Corticomuscular Contributions to the Control of Rhythmic Movement
... mimic the rhythmic movement of limbs that is common to various forms of human locomotion such as walking, running, and cycling. Recordings of muscular activity showed that the coordinated activation of muscles reduces to a few number of critical components when the pedaling load increases. This redu ...
... mimic the rhythmic movement of limbs that is common to various forms of human locomotion such as walking, running, and cycling. Recordings of muscular activity showed that the coordinated activation of muscles reduces to a few number of critical components when the pedaling load increases. This redu ...
Propagation of Epileptiform Events across the Corpus Callosum in a
... software (Mathworks, MA) and finite impulse response filtering (FIR filtering). In addition, 60 Hz noise and their harmonics were minimized by notch filtering with Butterworth algorithms in Matlab. IHLs were measured from the high pass filtered recordings using the crossing of a set amplitude thresh ...
... software (Mathworks, MA) and finite impulse response filtering (FIR filtering). In addition, 60 Hz noise and their harmonics were minimized by notch filtering with Butterworth algorithms in Matlab. IHLs were measured from the high pass filtered recordings using the crossing of a set amplitude thresh ...
Plasticity of Binocularity and Visual Acuity Are Differentially Limited
... complete cycle of the sinusoidal grating. Following the first failure, mice were required to achieve five correct trials in a row, or 8 of 10 correct trials at each spatial frequency before proceeding to the next higher frequency. Once a mouse failed to complete 8 of 10 correct trials at a given spa ...
... complete cycle of the sinusoidal grating. Following the first failure, mice were required to achieve five correct trials in a row, or 8 of 10 correct trials at each spatial frequency before proceeding to the next higher frequency. Once a mouse failed to complete 8 of 10 correct trials at a given spa ...
Projections of auditory cortex to the medial geniculate body of the cat
... a corresponding level of detail about the CT pathway, whose experimental analysis has had a much shorter history (Frigyesi et al., 1972; Jones, 1985). It was possible to question, only a few years ago, with the methods then available, whether primates had an auditory CT projection (Krieg, 1963). Sub ...
... a corresponding level of detail about the CT pathway, whose experimental analysis has had a much shorter history (Frigyesi et al., 1972; Jones, 1985). It was possible to question, only a few years ago, with the methods then available, whether primates had an auditory CT projection (Krieg, 1963). Sub ...
Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated
... locomotor hierarchy has been gained by transecting the neuraxis at different rostrocaudal levels. The existence of a spinal locomotor pattern generator is demonstrated by the fact that whereas a spinal animal displays no spontaneous locomotor activity, coordinated limb movements characteristic of lo ...
... locomotor hierarchy has been gained by transecting the neuraxis at different rostrocaudal levels. The existence of a spinal locomotor pattern generator is demonstrated by the fact that whereas a spinal animal displays no spontaneous locomotor activity, coordinated limb movements characteristic of lo ...
(2000). Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated behavior.
... locomotor hierarchy has been gained by transecting the neuraxis at different rostrocaudal levels. The existence of a spinal locomotor pattern generator is demonstrated by the fact that whereas a spinal animal displays no spontaneous locomotor activity, coordinated limb movements characteristic of lo ...
... locomotor hierarchy has been gained by transecting the neuraxis at different rostrocaudal levels. The existence of a spinal locomotor pattern generator is demonstrated by the fact that whereas a spinal animal displays no spontaneous locomotor activity, coordinated limb movements characteristic of lo ...
Alzheimer-like neurodegeneration in aged antinerve growth factor
... ␥1 constant regions, yielding the chimeric human兾rat antibody ␣D11, and placed under the transcriptional control of the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) early region promoter. Mice expressing functional anti-NGF antibodies (anti-NGF mice) were obtained by crossing mice expressing the light chain (CMV-VK ...
... ␥1 constant regions, yielding the chimeric human兾rat antibody ␣D11, and placed under the transcriptional control of the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) early region promoter. Mice expressing functional anti-NGF antibodies (anti-NGF mice) were obtained by crossing mice expressing the light chain (CMV-VK ...
Statistics and geometry of orientation selectivity in primary visual
... of cortical neurons at orthogonal orientations. Therefore, the response would be the strongest, if an elongated visual stimulus was properly located at an orientation such that the neuron is optimally activated by the bar, but not inhibited by the central inhibitory population. This geometric arrang ...
... of cortical neurons at orthogonal orientations. Therefore, the response would be the strongest, if an elongated visual stimulus was properly located at an orientation such that the neuron is optimally activated by the bar, but not inhibited by the central inhibitory population. This geometric arrang ...
Eyeblink Conditioning During an Interstimulus Interval Switch in
... that could be used with both 250- and 750-ms ISIs. Most important, we required a window that accurately detected short-latency responses without rejecting normally timed CRs as defined by the control rabbits. Thus, we used a rather restricted definition for short-latency CRs: those behavioral respon ...
... that could be used with both 250- and 750-ms ISIs. Most important, we required a window that accurately detected short-latency responses without rejecting normally timed CRs as defined by the control rabbits. Thus, we used a rather restricted definition for short-latency CRs: those behavioral respon ...
The Reorganization of Primary Auditory Cortex by Invasion of
... significantly larger than those of normal subjects, indicating an experience-dependent increase in the size of the affected brain regions (Maguire et al. 2000). b) Changes in topographic representation In addition to shrinkage of subcortical nuclei, sensory deprivation, deafferentation, and brain da ...
... significantly larger than those of normal subjects, indicating an experience-dependent increase in the size of the affected brain regions (Maguire et al. 2000). b) Changes in topographic representation In addition to shrinkage of subcortical nuclei, sensory deprivation, deafferentation, and brain da ...
Stimulus Configuration, Classical Conditioning, and
... the Schmajuk and Moore (1985) real-time version of the P-H model to include CS-CS associations and designated this rendering the S-P-H (Schmajuk-Pearce-Hall) model. By combining CS-CS and CS-US associations, the S-P-H model describes second-order conditioning and sensory preconditioning. Under the a ...
... the Schmajuk and Moore (1985) real-time version of the P-H model to include CS-CS associations and designated this rendering the S-P-H (Schmajuk-Pearce-Hall) model. By combining CS-CS and CS-US associations, the S-P-H model describes second-order conditioning and sensory preconditioning. Under the a ...
ATTENTIONAL MODULATION OF VISUAL PROCESSING John H
... Single-unit recording studies in the monkey have provided detailed, quantitative descriptions of how attention alters visual cortical neuron responses. When attention is directed to a location inside the receptive field (RF), the neuron’s contrast-response threshold is reduced, enabling it to respon ...
... Single-unit recording studies in the monkey have provided detailed, quantitative descriptions of how attention alters visual cortical neuron responses. When attention is directed to a location inside the receptive field (RF), the neuron’s contrast-response threshold is reduced, enabling it to respon ...
Olfactory pathway
... the temporal lobe (uncus). Then to olfactory association cortex (anterior part of parahippocampal gyrus or entorinal area). The primary olfactory area and olfactory association cortex are referred to as the pyriform cortex. It is responsible for the appreciation of olfactory stimuli. ...
... the temporal lobe (uncus). Then to olfactory association cortex (anterior part of parahippocampal gyrus or entorinal area). The primary olfactory area and olfactory association cortex are referred to as the pyriform cortex. It is responsible for the appreciation of olfactory stimuli. ...
Postnatal Development of the Corticospinal Tract in the Reeler Mouse
... Corticospinal tract (CST) neurons are located in layer V of the motor cortex, and send their axons to the spinal motoneurons, directly (5, 23) or indirectly (2, 35). The CST forms the longest axonal projection in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). The development of CST axons is the latest ...
... Corticospinal tract (CST) neurons are located in layer V of the motor cortex, and send their axons to the spinal motoneurons, directly (5, 23) or indirectly (2, 35). The CST forms the longest axonal projection in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). The development of CST axons is the latest ...
Coincidence Detection or Temporal Integration?
... In cats, SII cortex receives direct projections from the ventrobasal complex (Spreafico et al., 1981; Burton and Kopf, 1984). We recorded neurons in SII cortex instead of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex because receptive fields in SII cortex are larger, and this increased the probability of encoun ...
... In cats, SII cortex receives direct projections from the ventrobasal complex (Spreafico et al., 1981; Burton and Kopf, 1984). We recorded neurons in SII cortex instead of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex because receptive fields in SII cortex are larger, and this increased the probability of encoun ...
Taste, olfactory, and food reward value processing
... making termination of a meal more likely (Giza et al., 1992). Further, if taste activity in NTS is affected by the rat’s nutritional ...
... making termination of a meal more likely (Giza et al., 1992). Further, if taste activity in NTS is affected by the rat’s nutritional ...
Virtual dissection and comparative connectivity of the superior
... recognized in both macaques and humans (Makris et al., 2005; Fernandez-Miranda et al., 2008; Gharabaghi et al., 2009; Petrides and Pandya, 2009; Thiebaut de Schotten et al., 2011a; Martino and Marco de Lucas, 2014). Here we use the term “SLF” to refer specifically to direct fronto-parietal connection ...
... recognized in both macaques and humans (Makris et al., 2005; Fernandez-Miranda et al., 2008; Gharabaghi et al., 2009; Petrides and Pandya, 2009; Thiebaut de Schotten et al., 2011a; Martino and Marco de Lucas, 2014). Here we use the term “SLF” to refer specifically to direct fronto-parietal connection ...
Anatomical organization of the eye fields in the human and non
... (1969) (B). (A) ‘‘The circle 12 includes the superior and middle frontal convolution from the antero-parietal sulcus (Huxley), sulcus precentralis (Ecker), to the anterior extremity of the supero-frontal sulcus. The results of stimulation of these convolutions were always so uniform, that the genera ...
... (1969) (B). (A) ‘‘The circle 12 includes the superior and middle frontal convolution from the antero-parietal sulcus (Huxley), sulcus precentralis (Ecker), to the anterior extremity of the supero-frontal sulcus. The results of stimulation of these convolutions were always so uniform, that the genera ...
The industrial melanism mutation in British peppered moths is a
... High-quality contiguous reference sequences were assembled from tiled bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) and fosmid clones, resulting in one carbonaria and three different typica core haplotypes (see Methods and Extended Data Fig. 1). Alignment of these sequences (Supplementary Data 1) revealed 8 ...
... High-quality contiguous reference sequences were assembled from tiled bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) and fosmid clones, resulting in one carbonaria and three different typica core haplotypes (see Methods and Extended Data Fig. 1). Alignment of these sequences (Supplementary Data 1) revealed 8 ...
Representation of Sounds in Auditory Cortex of Awake
... Introduction The brain is the most complex computational device known to Man. Not only does it mediate our orientation in both external (physical) and internal worlds, but—even more astonishingly—the brain enables study of itself. Yet, this amazing device is composed of only a limited set of neurons ...
... Introduction The brain is the most complex computational device known to Man. Not only does it mediate our orientation in both external (physical) and internal worlds, but—even more astonishingly—the brain enables study of itself. Yet, this amazing device is composed of only a limited set of neurons ...
Bipolar Cell
... • As we all know, our eyes detect the presence of light. • For humans, light is a narrow band of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 380 and 760 nm (a nanometer, nm, is one-billionth of a meter) is visible to us. (See Figure 6.1.) • Other ...
... • As we all know, our eyes detect the presence of light. • For humans, light is a narrow band of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 380 and 760 nm (a nanometer, nm, is one-billionth of a meter) is visible to us. (See Figure 6.1.) • Other ...
Projections of the paraventricular and paratenial nuclei
... kg, ip) by means of a glass micropipette with an outside tip diameter of 40 – 60 m. Positive direct current (5–10 A) was applied through a Grass stimulator (Model 88) coupled with a high voltage stimulator (Frederick Haer, Bowdoinham, ME) at 2 seconds “on” / 2 seconds “off” intervals for 40 –50 mi ...
... kg, ip) by means of a glass micropipette with an outside tip diameter of 40 – 60 m. Positive direct current (5–10 A) was applied through a Grass stimulator (Model 88) coupled with a high voltage stimulator (Frederick Haer, Bowdoinham, ME) at 2 seconds “on” / 2 seconds “off” intervals for 40 –50 mi ...
Cross-modal Circuitry Between Auditory and
... or integration are comparatively rare. Furthermore, when neurons receiving auditory and somatosensory inputs have been reported, they showed the lowest incidence among the different patterns of multisensory convergence (Meredith and Stein, 1986; Wallace et al., 1992, 1993; Jiang et al., 1994a,b). Al ...
... or integration are comparatively rare. Furthermore, when neurons receiving auditory and somatosensory inputs have been reported, they showed the lowest incidence among the different patterns of multisensory convergence (Meredith and Stein, 1986; Wallace et al., 1992, 1993; Jiang et al., 1994a,b). Al ...
Eye fields in the frontal lobes of primates
... predominantly a head-centered code, and is involved in visuo-motor learning. One of the first investigators to examine the role of the cortex in eye-movement control was Hitzig w106x. Studying patients unable to move their eyes voluntarily, Hitzig found that he could induce eye movements by deliveri ...
... predominantly a head-centered code, and is involved in visuo-motor learning. One of the first investigators to examine the role of the cortex in eye-movement control was Hitzig w106x. Studying patients unable to move their eyes voluntarily, Hitzig found that he could induce eye movements by deliveri ...
Differential Impairment of Individuated Finger Movements in
... How relatively selective lesions of the motor cortex or corticospinal tract affect the independence of finger movements in humans has not been examined in detail, for two reasons. First, many studies of hand control after lesions to the motor system have used heterogeneous patients with relatively n ...
... How relatively selective lesions of the motor cortex or corticospinal tract affect the independence of finger movements in humans has not been examined in detail, for two reasons. First, many studies of hand control after lesions to the motor system have used heterogeneous patients with relatively n ...
Cortical cooling
Neuroscientists generate various studies to help explain many of the complex connections and functions of the brain. Most studies utilize animal models that have varying degrees of comparison to the human brain; for example, small rodents are less comparable than non-human primates. One of the most definitive ways of determining which sections of the brain contribute to certain behavior or function is to deactivate a section of the brain and observe what behavior is altered. Investigators have a wide range of options for deactivating neural tissue, and one of the more recently developed methods being used is deactivation through cooling. Cortical cooling refers to the cooling methods restricted to the cerebral cortex, where most higher brain processes occur. Below is a list of current cooling methods, their advantages and limitations, and some studies that have used cooling to elucidate neural functions.