Neuroanatomical correlates of the near response: voluntary
... FIG. 1. (A) Human dioptric focusing system and efferent pathways from the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to the ciliary muscle. The major innervation to the ciliary muscle is parasympathetic and follows the pathway shown by the thick solid lines. The parasympathetic pathway originates in the Edinger ...
... FIG. 1. (A) Human dioptric focusing system and efferent pathways from the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to the ciliary muscle. The major innervation to the ciliary muscle is parasympathetic and follows the pathway shown by the thick solid lines. The parasympathetic pathway originates in the Edinger ...
Review Inhibitory neurotransmission, plasticity and aging in the
... mammalian central auditory system are reviewed below. Where relevant, the effects of adult peripheral deafferentation in the same circuits are described. Homeostatic plasticity describes how, in response to activitydependent input changes in development and deafferentation, neural systems undergo pr ...
... mammalian central auditory system are reviewed below. Where relevant, the effects of adult peripheral deafferentation in the same circuits are described. Homeostatic plasticity describes how, in response to activitydependent input changes in development and deafferentation, neural systems undergo pr ...
Neuronal morphology in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana
... By extension, neuromorphological diversity in the elephant implies a diverse cytoarchitecture, which would contradict the long-held, but problematic claim that large brains—such as in cetaceans—lack histological complexity (Kesarev 1975; Glezer et al. 1988). In fact, recent studies on cetacean cereb ...
... By extension, neuromorphological diversity in the elephant implies a diverse cytoarchitecture, which would contradict the long-held, but problematic claim that large brains—such as in cetaceans—lack histological complexity (Kesarev 1975; Glezer et al. 1988). In fact, recent studies on cetacean cereb ...
Pansynaptic Enlargement at Adult Cortical
... associated structural modifications to the neuronal connection. Currently, however, it is not known which aspects of the altered synaptic transmission induced by behavioral experience are reinforced by structural remodeling of synapses. Addressing this issue requires a combination of functional recor ...
... associated structural modifications to the neuronal connection. Currently, however, it is not known which aspects of the altered synaptic transmission induced by behavioral experience are reinforced by structural remodeling of synapses. Addressing this issue requires a combination of functional recor ...
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... The A1 of each animal was defined by its location, tonotopic organization, narrow bandwidths, and short latencies. The CF of sites increases systematically from posterior to anterior across the surface of A1. Receptive field sizes in A1 were narrower than PAF sites (Fig. 1, A and C). In both control ...
... The A1 of each animal was defined by its location, tonotopic organization, narrow bandwidths, and short latencies. The CF of sites increases systematically from posterior to anterior across the surface of A1. Receptive field sizes in A1 were narrower than PAF sites (Fig. 1, A and C). In both control ...
Mapping the Brain
... immediate classification of neurons into large classes: sensory neurons (with distinctive sensory dendrites and cilia), motor neurons (with neuromuscular junctions) and interneurons (a term that is used in C. elegans to describe any neuron that is not evidently sensory or motor, encompassing project ...
... immediate classification of neurons into large classes: sensory neurons (with distinctive sensory dendrites and cilia), motor neurons (with neuromuscular junctions) and interneurons (a term that is used in C. elegans to describe any neuron that is not evidently sensory or motor, encompassing project ...
Within-hemifield perceptual averaging of facial expressions
... distracts attention from the emotionally relevant features of the face, Tyler & Chen, 2006). The faces were then scaled to be the same size. Each face subtended 2.75(width) by 3.95- (height) of visual angle and was embedded in a box of colored Gaussian noise slightly larger than the face, subtending ...
... distracts attention from the emotionally relevant features of the face, Tyler & Chen, 2006). The faces were then scaled to be the same size. Each face subtended 2.75(width) by 3.95- (height) of visual angle and was embedded in a box of colored Gaussian noise slightly larger than the face, subtending ...
L
... are determined by the region of brain in which the seizure occurs. The seizure occupies a limited volume of cerebral cortex. Complex Partial Seizure: consciousness is impaired.The seizure occupies a larger volume of cerebral cortex such that normal thinking is impaired. Often, complex partial seizur ...
... are determined by the region of brain in which the seizure occurs. The seizure occupies a limited volume of cerebral cortex. Complex Partial Seizure: consciousness is impaired.The seizure occupies a larger volume of cerebral cortex such that normal thinking is impaired. Often, complex partial seizur ...
Imaging development and plasticity in the mouse visual system
... level of individual neurons with in vivo two-photon imaging of calcium signals. Monitoring calcium transients associated with neuronal activity in up to hundred cells simultaneously, enabled me to examine MD-induced changes in the functional properties of each neuron independently. I found that, in ...
... level of individual neurons with in vivo two-photon imaging of calcium signals. Monitoring calcium transients associated with neuronal activity in up to hundred cells simultaneously, enabled me to examine MD-induced changes in the functional properties of each neuron independently. I found that, in ...
Optical brain imaging in vivo: techniques and applications from
... absorption is shown assuming 2-mM concentration of hemoglobin in blood and 3% content of blood in tissue 共60 mM in tissue34兲 calculated from spectra.257 HbR spectrum represents 3% fully deoxygenated blood in tissue. Scatter spectrum is approximate using: ⬘s = A−b, where A = 1.14 ⫻ 10−7 m and b = 1 ...
... absorption is shown assuming 2-mM concentration of hemoglobin in blood and 3% content of blood in tissue 共60 mM in tissue34兲 calculated from spectra.257 HbR spectrum represents 3% fully deoxygenated blood in tissue. Scatter spectrum is approximate using: ⬘s = A−b, where A = 1.14 ⫻ 10−7 m and b = 1 ...
High acetylcholine sets circuit dynamics for attention and
... In the computational modeling work presented here and previously (Hasselmo et al., 1992; Hasselmo and Schnell, 1994; Patil and Hasselmo, 1999; Linster and Hasselmo, 2001), we model acetylcholine effects as being diffuse and relatively homogeneous within cortical circuits. That is, we assume that vol ...
... In the computational modeling work presented here and previously (Hasselmo et al., 1992; Hasselmo and Schnell, 1994; Patil and Hasselmo, 1999; Linster and Hasselmo, 2001), we model acetylcholine effects as being diffuse and relatively homogeneous within cortical circuits. That is, we assume that vol ...
A Brain-to-Brain Interface for Real
... (Figure 4). Encoder rats (N 5 2) were trained to discriminate the diameter of an aperture width with their whiskers17. If the aperture was narrow, rats were required to nose poke on the left side of the chamber, otherwise they had to poke on the right side of the chamber. Decoder rats (N 5 5) were t ...
... (Figure 4). Encoder rats (N 5 2) were trained to discriminate the diameter of an aperture width with their whiskers17. If the aperture was narrow, rats were required to nose poke on the left side of the chamber, otherwise they had to poke on the right side of the chamber. Decoder rats (N 5 5) were t ...
Link
... resolution and low signal-to-noise ratio for this small and deeply located subcortical brain region. However, there are several studies that investigated the sensitivity of the SC to visual stimulation in the absence of eye movements [37–42]. In line with animal research, these studies showed that t ...
... resolution and low signal-to-noise ratio for this small and deeply located subcortical brain region. However, there are several studies that investigated the sensitivity of the SC to visual stimulation in the absence of eye movements [37–42]. In line with animal research, these studies showed that t ...
What is a Tissue?
... • sprouting of new dendrites • synthesis of new proteins • changes in synaptic contacts with other neurons Limited ability for regeneration (repair) • PNS can repair damaged dendrites or axons • CNS no repairs are possible Formation of new neurons from stem cells was not thought to occur in huma ...
... • sprouting of new dendrites • synthesis of new proteins • changes in synaptic contacts with other neurons Limited ability for regeneration (repair) • PNS can repair damaged dendrites or axons • CNS no repairs are possible Formation of new neurons from stem cells was not thought to occur in huma ...
Cross modality matching of brightness and loudness
... Cross modality matching is a magnitude matching procedure, developed to study the relationships between sensory modalities. Auditory and visual sensory integration can be examined through cross modality matching of brightness and loudness. Brightness and loudness are natural correlates of one anothe ...
... Cross modality matching is a magnitude matching procedure, developed to study the relationships between sensory modalities. Auditory and visual sensory integration can be examined through cross modality matching of brightness and loudness. Brightness and loudness are natural correlates of one anothe ...
The effects of normal aging on myelin and nerve fibers: A review
... that compared to normal adults there is a 31% lengthening of conduction latencies from nucleus basalis to frontal cortex in old rats. Also in proteolipid protein (PLP) deficient mice, in which the myelin is loose or decompacted (Gutiérrez et al., 1995) conduction velocity is reduced, as it is in ne ...
... that compared to normal adults there is a 31% lengthening of conduction latencies from nucleus basalis to frontal cortex in old rats. Also in proteolipid protein (PLP) deficient mice, in which the myelin is loose or decompacted (Gutiérrez et al., 1995) conduction velocity is reduced, as it is in ne ...
BMC Neuroscience
... The second analysis addressed this question by considering the relationship of the structural type of pairs of connected cortices. This analysis was motivated by our previous findings that cortical type is highly correlated with the laminar pattern of ipsilateral corticocortical connections [15]. St ...
... The second analysis addressed this question by considering the relationship of the structural type of pairs of connected cortices. This analysis was motivated by our previous findings that cortical type is highly correlated with the laminar pattern of ipsilateral corticocortical connections [15]. St ...
Relationship of Prefrontal Connections to Inhibitory Systems in Superior Temporal
... evidence in both human and non-human primates that all prefrontal cortices have a role in inhibitory control, albeit within the domain of their specialization (for reviews see Shimamura, 1995; Roberts and Wallis, 2000). The phenomenon of inhibitory control is exemplified at the functional level in th ...
... evidence in both human and non-human primates that all prefrontal cortices have a role in inhibitory control, albeit within the domain of their specialization (for reviews see Shimamura, 1995; Roberts and Wallis, 2000). The phenomenon of inhibitory control is exemplified at the functional level in th ...
Motor Areas of the Medial Wall: A Review of Their Location and
... superior frontal gyms and three motor areas buried within the cingulate sulcus. In addition, there is evidence that a fifth motor field, the pre-SMA, lies rostral to the SMA proper. Recent physiological observations provide evidence for functional differences among these motor fields. In the human, ...
... superior frontal gyms and three motor areas buried within the cingulate sulcus. In addition, there is evidence that a fifth motor field, the pre-SMA, lies rostral to the SMA proper. Recent physiological observations provide evidence for functional differences among these motor fields. In the human, ...
Basal Ganglia objectives - NBio401
... their position in the brain relative to the cerebral cortex, internal capsule, and thalamus. -Be able to describe how the components of the basal ganglia are connected to the cerebral cortex and to each other. -Be able to explain the general effects of the direct and indirect pathways through the ba ...
... their position in the brain relative to the cerebral cortex, internal capsule, and thalamus. -Be able to describe how the components of the basal ganglia are connected to the cerebral cortex and to each other. -Be able to explain the general effects of the direct and indirect pathways through the ba ...
chapter 4 the evolution of body, brain, behavior, and mind in
... develop functional lungs until they have metamorphosed. Moreover, lacking a diaphragm, the amphibian lung is a less efficient air exchange apparatus than the lungs of higher vertebrates. Amphibians rely on a subcutaneous bed of blood vessels to absorb oxygen from the air and expel carbon dioxide. Ha ...
... develop functional lungs until they have metamorphosed. Moreover, lacking a diaphragm, the amphibian lung is a less efficient air exchange apparatus than the lungs of higher vertebrates. Amphibians rely on a subcutaneous bed of blood vessels to absorb oxygen from the air and expel carbon dioxide. Ha ...
Magnocellular and Parvocellular Contributions to
... channel contributions in the extrastriate cortex. For example, physiological studies have shown that some intermixing occurs as early as the striate cortex (Malpeli et al., 198 1). Anatomical connections between visual areas in the 2 different streams of processing also suggest that appreciable inte ...
... channel contributions in the extrastriate cortex. For example, physiological studies have shown that some intermixing occurs as early as the striate cortex (Malpeli et al., 198 1). Anatomical connections between visual areas in the 2 different streams of processing also suggest that appreciable inte ...
Interactions between frontal cortex and basal ganglia in working
... memories there are also concomitant disadvantages. For example, because these memories do not involve structural changes, they are transient and, therefore, do not provide a suitable basis for long-term memories. Also, because information is encoded by the activation states of neurons, the capacity ...
... memories there are also concomitant disadvantages. For example, because these memories do not involve structural changes, they are transient and, therefore, do not provide a suitable basis for long-term memories. Also, because information is encoded by the activation states of neurons, the capacity ...
Visual detection deficits following inactivation of the superior colliculus in the cat
... et al., 1982; Overton & Dean, 1988; Lomber et al., 2001). Unfortunately, the interpretation of these studies is limited because of one or more of the following considerations: (1) Most of these experiments used permanent ablation of the SC rather than reversible inactivation. SC ablation initially p ...
... et al., 1982; Overton & Dean, 1988; Lomber et al., 2001). Unfortunately, the interpretation of these studies is limited because of one or more of the following considerations: (1) Most of these experiments used permanent ablation of the SC rather than reversible inactivation. SC ablation initially p ...
BOLD fMRI study of ultrahigh frequency encoding in the
... Portfors et al., 2009; Portfors and Wenstrup, 2002). This strategy could effectively reduce the large number of combinations to test, but also induced large variation in the frequency values tested in a study. With such limitations, it was not addressed whether UHFs are encoded in a generally organi ...
... Portfors et al., 2009; Portfors and Wenstrup, 2002). This strategy could effectively reduce the large number of combinations to test, but also induced large variation in the frequency values tested in a study. With such limitations, it was not addressed whether UHFs are encoded in a generally organi ...
Cortical cooling
Neuroscientists generate various studies to help explain many of the complex connections and functions of the brain. Most studies utilize animal models that have varying degrees of comparison to the human brain; for example, small rodents are less comparable than non-human primates. One of the most definitive ways of determining which sections of the brain contribute to certain behavior or function is to deactivate a section of the brain and observe what behavior is altered. Investigators have a wide range of options for deactivating neural tissue, and one of the more recently developed methods being used is deactivation through cooling. Cortical cooling refers to the cooling methods restricted to the cerebral cortex, where most higher brain processes occur. Below is a list of current cooling methods, their advantages and limitations, and some studies that have used cooling to elucidate neural functions.