A regular period for Saturn’s magnetic field that G. Giampieri
... Saturn’s rotation, however, is difficult to determine because there is no solid surface from which to time it, and the alternative ‘clock’—the magnetic field—is nearly symmetrically aligned with the rotation axis1–7. Radio emissions, thought to provide a proxy measure of the rotation of the magnetic ...
... Saturn’s rotation, however, is difficult to determine because there is no solid surface from which to time it, and the alternative ‘clock’—the magnetic field—is nearly symmetrically aligned with the rotation axis1–7. Radio emissions, thought to provide a proxy measure of the rotation of the magnetic ...
M. Sc. Atmospheric Space
... Digital Image Processing, R. C. Gonzales and R. E. Woods, 2nd Ed, Pearson India, 2002 Satellite Meteorology, S. Q. Kidder and T. H. Von der Haar, Academic Press, 1995 Lecture Notes on Satellite Meteorology, Vol 1 and 2, SAC, Ahmedabad Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, T. M. Lillesand and R. W ...
... Digital Image Processing, R. C. Gonzales and R. E. Woods, 2nd Ed, Pearson India, 2002 Satellite Meteorology, S. Q. Kidder and T. H. Von der Haar, Academic Press, 1995 Lecture Notes on Satellite Meteorology, Vol 1 and 2, SAC, Ahmedabad Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, T. M. Lillesand and R. W ...
BDW Lesson 1g - Ohio Academic Standards
... anomalies into the research activity. 13. The teacher hands out Attachment 2 as a completed example of what type of format the students should model their individual research report on. This example is for Line #6 in Table 1. The teacher may optionally decide to present Attachment 2 as a teacher led ...
... anomalies into the research activity. 13. The teacher hands out Attachment 2 as a completed example of what type of format the students should model their individual research report on. This example is for Line #6 in Table 1. The teacher may optionally decide to present Attachment 2 as a teacher led ...
Protecting planets from their stars
... energetic electrons are released in the system. Some of these electrons spiral along planetary magnetic field lines, giving rise to cyclotron emission at radio wavelengths via a process called cyclotron maser instability. Because this kind of interaction is regulated by magnetic reconnections, it c ...
... energetic electrons are released in the system. Some of these electrons spiral along planetary magnetic field lines, giving rise to cyclotron emission at radio wavelengths via a process called cyclotron maser instability. Because this kind of interaction is regulated by magnetic reconnections, it c ...
nearest star
... Some time later, perhaps at an age of 1 billion years, galaxies started to form. Until then, there were few stars and therefore no sources of light—the Universe was in a dark age. Since galaxies consist of large numbers of stars, many billions of stars must have been forming, and we must assume that ...
... Some time later, perhaps at an age of 1 billion years, galaxies started to form. Until then, there were few stars and therefore no sources of light—the Universe was in a dark age. Since galaxies consist of large numbers of stars, many billions of stars must have been forming, and we must assume that ...
Terrestrial Radioactivity and Geothermal Energy
... and to a lesser extent, the tidal force from the moon, are believed to keep its outer core molten. Humans have been using geothermal energy sources for several millennia. Ancient tribes congregated near hot springs and geysers on the inhabited continent. The Romans built baths near thermal springs f ...
... and to a lesser extent, the tidal force from the moon, are believed to keep its outer core molten. Humans have been using geothermal energy sources for several millennia. Ancient tribes congregated near hot springs and geysers on the inhabited continent. The Romans built baths near thermal springs f ...
1 Pc2 EMIC waves generated high off the equator in the dayside 2
... instrument, which is a high-sensitivity mass-resolving spectrometer with 360 field-of-view, to measure the full threedimensional distribution function of the major ion species including H+, He+ and O+, with energies from 0–40 keV/e [Rème et al., 2001]. ...
... instrument, which is a high-sensitivity mass-resolving spectrometer with 360 field-of-view, to measure the full threedimensional distribution function of the major ion species including H+, He+ and O+, with energies from 0–40 keV/e [Rème et al., 2001]. ...
Characterizing Electron Bombardment of Europa`s Surface by
... body lose energy at a rate that depends on the ionization potential of the medium and varies as the number of electrons per cubic cm in the material [5]. Therefore, dense, high atomic number materials tend to be better at slowing electrons down. For Europa, we determine the approximate range electro ...
... body lose energy at a rate that depends on the ionization potential of the medium and varies as the number of electrons per cubic cm in the material [5]. Therefore, dense, high atomic number materials tend to be better at slowing electrons down. For Europa, we determine the approximate range electro ...
Measuring the angular solar diameter using two pinholes
... where d m is the diameter of the image on the screen, d p is the diameter of the pinhole, and f is the focal length. The latter is the distance between the center of the image on the screen S and the center of the pinhole, mounted on a mask M parallel to the screen 共see Fig. 1兲. The mean angular sol ...
... where d m is the diameter of the image on the screen, d p is the diameter of the pinhole, and f is the focal length. The latter is the distance between the center of the image on the screen S and the center of the pinhole, mounted on a mask M parallel to the screen 共see Fig. 1兲. The mean angular sol ...
Comet-like tail-formation of exospheres of hot rocky exoplanets
... significant contribution to this measured (total) radius by a thick extended hydrogen atmosphere (Adams et al., 2008; Grasset et al., 2009), amounting up to 60% of the total radius. For such cases the core radius is expected to be between 0.7 and 2 REarth. However, some values of (M, R) are excluded ...
... significant contribution to this measured (total) radius by a thick extended hydrogen atmosphere (Adams et al., 2008; Grasset et al., 2009), amounting up to 60% of the total radius. For such cases the core radius is expected to be between 0.7 and 2 REarth. However, some values of (M, R) are excluded ...
On the electron temperature downstream of the solar wind
... where kk is the component of the wavevector k parallel to the magnetic field. Taking into account the condition 1U2 > vthe vthp , one can see that, at the initial stage of the instability, Landau damping is exponentially weak. This is the reason why the nonlinear stage of the instability develops ...
... where kk is the component of the wavevector k parallel to the magnetic field. Taking into account the condition 1U2 > vthe vthp , one can see that, at the initial stage of the instability, Landau damping is exponentially weak. This is the reason why the nonlinear stage of the instability develops ...
The Nature of Science
... A Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars and Pluto B Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and ...
... A Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars and Pluto B Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and ...
The Nature of Science
... A Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars and Pluto B Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and ...
... A Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars and Pluto B Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and ...
The Nature of Science
... A Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars and Pluto B Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and ...
... A Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars and Pluto B Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and ...
The Nature of Science
... A Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars and Pluto B Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and ...
... A Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars and Pluto B Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and ...
1 From Molecular Clouds to the Origin of Life
... years old. Studies of their surrounding gas and dust can therefore provide important clues on the early evolution of the solar nebula. Infrared and millimeter surveys have shown that most T Tauri stars have circumstellar disks with masses of 10-3-10-1 solar masses and sizes of 100-400 AU [35-37]. Su ...
... years old. Studies of their surrounding gas and dust can therefore provide important clues on the early evolution of the solar nebula. Infrared and millimeter surveys have shown that most T Tauri stars have circumstellar disks with masses of 10-3-10-1 solar masses and sizes of 100-400 AU [35-37]. Su ...
Solar Orbiter
... The mission design concept meets all the scientific requirements for solar and heliospheric observations close to the Sun (0.21 AU) and at high inclination with respect to the solar equatorial plane (38°). The spacecraft design concept is feasible with the assumption that all the required techno ...
... The mission design concept meets all the scientific requirements for solar and heliospheric observations close to the Sun (0.21 AU) and at high inclination with respect to the solar equatorial plane (38°). The spacecraft design concept is feasible with the assumption that all the required techno ...
Two-stream instability in collisionless shocks and foreshock
... shocks that support Fermi acceleration [21–25]. We concentrate on electron Fermi acceleration, which requires a seed of hot electrons. It must be produced by an injection mechanism that may be facilitated by the shock-reflected beams of ions [26–31]. The ion beams drive waves that accelerate particl ...
... shocks that support Fermi acceleration [21–25]. We concentrate on electron Fermi acceleration, which requires a seed of hot electrons. It must be produced by an injection mechanism that may be facilitated by the shock-reflected beams of ions [26–31]. The ion beams drive waves that accelerate particl ...
ng - CAPCA
... • “Wakefields” phase velocity same as drive jet • Forms immediately behind the trailing edge • Continues to oscillate after the jet passes: can accelerate particles over very long distances. [See P. Chen et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 693 (1985); talk at this Workshop] ...
... • “Wakefields” phase velocity same as drive jet • Forms immediately behind the trailing edge • Continues to oscillate after the jet passes: can accelerate particles over very long distances. [See P. Chen et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 693 (1985); talk at this Workshop] ...
Stellar Evolution and the fate of the Solar System
... YUV420 codec decompressor are needed to see this picture. ...
... YUV420 codec decompressor are needed to see this picture. ...
Current Systems in Planetary Magnetospheres and Ionospheres
... which is the distance at which the magnetic pressure of the planetary field on the sun-planet line (taking into account the additional effect of currents flowing on the magnetopause) balances the total solar wind pressure. In this formula R P represents the planetary radius. The different types of o ...
... which is the distance at which the magnetic pressure of the planetary field on the sun-planet line (taking into account the additional effect of currents flowing on the magnetopause) balances the total solar wind pressure. In this formula R P represents the planetary radius. The different types of o ...
Studies on post-flare loop prominence of 1981 April 27
... loop is on the top, which is in agreement with the work of Nolte et al. (1979). In Figure 1 are shown, schematically, several images of the He post-flare loop prominence during the process of its development. It was found from the He observations that in the period of 08 : 16-08 : 26, 08 : 37, and 0 ...
... loop is on the top, which is in agreement with the work of Nolte et al. (1979). In Figure 1 are shown, schematically, several images of the He post-flare loop prominence during the process of its development. It was found from the He observations that in the period of 08 : 16-08 : 26, 08 : 37, and 0 ...
Document
... understood: in the Sun Li is depleted by a factor 100 with respect to meteroites 6: ...
... understood: in the Sun Li is depleted by a factor 100 with respect to meteroites 6: ...
Determination of a Correlation of Sunspot Number and 20.1 MHz
... tangling of magnetic field lines (Gary, Keller; 2004). A plasma cloud is pinched off as the magnetic fields reconnect, sending the cloud into space as thermal energy at a considerable fraction of the speed of light as shown in Figure 1, where HXR represents hard (most energetic x-rays, SXR repre ...
... tangling of magnetic field lines (Gary, Keller; 2004). A plasma cloud is pinched off as the magnetic fields reconnect, sending the cloud into space as thermal energy at a considerable fraction of the speed of light as shown in Figure 1, where HXR represents hard (most energetic x-rays, SXR repre ...
Energetic neutral atom
Energetic neutral atom (ENA) imaging, often described as ""seeing with atoms"", is a technology used to create global images of otherwise invisible phenomena in the magnetospheres of planets and throughout the heliosphere, even to its outer boundary.This constitutes the far-flung edge of the solar system.The solar wind consists of ripped-apart atoms (called plasma) flying out of the Sun. This is mostly hydrogen, that is, bare electrons and protons, with a little bit of other kinds of nuclei, mostly helium. The space between solar systems is similar, but they come from other stars in our galaxy. These charged particles can be redirected by magnetic fields; for instance, Earth's magnetic field shields us from these particles. But, every so often, a few of them steal electrons from neutral atoms they run into. At that point, they become neutral, although they're still moving very fast, and they travel in an exact straight line. These are called Energetic Neutral Atoms. ENA images are constructed from the detection of these energetic neutral atoms.Earth's magnetosphere preserves Earth's atmosphere and protects us from cell-damaging radiation. This region of ""space weather"" is the site of geomagnetic storms that disrupt communications systems and pose radiation hazards to humans traveling at high polar altitudes or in orbiting spacecraft. A deeper understanding of this region is vitally important. Geomagnetic weather systems have been late to benefit from the satellite imagery taken for granted in weather forecasting, and space physics because their origins in magnetospheric plasmas present the added problem of invisibility.The heliosphere protects the entire Solar System from the majority of cosmic rays but is so remote that only an imaging technique such as ENA imaging will reveal its properties. The heliosphere's structure is due to the invisible interaction between the solar wind and cold gas from the local interstellar medium.The creation of ENAs by space plasmas was predicted but their discovery was both deliberate and serendipitous. While some early efforts were made at detection, their signatures also explained inconsistent findings by ion detectors in regions of expected low ion populations. Ion detectors were co-opted for further ENA detection experiments in other low-ion regions. However, the development of dedicated ENA detectors entailed overcoming significant obstacles in both skepticism and technology.Although ENAs were observed in space from the 1960s through 1980s, the first dedicated ENA camera was not flown until 1995 on the Swedish Astrid-1 satellite, to study Earth's magnetosphere.Today, dedicated ENA instruments have provided detailed magnetospheric images from Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Cassini's ENA images of Saturn revealed a unique magnetosphere with complex interactions that have yet to be fully explained. The IMAGE mission's three dedicated ENA cameras observed Earth's magnetosphere from 2000–2005 while the TWINS Mission, launched in 2008, provides stereo ENA imaging of Earth's magnetosphere using simultaneous imaging from two satellites.The first ever images of the heliospheric boundary, published in October 2009, were made by the ENA instruments aboard the IBEX and Cassini spacecraft. These images are very exciting because they challenge existing theories about the region.