In Vitro, Ex Vivo and In Vivo Techniques to Study Neuronal Migration
... which originate from the ventral brain, in the VZ and SVZ of the medial (MGE), lateral (LGE) and caudal (CGE) ganglionic eminences [3,10,18]. In addition, recent work has shown that roughly 10% of cortical interneurons originate from the Preoptic area (POA) and migrate long distances to reach the co ...
... which originate from the ventral brain, in the VZ and SVZ of the medial (MGE), lateral (LGE) and caudal (CGE) ganglionic eminences [3,10,18]. In addition, recent work has shown that roughly 10% of cortical interneurons originate from the Preoptic area (POA) and migrate long distances to reach the co ...
Clustered Organization of Neurons with Similar Extra
... columnar in the traditional sense; i.e., the response property is not conserved within a cortical column throughout all layers. The clustering of neurons with different ERF was further demonstrated quantitatively by measuring the absolute difference in S (|⌬S|) between any two recorded cells as a fu ...
... columnar in the traditional sense; i.e., the response property is not conserved within a cortical column throughout all layers. The clustering of neurons with different ERF was further demonstrated quantitatively by measuring the absolute difference in S (|⌬S|) between any two recorded cells as a fu ...
Temporal Profiles of Axon Terminals, Synapses and Spines in the
... including the 2nd to 4th cortical layers were prepared from the left cerebral cortex at the mid-point between the interhemispheric and rhinal fissures on Face B, penumbra ⬎1 mm caudal to infarction edge. The sections were double stained with uranyl acetate and lead solution, and observed with an ele ...
... including the 2nd to 4th cortical layers were prepared from the left cerebral cortex at the mid-point between the interhemispheric and rhinal fissures on Face B, penumbra ⬎1 mm caudal to infarction edge. The sections were double stained with uranyl acetate and lead solution, and observed with an ele ...
18 Coordination in Behavior and Cognition
... must order themselves in new or different ways to accommodate current conditions. The patterns that emerge may be dened as attractor states of the collective variable dynamics; that is, the collective variable may converge in time to a certain limit set or attractor solution. Mathematically, system ...
... must order themselves in new or different ways to accommodate current conditions. The patterns that emerge may be dened as attractor states of the collective variable dynamics; that is, the collective variable may converge in time to a certain limit set or attractor solution. Mathematically, system ...
Alpha-beta and Gamma Rhythms Subserve Feedback and
... these averages in the 4-20 Hz range, most alpha-beta peaks were well approximated by a single Gaussian and the resulting peak frequencies extended from 7 to 19 Hz (Figure S1A, B; mean±SD = 11.02±2.45 Hz). Likewise, when Gaussians were fitted to the GC averages in the 30-100 Hz range, the resulting g ...
... these averages in the 4-20 Hz range, most alpha-beta peaks were well approximated by a single Gaussian and the resulting peak frequencies extended from 7 to 19 Hz (Figure S1A, B; mean±SD = 11.02±2.45 Hz). Likewise, when Gaussians were fitted to the GC averages in the 30-100 Hz range, the resulting g ...
Rewardcircuit - URMC - University of Rochester
... The reward circuit, now considered to be embedded within the cortico-basal ganglia network, is a central component for developing and monitoring motivated behaviors. Historically, however, the basal ganglia were best known for their relevance to motor functions, based both on the neuropathology of m ...
... The reward circuit, now considered to be embedded within the cortico-basal ganglia network, is a central component for developing and monitoring motivated behaviors. Historically, however, the basal ganglia were best known for their relevance to motor functions, based both on the neuropathology of m ...
Emotion, Cognition, and Mental State Representation in Amygdala
... quently, mental state variables are not necessarily unique, and they are not necessarily independent from each other. Mental state variables need not be conscious or unconscious because both types of variables can predispose one to action. Overall, an organism’s mental state incorporates internal va ...
... quently, mental state variables are not necessarily unique, and they are not necessarily independent from each other. Mental state variables need not be conscious or unconscious because both types of variables can predispose one to action. Overall, an organism’s mental state incorporates internal va ...
[PDF]
... systems and the DMN? One possibility is that this relationship may result from competition for control of shared computational resources between distributed networks. For both networks, their associated computations are likely to entail coordination with additional brain regions. For example, visual ...
... systems and the DMN? One possibility is that this relationship may result from competition for control of shared computational resources between distributed networks. For both networks, their associated computations are likely to entail coordination with additional brain regions. For example, visual ...
Extended PDF
... p values are based on permutation tests using a circular log-likelihood ratio statistic. For the neural weight index wAV, they are corrected for multiple comparisons across the eight regions of interest. n = 5. Asterisks indicate significant p values. VR, visual reliability; TR, task relevance; S, s ...
... p values are based on permutation tests using a circular log-likelihood ratio statistic. For the neural weight index wAV, they are corrected for multiple comparisons across the eight regions of interest. n = 5. Asterisks indicate significant p values. VR, visual reliability; TR, task relevance; S, s ...
an integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function
... PFC damage show stereotyped deficits in the WCST. They are able to acquire the initial mapping without much difficulty but are unable to adapt their behavior when the rule varies (Milner 1963). Monkeys with PFC lesions are impaired in an analog of this task (Dias et al 1996b, 1997) and in others whe ...
... PFC damage show stereotyped deficits in the WCST. They are able to acquire the initial mapping without much difficulty but are unable to adapt their behavior when the rule varies (Milner 1963). Monkeys with PFC lesions are impaired in an analog of this task (Dias et al 1996b, 1997) and in others whe ...
Action Preparation Shapes Processing in Early Visual Cortex
... anatomical scan was acquired at lower field due to intensity inhomogeneities at higher field, which interfered with the flat-mapping procedure. For registration purposes, a partial volume T1 was acquired for each subject at the 7T scanner (voxel size: 0.97 ⫻ 0.97 mm; slice thickness 1 mm, 44 slices) ...
... anatomical scan was acquired at lower field due to intensity inhomogeneities at higher field, which interfered with the flat-mapping procedure. For registration purposes, a partial volume T1 was acquired for each subject at the 7T scanner (voxel size: 0.97 ⫻ 0.97 mm; slice thickness 1 mm, 44 slices) ...
Position Selectivity in Scene- and Object-Responsive
... such as doors, windows, bricks, and tree trunks. On the other hand, if these regions contain neurons with larger, less position-specific RFs, this may indicate that they encode information about more global visual features that are truly unique to scenes, such as large extended surfaces defined by w ...
... such as doors, windows, bricks, and tree trunks. On the other hand, if these regions contain neurons with larger, less position-specific RFs, this may indicate that they encode information about more global visual features that are truly unique to scenes, such as large extended surfaces defined by w ...
Precise visuotopic organization of the blind spot representation in
... in peak response across all directions, was selected as the correction value for the latency (Fig. 1C, without any latency correction; Fig. 1D, with a latency correction of 80 ms). The latencies we estimated in our data (⬃60 –120 ms) were comparable to those usually reported for V1 (Maunsell and Gib ...
... in peak response across all directions, was selected as the correction value for the latency (Fig. 1C, without any latency correction; Fig. 1D, with a latency correction of 80 ms). The latencies we estimated in our data (⬃60 –120 ms) were comparable to those usually reported for V1 (Maunsell and Gib ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... These weights define a suppressive field. The suppressive field may differ across neurons (hence the subscript j). For example, neurons in primary visual cortex whose summation fields are centred on different spatial locations would have suppressive fields that are centred at corresponding locations ...
... These weights define a suppressive field. The suppressive field may differ across neurons (hence the subscript j). For example, neurons in primary visual cortex whose summation fields are centred on different spatial locations would have suppressive fields that are centred at corresponding locations ...
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Neuroscientific Probe of
... can be activated through transsynaptic action from stimulation of superficial cortical structures. A strength of TMS is that it can help establish causality, whereas other functional imaging and physiology methods only provide correlational data. However, it is important to note that the absence of ...
... can be activated through transsynaptic action from stimulation of superficial cortical structures. A strength of TMS is that it can help establish causality, whereas other functional imaging and physiology methods only provide correlational data. However, it is important to note that the absence of ...
2nd year - FORTH-ICS - Foundation for Research and Technology
... controls, and a higher activation in visual and motor cortices (Dapretto et al, Nature Neuroscience: 9, 1, 28-30, 2006). At this point we should stress that the concept “mirror neurons” reflects the function of a certain class of cells in premotor cortical areas F5 and PF, cells which discharge both ...
... controls, and a higher activation in visual and motor cortices (Dapretto et al, Nature Neuroscience: 9, 1, 28-30, 2006). At this point we should stress that the concept “mirror neurons” reflects the function of a certain class of cells in premotor cortical areas F5 and PF, cells which discharge both ...
Wide field-of-view, twin-region two-photon imaging across extended
... a photodiode (PD) using a pick-off mirror. This signal is used for demultiplexing later, as shown in (f). Power is attenuated using a halfwave plate (λ/2) and a polarizing beam splitting cube (PBS). After a second λ/2 (used to determine the power ratio sent to the two pathways) and a beam expander ( ...
... a photodiode (PD) using a pick-off mirror. This signal is used for demultiplexing later, as shown in (f). Power is attenuated using a halfwave plate (λ/2) and a polarizing beam splitting cube (PBS). After a second λ/2 (used to determine the power ratio sent to the two pathways) and a beam expander ( ...
An Integrative Theory on Prefrontal Cortex Function
... PFC damage show stereotyped deficits in the WCST. They are able to acquire the initial mapping without much difficulty but are unable to adapt their behavior when the rule varies (Milner 1963). Monkeys with PFC lesions are impaired in an analog of this task (Dias et al 1996b, 1997) and in others whe ...
... PFC damage show stereotyped deficits in the WCST. They are able to acquire the initial mapping without much difficulty but are unable to adapt their behavior when the rule varies (Milner 1963). Monkeys with PFC lesions are impaired in an analog of this task (Dias et al 1996b, 1997) and in others whe ...
striatum
... The ventral striatum = nucleus accumbens and adjacent caudate nucleus and putamen The reward- related striatum is defined also by projections from orbitofrontal and anterior cingular cortex and by projections from limbic structures (hippocampus, amygdala) 22 % of the striatum The nc. accumbens may p ...
... The ventral striatum = nucleus accumbens and adjacent caudate nucleus and putamen The reward- related striatum is defined also by projections from orbitofrontal and anterior cingular cortex and by projections from limbic structures (hippocampus, amygdala) 22 % of the striatum The nc. accumbens may p ...
Neuronal basis of contrast discrimination
... with a mid-gray field of equal mean luminance. Voxels with correlations above a liberal threshold (r \0.23 with 0–9 s time lag) were included in further analyses. This correlation threshold of r\0.23 corresponds to a PB 0.025 (one-tailed) significance level with n =72 given that the 72 points in the ...
... with a mid-gray field of equal mean luminance. Voxels with correlations above a liberal threshold (r \0.23 with 0–9 s time lag) were included in further analyses. This correlation threshold of r\0.23 corresponds to a PB 0.025 (one-tailed) significance level with n =72 given that the 72 points in the ...
What is the function of the claustrum? - Christof Koch
... in the frontal lobe is connected to cortical area D, also in the frontal lobe, their respective claustral target zones will overlap along a dorsoventral axis and (iii) if area A is not connected to cortical area B, no matter where in the cortex they are located, their target zones in the claustral w ...
... in the frontal lobe is connected to cortical area D, also in the frontal lobe, their respective claustral target zones will overlap along a dorsoventral axis and (iii) if area A is not connected to cortical area B, no matter where in the cortex they are located, their target zones in the claustral w ...
Neurophysiologic markers in laryngeal muscles indicate functional
... the laryngeal muscles (Corballis, 2003). The direct functional connectivity of M1 for laryngeal muscles was demonstrated in our studies (Deletis et al., 2008, 2009, 2011; Espadaler et al. 2012). In these studies, we have developed methodologies for stimulating M1 for laryngeal muscles and recording ...
... the laryngeal muscles (Corballis, 2003). The direct functional connectivity of M1 for laryngeal muscles was demonstrated in our studies (Deletis et al., 2008, 2009, 2011; Espadaler et al. 2012). In these studies, we have developed methodologies for stimulating M1 for laryngeal muscles and recording ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... The brain has a modular design. The advantages of modularity are well known to engineers: modules that can be replicated and cascaded, such as transistors and web servers, lie at the root of powerful technologies. The brain seems to apply this principle in two ways: with modular circuits and ...
... The brain has a modular design. The advantages of modularity are well known to engineers: modules that can be replicated and cascaded, such as transistors and web servers, lie at the root of powerful technologies. The brain seems to apply this principle in two ways: with modular circuits and ...
Brca1 is required for embryonic development of the mouse cerebral
... To examine the effects of conditional Brca1 ablation on the neocortex, we first analyzed the size and gross morphology of the P4.5 brain. Compared with the control, Brca1-ablated brains showed a reduction in size specific to the cerebral cortex (Fig. 1C). The whole-brain weight of Brca1-ablated mice ...
... To examine the effects of conditional Brca1 ablation on the neocortex, we first analyzed the size and gross morphology of the P4.5 brain. Compared with the control, Brca1-ablated brains showed a reduction in size specific to the cerebral cortex (Fig. 1C). The whole-brain weight of Brca1-ablated mice ...
Efficient coding and the neural representation of value
... in the sensorimotor processing pathway, the activity of neurons in the posterior parietal cortex varies monotonically with the subjective value of the reward associated with a saccade.6–10 This influence of value extends through the oculomotor pathway to brain areas more closely tied to saccade exec ...
... in the sensorimotor processing pathway, the activity of neurons in the posterior parietal cortex varies monotonically with the subjective value of the reward associated with a saccade.6–10 This influence of value extends through the oculomotor pathway to brain areas more closely tied to saccade exec ...
Cortical cooling
Neuroscientists generate various studies to help explain many of the complex connections and functions of the brain. Most studies utilize animal models that have varying degrees of comparison to the human brain; for example, small rodents are less comparable than non-human primates. One of the most definitive ways of determining which sections of the brain contribute to certain behavior or function is to deactivate a section of the brain and observe what behavior is altered. Investigators have a wide range of options for deactivating neural tissue, and one of the more recently developed methods being used is deactivation through cooling. Cortical cooling refers to the cooling methods restricted to the cerebral cortex, where most higher brain processes occur. Below is a list of current cooling methods, their advantages and limitations, and some studies that have used cooling to elucidate neural functions.