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Voluntary Movement: The Primary Motor Cortex
... speculated that the progression of seizures across the body resulted from the spread of paroxysmal activity across small clusters of neurons lying along the central sulcus, each of which controlled movement of a different body part. Jackson’s proposal that a discrete cortical region is involved in t ...
... speculated that the progression of seizures across the body resulted from the spread of paroxysmal activity across small clusters of neurons lying along the central sulcus, each of which controlled movement of a different body part. Jackson’s proposal that a discrete cortical region is involved in t ...
22 The Anatomy and Physiology of the Motor System in Humans
... human and non-human primates. Contemporary anatomical methods of the motor system are based on the visualization of specific groups of brain cells (both neurons and glia) using immunological methods. These cells are detected using specific antibodies against proteins present in cell organelles or in ...
... human and non-human primates. Contemporary anatomical methods of the motor system are based on the visualization of specific groups of brain cells (both neurons and glia) using immunological methods. These cells are detected using specific antibodies against proteins present in cell organelles or in ...
Neurochemical organization of chimpanzee inferior pulvinar complex
... Povinelli, 2000). These studies make it clear that although humans share many features of brain organization and function with apes and monkeys, there are important differences as well. Documenting the patterns of similarities and difference is essential for understanding how results derived from no ...
... Povinelli, 2000). These studies make it clear that although humans share many features of brain organization and function with apes and monkeys, there are important differences as well. Documenting the patterns of similarities and difference is essential for understanding how results derived from no ...
Cerebral cortical hypoplasia with abnormal morphology of pyramidal
... density (OD) on captured images by using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA). Captured images of three distinct cortical areas, i.e., the primary motor cortex (M1), barrel field of primary somatosensory cortex (S1BF) and primary visual cortex (V1), which were defined in th ...
... density (OD) on captured images by using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA). Captured images of three distinct cortical areas, i.e., the primary motor cortex (M1), barrel field of primary somatosensory cortex (S1BF) and primary visual cortex (V1), which were defined in th ...
Electrical Stimulation of the Horizontal Limb of the Diagonal Band
... As summarized schematically in Fig. 2, bipolar stimulation electrodes (100 mm stainless steel, Formvar-insulated except at the tips, twisted together) were placed in the LOT (4.7 mm anterior; 3.4 mm lateral; 5.2 ventral from bregma), in pPC (3.6 mm posterior, 3.0 mm lateral (14° angled laterally); 9 ...
... As summarized schematically in Fig. 2, bipolar stimulation electrodes (100 mm stainless steel, Formvar-insulated except at the tips, twisted together) were placed in the LOT (4.7 mm anterior; 3.4 mm lateral; 5.2 ventral from bregma), in pPC (3.6 mm posterior, 3.0 mm lateral (14° angled laterally); 9 ...
Long-range GABAergic neurons in the prefrontal cortex modulate
... required to test whether activation of mPFC GABAergic projections to NAcc can create an aversive memory as well as modulate conditioned avoidance responses. Optogenetic activation can reveal if a region or projection may modulate a specific behavioral response. However, only silencing can determine ...
... required to test whether activation of mPFC GABAergic projections to NAcc can create an aversive memory as well as modulate conditioned avoidance responses. Optogenetic activation can reveal if a region or projection may modulate a specific behavioral response. However, only silencing can determine ...
The impact of continuity editing in narrative film on event segmentation
... and matches on action results in a stimulus that may not be too different from what the viewer would experience during a saccade. However, in addition to continuity edits, there are edits in which the filmmakers do not attempt to maintain continuity of space, time, or action. These edits occur most ...
... and matches on action results in a stimulus that may not be too different from what the viewer would experience during a saccade. However, in addition to continuity edits, there are edits in which the filmmakers do not attempt to maintain continuity of space, time, or action. These edits occur most ...
Altered cortical and subcortical connectivity due to infrasound
... living close to wind parks [21–23]. While it has been established that noise produced by wind turbines can indeed have a considerable very low-frequency component, IS emission only reaches SPL-maxima of around 80 to 90 dB [24–27], which may not be high enough to exceed the threshold for perception. ...
... living close to wind parks [21–23]. While it has been established that noise produced by wind turbines can indeed have a considerable very low-frequency component, IS emission only reaches SPL-maxima of around 80 to 90 dB [24–27], which may not be high enough to exceed the threshold for perception. ...
Spatial Organization of Facial Vibrissae and Cortical Barrels in the
... proposed by Sikich et al. (1986), who described six rows of mystacial vibrissae, designated A–F in a dorsal to ventral direction, and reported that these rows differ from those of mice and rats in that they are more irregularly aligned with respect to one another. However, this arbitrary nomenclatur ...
... proposed by Sikich et al. (1986), who described six rows of mystacial vibrissae, designated A–F in a dorsal to ventral direction, and reported that these rows differ from those of mice and rats in that they are more irregularly aligned with respect to one another. However, this arbitrary nomenclatur ...
PDE5 Exists in Human Neurons and is a Viable Therapeutic Target
... Atlas (HPA004729)) at 1:1000 for 2 h, washing, and incubation in fluorescently labeled secondary antibody (Thermo scientific #35571) at 1:10,000 for 1 h. Blot images were taken using Odyssey imaging system (LI-COR). Of note, although the Cell Signaling and Atlas antibodies are from different compani ...
... Atlas (HPA004729)) at 1:1000 for 2 h, washing, and incubation in fluorescently labeled secondary antibody (Thermo scientific #35571) at 1:10,000 for 1 h. Blot images were taken using Odyssey imaging system (LI-COR). Of note, although the Cell Signaling and Atlas antibodies are from different compani ...
Chemosensory Convergence on Primary Olfactory Cortex
... (odor responses) after stimulus onset and normalized by subtracting baseline coherence [3 s (taste responses) or 2 s (odor responses) before stimulus onset]. Shuffled data were generated by computing the coherence between neural activity in a given time period and respiration in a randomly chosen ti ...
... (odor responses) after stimulus onset and normalized by subtracting baseline coherence [3 s (taste responses) or 2 s (odor responses) before stimulus onset]. Shuffled data were generated by computing the coherence between neural activity in a given time period and respiration in a randomly chosen ti ...
Sub-exemplar Shape Tuning in Human Face
... (Pourtois and others 2005) using an event-related paradigm found no significant differences between the average activation to front views and 3/4 views in face-selective areas in the fusiform cortex. Even more surprising is the finding that this area shows only a mild effect of difference in the avera ...
... (Pourtois and others 2005) using an event-related paradigm found no significant differences between the average activation to front views and 3/4 views in face-selective areas in the fusiform cortex. Even more surprising is the finding that this area shows only a mild effect of difference in the avera ...
Non-reward neural mechanisms in the orbitofrontal cortex
... We have also been able to obtain evidence that non-reward used as a signal to reverse behavioural choice is represented in the human orbitofrontal cortex. Kringelbach and Rolls (2003) used the faces of two different people, and if one face was selected then that face smiled, and if the other was sel ...
... We have also been able to obtain evidence that non-reward used as a signal to reverse behavioural choice is represented in the human orbitofrontal cortex. Kringelbach and Rolls (2003) used the faces of two different people, and if one face was selected then that face smiled, and if the other was sel ...
A Review of Cell Assemblies by Huyck and
... activation without stimulus from outside the CA, and is formed by learning. Extensive evidence from single unit recording and other techniques shows that there are CAs that have these properties, and their neurons also spike with some degree of synchrony. There are variants of the standard CA model, ...
... activation without stimulus from outside the CA, and is formed by learning. Extensive evidence from single unit recording and other techniques shows that there are CAs that have these properties, and their neurons also spike with some degree of synchrony. There are variants of the standard CA model, ...
Subregions of the human superior frontal gyrus and their connections
... (rsFC) can reveal functional correlation between every two regions by evaluating the temporal coherence of the low frequency blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signals. The combination of these methods will simultaneously show both the anatomical and functional connection patterns of a brain area, ...
... (rsFC) can reveal functional correlation between every two regions by evaluating the temporal coherence of the low frequency blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signals. The combination of these methods will simultaneously show both the anatomical and functional connection patterns of a brain area, ...
Selective amplification of the S
... background (i.e. cone contrast). Stimulus chromaticity is given by the vector direction and contrast by vector length within the cone contrast space. Three cardinal stimuli (RG, BY and Ach) were determined within this space to isolate each of the three different post-receptoral mechanisms, respectiv ...
... background (i.e. cone contrast). Stimulus chromaticity is given by the vector direction and contrast by vector length within the cone contrast space. Three cardinal stimuli (RG, BY and Ach) were determined within this space to isolate each of the three different post-receptoral mechanisms, respectiv ...
Gao JCN 2000 - Georgia State University
... (V1 and AI) as observed in this study followed the welldescribed inside-out (Rakic, 1974; McConnell, 1985) and rostrocaudal (Luskin and Shatz, 1985a) gradients of cerebral cortical development. In addition, there was some limited evidence for a rostrocaudal gradient, in that AI matured slightly earl ...
... (V1 and AI) as observed in this study followed the welldescribed inside-out (Rakic, 1974; McConnell, 1985) and rostrocaudal (Luskin and Shatz, 1985a) gradients of cerebral cortical development. In addition, there was some limited evidence for a rostrocaudal gradient, in that AI matured slightly earl ...
Functional Organization in the Motor Cortex
... BOLD signal is in fact sensitive to movement direction. In addition, a model was constructed to estimate cluster size. This model estimated that cluster diameter is several hundreds of microns, which is comparable to the cluster size estimated in other studies in monkey M1. Given these results, the ...
... BOLD signal is in fact sensitive to movement direction. In addition, a model was constructed to estimate cluster size. This model estimated that cluster diameter is several hundreds of microns, which is comparable to the cluster size estimated in other studies in monkey M1. Given these results, the ...
Copyright 1984 by Desav, Paul Henri All Rights Reserved
... This thesis is a study of the structure, afferents and efferents of the cerebral cortex of the turtle. Such a project is of interest for two reasons. First, the cortex of the turtle is one of the most primitive versions of the cortex that can be recognized. An analysis of the turtle cortex allows us ...
... This thesis is a study of the structure, afferents and efferents of the cerebral cortex of the turtle. Such a project is of interest for two reasons. First, the cortex of the turtle is one of the most primitive versions of the cortex that can be recognized. An analysis of the turtle cortex allows us ...
cortical input to the basal forebrain
... extended basal forebrain areas, particularly in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band and the region ventral to it. Terminals were also found to a lesser extent in the ventral part of the substantia innominata and in ventral pallidal areas adjoining ventral striatal territories. Similarly, labele ...
... extended basal forebrain areas, particularly in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band and the region ventral to it. Terminals were also found to a lesser extent in the ventral part of the substantia innominata and in ventral pallidal areas adjoining ventral striatal territories. Similarly, labele ...
Color responses of the human lateral geniculate nucleus: selective
... background (i.e. cone contrast). Stimulus chromaticity is given by the vector direction and contrast by vector length within the cone contrast space. Three cardinal stimuli (RG, BY and Ach) were determined within this space to isolate each of the three different post-receptoral mechanisms, respectiv ...
... background (i.e. cone contrast). Stimulus chromaticity is given by the vector direction and contrast by vector length within the cone contrast space. Three cardinal stimuli (RG, BY and Ach) were determined within this space to isolate each of the three different post-receptoral mechanisms, respectiv ...
Structure-function relationship in hierarchical model of brain networks
... the dynamics of the network, using generic oscillators (periodic or chaotic) as the nodes of typical network models like small-world and scale-free networks, globally or sparsely connected with random architectures [15, 23, 70]. The ability of the network to achieve rather idealized complete synchro ...
... the dynamics of the network, using generic oscillators (periodic or chaotic) as the nodes of typical network models like small-world and scale-free networks, globally or sparsely connected with random architectures [15, 23, 70]. The ability of the network to achieve rather idealized complete synchro ...
Neurofilament and Calcium-Binding Proteins in the
... Additionally, this marker has been shown to be a reliable chemoarchitectonic indicator of the cingulate motor areas in the macaque monkey (Nimchinsky et al., 1996). Another set of useful markers are the calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin, calbindin, and calretinin. With the exception of a populati ...
... Additionally, this marker has been shown to be a reliable chemoarchitectonic indicator of the cingulate motor areas in the macaque monkey (Nimchinsky et al., 1996). Another set of useful markers are the calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin, calbindin, and calretinin. With the exception of a populati ...
Neural systems for guilt from actions affecting self versus others
... embarrassment, fear, guilt, pain, shame, tension, and valence. This assessment was conducted on a separate sample to characterize the emotions experienced upon encountering the scenarios for the first time. The goal of collecting these data was to assess how well our stimuli were tuned to guilt and t ...
... embarrassment, fear, guilt, pain, shame, tension, and valence. This assessment was conducted on a separate sample to characterize the emotions experienced upon encountering the scenarios for the first time. The goal of collecting these data was to assess how well our stimuli were tuned to guilt and t ...
Cortical areas are linked through pathways which originate and
... and the deep (4–6) layers, and the total density (total density = density in upper layers + density in deep layers). In all experiments, the number of labeled neurons or density of anterograde label throughout an architectonic area was obtained from serial coronal sections and entered into a databas ...
... and the deep (4–6) layers, and the total density (total density = density in upper layers + density in deep layers). In all experiments, the number of labeled neurons or density of anterograde label throughout an architectonic area was obtained from serial coronal sections and entered into a databas ...
Cortical cooling
Neuroscientists generate various studies to help explain many of the complex connections and functions of the brain. Most studies utilize animal models that have varying degrees of comparison to the human brain; for example, small rodents are less comparable than non-human primates. One of the most definitive ways of determining which sections of the brain contribute to certain behavior or function is to deactivate a section of the brain and observe what behavior is altered. Investigators have a wide range of options for deactivating neural tissue, and one of the more recently developed methods being used is deactivation through cooling. Cortical cooling refers to the cooling methods restricted to the cerebral cortex, where most higher brain processes occur. Below is a list of current cooling methods, their advantages and limitations, and some studies that have used cooling to elucidate neural functions.