensed from a separate fragment of a single parent gas cloud. It is possible that our Sun was also born as part of such a group of stars, but its current isolation is because any young group of stars rapidly disperses (within several million years), as ...
The sun and the solar corona
... established by purely theoretical considerations, based on the measured energy output (luminosity), radius and mass, using of course all the applicable laws of physics. Making some simplifying assumptions, such as spherical symmetry, no rotation and no magnetic fields, basic models of the Sun’s inte ...
... established by purely theoretical considerations, based on the measured energy output (luminosity), radius and mass, using of course all the applicable laws of physics. Making some simplifying assumptions, such as spherical symmetry, no rotation and no magnetic fields, basic models of the Sun’s inte ...
Simulations of Collisionless Perpendicular Shocks in Partially
... PACS numbers: 52.35.Tc; 52.65.Rr; 96.50.S-; 98.38.Mz ...
... PACS numbers: 52.35.Tc; 52.65.Rr; 96.50.S-; 98.38.Mz ...
Dissipation and heating in solar wind turbulence: from the macro to
... This special issue is topical in the sense that the authors were encouraged to be relatively unhindered to express their views on the subject and what they think the future outlook on the field should be. In this respect, although the separate articles and reviews have been selected to represent a w ...
... This special issue is topical in the sense that the authors were encouraged to be relatively unhindered to express their views on the subject and what they think the future outlook on the field should be. In this respect, although the separate articles and reviews have been selected to represent a w ...
ASTR178-Week3
... B. When life first developed on the Earth, this life produced oxygen from carbon dioxide by photosynthesis. C. Rainwater slowly broke down carbon dioxide into its components. D. Oxygen was captured from space over many millions of years. E. Solar radiation breaks down CO2. A9.12 ...
... B. When life first developed on the Earth, this life produced oxygen from carbon dioxide by photosynthesis. C. Rainwater slowly broke down carbon dioxide into its components. D. Oxygen was captured from space over many millions of years. E. Solar radiation breaks down CO2. A9.12 ...
The Solar Nebula - Lincoln-Sudbury Regional High School
... mass – and Jupiter makes up 70% of that! So in terms of mass, the planets are a pretty small part of the Solar System. We can divide the nine planets into two main groups: • the inner rocky terrestrials: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars • and the outer gas giant, the Jovians: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Nep ...
... mass – and Jupiter makes up 70% of that! So in terms of mass, the planets are a pretty small part of the Solar System. We can divide the nine planets into two main groups: • the inner rocky terrestrials: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars • and the outer gas giant, the Jovians: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Nep ...
Evolution of interplanetary coronal mass ejections for different solar
... •Magnetic Clouds are expanding structures as consequence of the decrease of the solar wind pressure (ambient) and connectivity to the Sun ...
... •Magnetic Clouds are expanding structures as consequence of the decrease of the solar wind pressure (ambient) and connectivity to the Sun ...
1. Introduction - The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering
... shrouded in mystery. Global dynamo models attempt to explain large-scale solar magnetic fields are based on theories involving large averages. Turbulent convection is believed to stretch and amplify the magnetic field while differential rotation, meridional circulation, and the tachocline shear laye ...
... shrouded in mystery. Global dynamo models attempt to explain large-scale solar magnetic fields are based on theories involving large averages. Turbulent convection is believed to stretch and amplify the magnetic field while differential rotation, meridional circulation, and the tachocline shear laye ...
ppt - Fusion Technology Institute
... Experimental yield of 3.0 MeV protons at 0.8 < Ed < 2.45 keV, normalized to that at Ed = 2.45 keV. The bare cross-section corresponded to Bosch and Halle approximation to Ed 2.45 keV is marked by a solid line. The dashed line is a DDreaction yield =in accordance with a screening potential value Ue ...
... Experimental yield of 3.0 MeV protons at 0.8 < Ed < 2.45 keV, normalized to that at Ed = 2.45 keV. The bare cross-section corresponded to Bosch and Halle approximation to Ed 2.45 keV is marked by a solid line. The dashed line is a DDreaction yield =in accordance with a screening potential value Ue ...
A diffusive description of the focused transport of solar energetic
... scale that characterizes the change in B0 is large compared to the spatial dimension of the particles’ gyration motion. In this case it can be assumed that B0 is constant for a single gyration, and the first adiabatic invariant is conserved. For a particle moving in a diverging magnetic field, this ...
... scale that characterizes the change in B0 is large compared to the spatial dimension of the particles’ gyration motion. In this case it can be assumed that B0 is constant for a single gyration, and the first adiabatic invariant is conserved. For a particle moving in a diverging magnetic field, this ...
Lecture 3 - The University Centre in Svalbard
... the speed of light and hits the Earths atmosphere 8 minutes 20 seconds later. Luckily, this hazardous radiation is blocked by gases in our protective atmosphere such as ozone. As will be described later such explosions can affect radio communication and satellite communication. ...
... the speed of light and hits the Earths atmosphere 8 minutes 20 seconds later. Luckily, this hazardous radiation is blocked by gases in our protective atmosphere such as ozone. As will be described later such explosions can affect radio communication and satellite communication. ...
Here - HESPERIA
... the Earth’s orbit, i.e., intensity-time profiles, anisotropies, energy spectra and elemental abundance ratios are determined by a combination of the underlying acceleration, injection and transport mechanisms at the Sun and in the inner Heliosphere. The analysis and theoretical modeling of these eve ...
... the Earth’s orbit, i.e., intensity-time profiles, anisotropies, energy spectra and elemental abundance ratios are determined by a combination of the underlying acceleration, injection and transport mechanisms at the Sun and in the inner Heliosphere. The analysis and theoretical modeling of these eve ...
Magnetic Reconnection Project - University of California
... • Harder limiting spectra of E-1.5 a result of the low initial plasma pressure ...
... • Harder limiting spectra of E-1.5 a result of the low initial plasma pressure ...
Dynamical Petschek Reconnection
... stable in a system with spatially uniform resistivity. Some mechanism such as anomalous resistivity or kinetic physics is needed to sustain the localized diffusion region. It is, therefor, not clear yet how fast reconnection realizes in the actual parameter of the solar corona. In order to answer to ...
... stable in a system with spatially uniform resistivity. Some mechanism such as anomalous resistivity or kinetic physics is needed to sustain the localized diffusion region. It is, therefor, not clear yet how fast reconnection realizes in the actual parameter of the solar corona. In order to answer to ...
Lecture notes 11
... Note that the factor of 3 came about because we averaged over 3 coordinate directions (3 degrees of freedom). The average kinetic energy of a particle is kT/2 for each degree of freedom in the system. ...
... Note that the factor of 3 came about because we averaged over 3 coordinate directions (3 degrees of freedom). The average kinetic energy of a particle is kT/2 for each degree of freedom in the system. ...
Kinetic aspects of the vortex-induced
... At RX-points, electrons are accelerated in the +Z-direction (almost same as the parallel direction) by the negative reconnection electric field. At re-RX points, electrons are accelerated in the -Z-direction (almost same as the anti-parallel direction) by the positive reconnection electric field. ...
... At RX-points, electrons are accelerated in the +Z-direction (almost same as the parallel direction) by the negative reconnection electric field. At re-RX points, electrons are accelerated in the -Z-direction (almost same as the anti-parallel direction) by the positive reconnection electric field. ...
Solar System
... On Venus, the temperature of the atmosphere and also the surface has increased On Earth, the original atmosphere contained very little, if any, oxygen On Mars, the atmosphere has either escaped or been frozen out Astronomy 1-1 ...
... On Venus, the temperature of the atmosphere and also the surface has increased On Earth, the original atmosphere contained very little, if any, oxygen On Mars, the atmosphere has either escaped or been frozen out Astronomy 1-1 ...
Homework #4 (Ch. 16)
... waves travel from deep inside the Sun. Their appearance on the surface provides information about the interior of the Sun that cannot otherwise be observed, such as temperature, density, and rotation speed. 5. Chaisson Review and Discussion 16.11 Describe how energy generated in the solar core event ...
... waves travel from deep inside the Sun. Their appearance on the surface provides information about the interior of the Sun that cannot otherwise be observed, such as temperature, density, and rotation speed. 5. Chaisson Review and Discussion 16.11 Describe how energy generated in the solar core event ...
THE SUN - OoCities
... which makes it possible for nuclei to overcome electrostatic repulsion. (Nuclei are positive and thus repel each other.) Once in some billions of years a given proton (1H, in which the superscript represents the mass of the isotope) is close enough to another to undergo a process called inverse beta ...
... which makes it possible for nuclei to overcome electrostatic repulsion. (Nuclei are positive and thus repel each other.) Once in some billions of years a given proton (1H, in which the superscript represents the mass of the isotope) is close enough to another to undergo a process called inverse beta ...
SolarGrandMinimaThreat Analysis
... oceans is derived from cosmic radiation rather than natural sources. As a result, the effect of GCR cloud modulation is greatest over the oceans where there is less dust to form clouds and there is a shortage of cloud forming ions. Rain removes the ions, so they must be constantly replenished. One m ...
... oceans is derived from cosmic radiation rather than natural sources. As a result, the effect of GCR cloud modulation is greatest over the oceans where there is less dust to form clouds and there is a shortage of cloud forming ions. Rain removes the ions, so they must be constantly replenished. One m ...
JOINT DISCUSSION mirror which reflects the light of the primary
... United States. The institutions now involved are the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, the Air Force Cambridge Research Center, and the University of Colorado. The overall program has many objectives. From the point of view of astrophysics the objective is to uncover the solar spectrum to the very sho ...
... United States. The institutions now involved are the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, the Air Force Cambridge Research Center, and the University of Colorado. The overall program has many objectives. From the point of view of astrophysics the objective is to uncover the solar spectrum to the very sho ...
Formation of Active Regions on the Rising Slope of the 23rd Solar
... weather and climate are formed. These changes are among the most complex causes initiating the fluctuation of climate conditions on Earth. In order to predict conditions in different layers of the Earth’s atmosphere and interplanetary space, it is necessary, first of all, to provide a forecast of so ...
... weather and climate are formed. These changes are among the most complex causes initiating the fluctuation of climate conditions on Earth. In order to predict conditions in different layers of the Earth’s atmosphere and interplanetary space, it is necessary, first of all, to provide a forecast of so ...
ppt
... Primary composition: Xmax vs energy Nuclei other than protons or iron are suppressed Proton showers penetrate deeper into atmosphere, iron shower develop higher up and fluctuate less. UHECRs show a shift from proton to iron dominance ...
... Primary composition: Xmax vs energy Nuclei other than protons or iron are suppressed Proton showers penetrate deeper into atmosphere, iron shower develop higher up and fluctuate less. UHECRs show a shift from proton to iron dominance ...
Astronomy Learning Guide Unit 04, the Sun
... Why is the sunspot cycle carefully monitored from Earth? What are some ways that a solar flare and/or unusually big blast of solar wind can affect Earth’s environment? What is the solar constant? Why is it important to know if it is truly constant or if it varies with time? ...
... Why is the sunspot cycle carefully monitored from Earth? What are some ways that a solar flare and/or unusually big blast of solar wind can affect Earth’s environment? What is the solar constant? Why is it important to know if it is truly constant or if it varies with time? ...
Energetic neutral atom
Energetic neutral atom (ENA) imaging, often described as ""seeing with atoms"", is a technology used to create global images of otherwise invisible phenomena in the magnetospheres of planets and throughout the heliosphere, even to its outer boundary.This constitutes the far-flung edge of the solar system.The solar wind consists of ripped-apart atoms (called plasma) flying out of the Sun. This is mostly hydrogen, that is, bare electrons and protons, with a little bit of other kinds of nuclei, mostly helium. The space between solar systems is similar, but they come from other stars in our galaxy. These charged particles can be redirected by magnetic fields; for instance, Earth's magnetic field shields us from these particles. But, every so often, a few of them steal electrons from neutral atoms they run into. At that point, they become neutral, although they're still moving very fast, and they travel in an exact straight line. These are called Energetic Neutral Atoms. ENA images are constructed from the detection of these energetic neutral atoms.Earth's magnetosphere preserves Earth's atmosphere and protects us from cell-damaging radiation. This region of ""space weather"" is the site of geomagnetic storms that disrupt communications systems and pose radiation hazards to humans traveling at high polar altitudes or in orbiting spacecraft. A deeper understanding of this region is vitally important. Geomagnetic weather systems have been late to benefit from the satellite imagery taken for granted in weather forecasting, and space physics because their origins in magnetospheric plasmas present the added problem of invisibility.The heliosphere protects the entire Solar System from the majority of cosmic rays but is so remote that only an imaging technique such as ENA imaging will reveal its properties. The heliosphere's structure is due to the invisible interaction between the solar wind and cold gas from the local interstellar medium.The creation of ENAs by space plasmas was predicted but their discovery was both deliberate and serendipitous. While some early efforts were made at detection, their signatures also explained inconsistent findings by ion detectors in regions of expected low ion populations. Ion detectors were co-opted for further ENA detection experiments in other low-ion regions. However, the development of dedicated ENA detectors entailed overcoming significant obstacles in both skepticism and technology.Although ENAs were observed in space from the 1960s through 1980s, the first dedicated ENA camera was not flown until 1995 on the Swedish Astrid-1 satellite, to study Earth's magnetosphere.Today, dedicated ENA instruments have provided detailed magnetospheric images from Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Cassini's ENA images of Saturn revealed a unique magnetosphere with complex interactions that have yet to be fully explained. The IMAGE mission's three dedicated ENA cameras observed Earth's magnetosphere from 2000–2005 while the TWINS Mission, launched in 2008, provides stereo ENA imaging of Earth's magnetosphere using simultaneous imaging from two satellites.The first ever images of the heliospheric boundary, published in October 2009, were made by the ENA instruments aboard the IBEX and Cassini spacecraft. These images are very exciting because they challenge existing theories about the region.