Burst Firing and Modulation of Functional Connectivity in Cat Striate
... Newsome 1994). Information theory predicts that the more random a signal, the more information it contains, provided the proper decoding mechanism exists (Shannon 1948). Thus the more random the intervals between the spikes and the more precisely these intervals can be detected, the more information ...
... Newsome 1994). Information theory predicts that the more random a signal, the more information it contains, provided the proper decoding mechanism exists (Shannon 1948). Thus the more random the intervals between the spikes and the more precisely these intervals can be detected, the more information ...
physiological plasticity in auditory cortex: rapid induction by learning
... various viewpoints--anatomical, biochemical and physiological. The topics most closely associated with neuroplasticity are (a) neural development, (b) recovery of function following pathology, (c) functional reorganization following sensory deprivation or peripheral manipulations, and (d) learning a ...
... various viewpoints--anatomical, biochemical and physiological. The topics most closely associated with neuroplasticity are (a) neural development, (b) recovery of function following pathology, (c) functional reorganization following sensory deprivation or peripheral manipulations, and (d) learning a ...
Topographic Maps in Human Frontal Cortex Revealed in Memory
... doi:10.1152/jn.00010.2007. We used fMRI at 3 Tesla and improved spatial resolution (2 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 2 mm3) to investigate topographic organization in human frontal cortex using memory-guided response tasks performed at 8 or 12 peripheral locations arranged clockwise around a central fixation point. The task ...
... doi:10.1152/jn.00010.2007. We used fMRI at 3 Tesla and improved spatial resolution (2 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 2 mm3) to investigate topographic organization in human frontal cortex using memory-guided response tasks performed at 8 or 12 peripheral locations arranged clockwise around a central fixation point. The task ...
How the brain uses time to represent and process visual information
... only if they have approximately the same number of spikes, and these spikes occur at approximately the same times, i.e., within 1 /q or less. For neurons that can be considered to behave like coincidence detectors, the value of q for which stimulus-dependent clustering is highest describes the preci ...
... only if they have approximately the same number of spikes, and these spikes occur at approximately the same times, i.e., within 1 /q or less. For neurons that can be considered to behave like coincidence detectors, the value of q for which stimulus-dependent clustering is highest describes the preci ...
Lesson #7-8
... most of its afferent input from the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem and is thus also called the vestibulocerebellum. Anatomically, it consists mainly of the flocculus and nodulus (flocculonodular lobe). The paleocerebellum (next oldest portion of the cerebellum, after the archicerebellum) receive ...
... most of its afferent input from the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem and is thus also called the vestibulocerebellum. Anatomically, it consists mainly of the flocculus and nodulus (flocculonodular lobe). The paleocerebellum (next oldest portion of the cerebellum, after the archicerebellum) receive ...
FEATURE ARTICLE Coding of Object Location in
... 2003). Single units were sorted online by spike templates (MSD-3.21; Alpha-Omega Engineering). Units were considered to be “single,” that is, to represent individual neurons, only if their spike shapes were homogenous, and did not overlap with other units or noise, and if the units exhibited refract ...
... 2003). Single units were sorted online by spike templates (MSD-3.21; Alpha-Omega Engineering). Units were considered to be “single,” that is, to represent individual neurons, only if their spike shapes were homogenous, and did not overlap with other units or noise, and if the units exhibited refract ...
Delineation of a frequency-organized region isolated from the
... Submitted 21 November 2014; accepted in final form 17 February 2015 ...
... Submitted 21 November 2014; accepted in final form 17 February 2015 ...
How Does the Brain Produce Movement?
... pick up objects, illustrated in Figure 10-5. In using the pincer grip, we hold an object between the thumb and index finger. This grip not only allows small objects to be picked up easily, but also allows whatever is held to be used with considerable skill. In contrast, in using the power grasp (Fig ...
... pick up objects, illustrated in Figure 10-5. In using the pincer grip, we hold an object between the thumb and index finger. This grip not only allows small objects to be picked up easily, but also allows whatever is held to be used with considerable skill. In contrast, in using the power grasp (Fig ...
`What` Is Happening in the Dorsal Visual Pathway
... that the posterior aspects of the parietal cortex are sensitive to object shape, even in the context of non-action based tasks. One possibility is that object-based responses in the dorsal pathway might reflect the obligatory implicit extraction of affordance information – in other words, again in th ...
... that the posterior aspects of the parietal cortex are sensitive to object shape, even in the context of non-action based tasks. One possibility is that object-based responses in the dorsal pathway might reflect the obligatory implicit extraction of affordance information – in other words, again in th ...
Evolution of the Size and Functional Areas of the Human Brain
... Because EQs are calculated on the basis of empirical estimates of brain/body-scaling relationships, they are sensitive to the particular sample used to derive a and c parameters. Jerison (1973) originally estimated the scaling parameter a (i.e., slope) for mammals as ∼0.67, but Martin (1981) estimat ...
... Because EQs are calculated on the basis of empirical estimates of brain/body-scaling relationships, they are sensitive to the particular sample used to derive a and c parameters. Jerison (1973) originally estimated the scaling parameter a (i.e., slope) for mammals as ∼0.67, but Martin (1981) estimat ...
The Human Expression of Symmetry: Art and - Smith
... has been well studied in the fovea,[Julesz, 1971 #8; Bruce, 1975 #12; Corballis, 1974 #24; Barlow, 1979 #1; Jenkins, 1982 #16] where it can be discriminated from noise for presentations less than 100 msec.[Barlow, 1979 #1; Carmody, 1977 #13; Tyler, 1995 #38] The rapidity of this processing suggests ...
... has been well studied in the fovea,[Julesz, 1971 #8; Bruce, 1975 #12; Corballis, 1974 #24; Barlow, 1979 #1; Jenkins, 1982 #16] where it can be discriminated from noise for presentations less than 100 msec.[Barlow, 1979 #1; Carmody, 1977 #13; Tyler, 1995 #38] The rapidity of this processing suggests ...
Acceleration of visually cued conditioned fear through the
... of the immediate early gene Fos, an indirect marker of neural activity (Fig. 4a–c,e). After one session of fear conditioning, both sham lesion (n = 3) and rewired light-conditioned mice (n = 3) had high c-fos expression in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, but the lightconditioned rewired mic ...
... of the immediate early gene Fos, an indirect marker of neural activity (Fig. 4a–c,e). After one session of fear conditioning, both sham lesion (n = 3) and rewired light-conditioned mice (n = 3) had high c-fos expression in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, but the lightconditioned rewired mic ...
Executive Control Over Cognition: Stronger and Earlier Rule
... (match and nonmatch) was randomized over trials. Monkeys performed sets of trials consisting of 12 or 15 repetitions of each sample position under each of the two boundary orientations. On trials in which the boundary cue was vertical (Fig. 1 A, C, boundary cue), it instructed the LR (left/right) ca ...
... (match and nonmatch) was randomized over trials. Monkeys performed sets of trials consisting of 12 or 15 repetitions of each sample position under each of the two boundary orientations. On trials in which the boundary cue was vertical (Fig. 1 A, C, boundary cue), it instructed the LR (left/right) ca ...
Amphetamine-induced release of dopamine from the substantia
... that extraneuronal catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT; E.C.2.1.1.6) activity could have degraded a portion of the dopamine released by amphetamine. Thus we measured the amount of [3H]3-methoxytyramine (3MT), the metabolite formed by the action of COMT on dopamine, in both medium and tissue for some ...
... that extraneuronal catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT; E.C.2.1.1.6) activity could have degraded a portion of the dopamine released by amphetamine. Thus we measured the amount of [3H]3-methoxytyramine (3MT), the metabolite formed by the action of COMT on dopamine, in both medium and tissue for some ...
From movement to thought: Anatomic substrates of the cerebellar
... cortex and those in the cerebellum. These diagrams do not depict Tactile projections t o the cerebellum. Anterior area encompasses early demonstrations of vestibular projections to the flocculonodulobulus simplex and anterior lobe and is an ipsilateral projection. lar lobe, the point-to-point relati ...
... cortex and those in the cerebellum. These diagrams do not depict Tactile projections t o the cerebellum. Anterior area encompasses early demonstrations of vestibular projections to the flocculonodulobulus simplex and anterior lobe and is an ipsilateral projection. lar lobe, the point-to-point relati ...
Mapping Pavlovian Conditioning Effects on the Brain: Blocking
... Miller et al. 1993; Schachtman et al. 1983). Although these three types of theories emphasize either CS, US or CR behavioral mechanisms, their implications can be considered in light of functional neural data. For example, differences in neural modification of CS pathways by excitor and blocked CSs ...
... Miller et al. 1993; Schachtman et al. 1983). Although these three types of theories emphasize either CS, US or CR behavioral mechanisms, their implications can be considered in light of functional neural data. For example, differences in neural modification of CS pathways by excitor and blocked CSs ...
Three-dimensional auditory localization in the
... Behavioral performances of big brown bats in the jitter discrimination tasks. Bats are capable of discriminating jittered time-delay not only in the microsecond level (e), but also in the nanosecond level (d). Moreover, the behavioral performances change in a way as would be predicted by the amplitu ...
... Behavioral performances of big brown bats in the jitter discrimination tasks. Bats are capable of discriminating jittered time-delay not only in the microsecond level (e), but also in the nanosecond level (d). Moreover, the behavioral performances change in a way as would be predicted by the amplitu ...
Neural tube defects and abnormal brain development in F52
... mice by the gene targeting technique. These mutant mice manifest severe neural tube defects that are not associated with other complex malformations, a phenotype reminiscent of common human neural tube defects. The neural tube defects observed include both exencephaly and spina bifida, and the pheno ...
... mice by the gene targeting technique. These mutant mice manifest severe neural tube defects that are not associated with other complex malformations, a phenotype reminiscent of common human neural tube defects. The neural tube defects observed include both exencephaly and spina bifida, and the pheno ...
The Prefrontal Cortex and Flexible Behavior
... even in a quiet environment. One can also manage to carry out tasks even under challenging conditions, such as having a conversation in a noisy restaurant. There is evidence that the prefrontal cortex in primates is necessary not only for choosing relevant information for the task at hand but also f ...
... even in a quiet environment. One can also manage to carry out tasks even under challenging conditions, such as having a conversation in a noisy restaurant. There is evidence that the prefrontal cortex in primates is necessary not only for choosing relevant information for the task at hand but also f ...
Electrical stimulation of neural tissue to evoke behavioral responses
... estimate how far from the electrode tip current activates neural tissue mediating behaviors such as eating (Olds, 1958), self-stimulation (Wise, 1972; Fouriezos and Wise, 1984; Milner and Laferriere, 1986), and circling behavior (Yeomans et al., 1984, 1986). The method used by Fouriezos and Wise (19 ...
... estimate how far from the electrode tip current activates neural tissue mediating behaviors such as eating (Olds, 1958), self-stimulation (Wise, 1972; Fouriezos and Wise, 1984; Milner and Laferriere, 1986), and circling behavior (Yeomans et al., 1984, 1986). The method used by Fouriezos and Wise (19 ...
Clinical Investigative Study Detectability of Neural Tracts and Nuclei
... and nuclei as well as reticular formation important in maintaining fundamental brain functions such as consciousness, respiratory regulation, and motor functions are densely packed within this small part of the brain. Although surgery for brainstem lesions is challenging, advancements in technologie ...
... and nuclei as well as reticular formation important in maintaining fundamental brain functions such as consciousness, respiratory regulation, and motor functions are densely packed within this small part of the brain. Although surgery for brainstem lesions is challenging, advancements in technologie ...
Differential functional connectivity of rostral
... college students. Participants completed the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ; Meyer et al., 1990; Molina and Borkovec, 1994), which measures AP, and the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ; Watson et al., 1995a,b), which measures AR with the MASQ-AA subscale and AD with the MASQ-AD sub ...
... college students. Participants completed the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ; Meyer et al., 1990; Molina and Borkovec, 1994), which measures AP, and the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ; Watson et al., 1995a,b), which measures AR with the MASQ-AA subscale and AD with the MASQ-AD sub ...
gross_neuroanatomy-1
... • The TO sulcus represents the boundary between parietal and occipital lobe on the lateral surface of the brain. Unlike other sulci that delineate lobes, TO is much more variable between individuals and it is not easy to identify • The functional overlap between posterior temporal and occipital co ...
... • The TO sulcus represents the boundary between parietal and occipital lobe on the lateral surface of the brain. Unlike other sulci that delineate lobes, TO is much more variable between individuals and it is not easy to identify • The functional overlap between posterior temporal and occipital co ...
Frontal lobe dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
... atrophy or ventricular dilation, which may have affected the stereotactic normalization of the PET scans (see below). MRI images were acquired using a Picker 1.0 Tesla HPQ Vista MRI system. The scans consisted of a T r weighted 3D RF spoiled scan (TR = 21, TE = 6, flip angle 35%). The CT scans consi ...
... atrophy or ventricular dilation, which may have affected the stereotactic normalization of the PET scans (see below). MRI images were acquired using a Picker 1.0 Tesla HPQ Vista MRI system. The scans consisted of a T r weighted 3D RF spoiled scan (TR = 21, TE = 6, flip angle 35%). The CT scans consi ...
Topography of Visual Cortex Connections with Frontal Eye Field in
... because information about both object identity and spatial location must be combined to produce accurate eye movements. During natural viewing, saccades of less than IO” amplitude, which are by far the most common (Bahill et al., 1975), direct gaze to conspicuous and informative features in the scen ...
... because information about both object identity and spatial location must be combined to produce accurate eye movements. During natural viewing, saccades of less than IO” amplitude, which are by far the most common (Bahill et al., 1975), direct gaze to conspicuous and informative features in the scen ...
Cortical cooling
Neuroscientists generate various studies to help explain many of the complex connections and functions of the brain. Most studies utilize animal models that have varying degrees of comparison to the human brain; for example, small rodents are less comparable than non-human primates. One of the most definitive ways of determining which sections of the brain contribute to certain behavior or function is to deactivate a section of the brain and observe what behavior is altered. Investigators have a wide range of options for deactivating neural tissue, and one of the more recently developed methods being used is deactivation through cooling. Cortical cooling refers to the cooling methods restricted to the cerebral cortex, where most higher brain processes occur. Below is a list of current cooling methods, their advantages and limitations, and some studies that have used cooling to elucidate neural functions.