Evidence that GABA augmentation of norepinephrine release is mediated by interneurons
... 1-way analysis of variance ŽANOVA. for independent samples. Each brain region was analyzed separately. For experiments using synaptoneurosome preparations, differences between groups were determined using a 2-way ANOVA, with GABA as one between-groups variable, and KCl concentration as the second. G ...
... 1-way analysis of variance ŽANOVA. for independent samples. Each brain region was analyzed separately. For experiments using synaptoneurosome preparations, differences between groups were determined using a 2-way ANOVA, with GABA as one between-groups variable, and KCl concentration as the second. G ...
Distribution of GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the
... Antisera to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have been used to characterize the morphology and distribution of presumed GABAergic neurons and axon terminals within the macaque striate cortex. Despite some differences in the relative sensitivity of these antisera for d ...
... Antisera to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have been used to characterize the morphology and distribution of presumed GABAergic neurons and axon terminals within the macaque striate cortex. Despite some differences in the relative sensitivity of these antisera for d ...
Supplementary Motor Area and Presupplementary Motor Area
... 0.6 –1.2 M⍀ at 1 kHz) (Suzuki and Azuma, 1976). Higher current intensities were used for mapping the pre-SMA (up to 80 A). The stimulus intensity was monitored by an isolated current probe that measured the current passing through the wire to the microelectrode. Microelectrode penetrations, spaced ...
... 0.6 –1.2 M⍀ at 1 kHz) (Suzuki and Azuma, 1976). Higher current intensities were used for mapping the pre-SMA (up to 80 A). The stimulus intensity was monitored by an isolated current probe that measured the current passing through the wire to the microelectrode. Microelectrode penetrations, spaced ...
Selective attention through selective neuronal synchronization
... Selective synchronization and selective attentional processing 1c). Consistent with this hypothesis, the interaction pattern of one neuronal group (A) with two other groups (B and C) can be predicted by their pattern of precise synchronization (Figure 1c). This has recently been demonstrated for in ...
... Selective synchronization and selective attentional processing 1c). Consistent with this hypothesis, the interaction pattern of one neuronal group (A) with two other groups (B and C) can be predicted by their pattern of precise synchronization (Figure 1c). This has recently been demonstrated for in ...
Test #2
... patient is unable to do this, and therefore you know that the General Practitioner's diagnosis is correct. Explain how you were able to deduce this based upon this one fact. In addition, briefly (no more than 1-2 sentences) explain how you would determine that the damage was not in the auditory asso ...
... patient is unable to do this, and therefore you know that the General Practitioner's diagnosis is correct. Explain how you were able to deduce this based upon this one fact. In addition, briefly (no more than 1-2 sentences) explain how you would determine that the damage was not in the auditory asso ...
Supplementary Information (doc 1146K)
... replication sample was not prospectively designed to be a replication of our experimental paradigm, but rather it was an independent cohort of SAD and controls from a separate study (PI: Schneier) which performed a similar, though not identical, implicit face processing task. Due to a minor programm ...
... replication sample was not prospectively designed to be a replication of our experimental paradigm, but rather it was an independent cohort of SAD and controls from a separate study (PI: Schneier) which performed a similar, though not identical, implicit face processing task. Due to a minor programm ...
An investigation of brain processes supporting meditation
... motor cortex, while deactivations were found predominately in the right hemisphere, the precuneus, the posterior cingulum and the parieto–temporal area. During sustained meditation, SPM analysis revealed activation in the head of nucleus caudatus. Extensive deactivations were observed in white matte ...
... motor cortex, while deactivations were found predominately in the right hemisphere, the precuneus, the posterior cingulum and the parieto–temporal area. During sustained meditation, SPM analysis revealed activation in the head of nucleus caudatus. Extensive deactivations were observed in white matte ...
Spinal Cord Terminations of the Medial Wall Motor Areas in
... at the level of the arcuate genu and extended caudally to 4 –5 mm rostral to the central sulcus (Fig. 2 B). The ventral bank of the cingulate sulcus was more completely filled than the dorsal bank in both animals. In addition, because the injection needles passed through the SMA as they entered the ...
... at the level of the arcuate genu and extended caudally to 4 –5 mm rostral to the central sulcus (Fig. 2 B). The ventral bank of the cingulate sulcus was more completely filled than the dorsal bank in both animals. In addition, because the injection needles passed through the SMA as they entered the ...
Significance of the cranial neural crest
... even though many neural crest cells are now produced they are deflected anteriorly and posteriorly (Niederlander and Lumsden, 1996). This effect could be due to the expression in both rhombomeres 3 and 5 of Sema3A, a molecule which is known to inhibit neural crest migration (Eickholt et al., 1999). S ...
... even though many neural crest cells are now produced they are deflected anteriorly and posteriorly (Niederlander and Lumsden, 1996). This effect could be due to the expression in both rhombomeres 3 and 5 of Sema3A, a molecule which is known to inhibit neural crest migration (Eickholt et al., 1999). S ...
Thalamic POm projections to the dorsolateral striatum of rats
... interstimulus intervals decreased so that successive stimuli on each trial were presented at intervals of 500 ms (2 Hz), 200 ms (5 Hz), and 125 ms (8 Hz). In both sets of recording experiments, the first stimulus in each block of four stimuli was classified as a 1-Hz stimulus because it was preceded ...
... interstimulus intervals decreased so that successive stimuli on each trial were presented at intervals of 500 ms (2 Hz), 200 ms (5 Hz), and 125 ms (8 Hz). In both sets of recording experiments, the first stimulus in each block of four stimuli was classified as a 1-Hz stimulus because it was preceded ...
Structure of Receptive Fields in Area 3b of Primary Somatosensory
... Electrophysiological recordings were made in the postcentral gyri of five hemispheres using standard techniques (Phillips et al., 1988; Mountcastle et al., 1991). On each recording day, a multielectrode microdrive (Mountcastle et al., 1991) was loaded with seven quartz-coated platinum /tungsten (90/ ...
... Electrophysiological recordings were made in the postcentral gyri of five hemispheres using standard techniques (Phillips et al., 1988; Mountcastle et al., 1991). On each recording day, a multielectrode microdrive (Mountcastle et al., 1991) was loaded with seven quartz-coated platinum /tungsten (90/ ...
Empathic choice involves vmPFC value signals that are modulated
... pay anything. The optimal strategy in this type of auction is for the buyer to bid exactly how much he is willing to pay for the item being sold (Becker et al., 1964). The active subjects knew that the outcome of the auction would be implemented and that the person for whom they were bidding would r ...
... pay anything. The optimal strategy in this type of auction is for the buyer to bid exactly how much he is willing to pay for the item being sold (Becker et al., 1964). The active subjects knew that the outcome of the auction would be implemented and that the person for whom they were bidding would r ...
C:\Vision\15Higher level Pt 2.wpd
... The work accomplished during the last decade of the 20th Century has had a profound impact on our knowledge of how the neural system works. This is true with respect to both the peripheral and central neural systems. While data collected prior to this decade continues to be of utility, the reader is ...
... The work accomplished during the last decade of the 20th Century has had a profound impact on our knowledge of how the neural system works. This is true with respect to both the peripheral and central neural systems. While data collected prior to this decade continues to be of utility, the reader is ...
The thalamus as a putative biomarker in neurodegenerative disorders
... its terminals are less well-grouped than those of the driving axon terminals; further, modulator afferents send a branch to innervate the RTN, whereas driver afferents do not (Bourassa et al., 1995; Darien-Smith et al., 1999). A key feature of driver afferents is that they determine the thalamic rel ...
... its terminals are less well-grouped than those of the driving axon terminals; further, modulator afferents send a branch to innervate the RTN, whereas driver afferents do not (Bourassa et al., 1995; Darien-Smith et al., 1999). A key feature of driver afferents is that they determine the thalamic rel ...
Rationalizing Context-Dependent Preferences: Divisive
... number that can be allocated to any given task (since neurons are not perfectly substitutable). This basic capacity constraint on information processing has two implications that will be particularly relevant for choice behaviour. First, neural activity is universally observed to be stochastic due t ...
... number that can be allocated to any given task (since neurons are not perfectly substitutable). This basic capacity constraint on information processing has two implications that will be particularly relevant for choice behaviour. First, neural activity is universally observed to be stochastic due t ...
the human entorhinal cortex
... morphologically interneurons. Although calretinin and calbindin were localized in non-pyramidal cells, they also labeled some pyramidal-like neurons. The high density of non-pyramidal neurons containing these calciumbinding proteins in layers II and III suggests they form a critical network that con ...
... morphologically interneurons. Although calretinin and calbindin were localized in non-pyramidal cells, they also labeled some pyramidal-like neurons. The high density of non-pyramidal neurons containing these calciumbinding proteins in layers II and III suggests they form a critical network that con ...
Do superior colliculus projection zones in the inferior pulvinar
... of a mixture of ketamine hydrochloride (30 mg/kg) and xylazine hydrochloride (1–2 mg/kg), supplemented as needed to maintain a surgical level of anaesthesia or replaced with 2% isoflurane as an inhalation anaesthetic. The head was fixed in a stereotaxic apparatus, and a portion of posterior parietal ...
... of a mixture of ketamine hydrochloride (30 mg/kg) and xylazine hydrochloride (1–2 mg/kg), supplemented as needed to maintain a surgical level of anaesthesia or replaced with 2% isoflurane as an inhalation anaesthetic. The head was fixed in a stereotaxic apparatus, and a portion of posterior parietal ...
THE VISUAL CLAUSTRUM OF THE CAT I. Structure and Connections`
... coordinates of AP +11.5, lateral 12.0, corrected by the amount of the previously determined error. Further penetrations were made as necessary based on our knowledge of the layout of the visual field in the claustrum (see LeVay and Sherk, 1981). The tungsten electrode was then replaced with a glass ...
... coordinates of AP +11.5, lateral 12.0, corrected by the amount of the previously determined error. Further penetrations were made as necessary based on our knowledge of the layout of the visual field in the claustrum (see LeVay and Sherk, 1981). The tungsten electrode was then replaced with a glass ...
Blueprint for exam make sure you know directional terminology be
... be able to give a description of the function of epithelial tissue be able to describe where epithelial tissue is found be able to describe all types of epithelial tissue, their function, and location be able to describe the characteristics of epithelial tissue (including the apical projections) be ...
... be able to give a description of the function of epithelial tissue be able to describe where epithelial tissue is found be able to describe all types of epithelial tissue, their function, and location be able to describe the characteristics of epithelial tissue (including the apical projections) be ...
The Differential Role of Motor Cortex in Stretch Reflex Modulation
... mechanical environment and task instruction (Compliant:Resist) differed from the baseline (Stiff:DNI) condition was investigated in experiment 3. Blocks of 20 trials in each task condition were performed with and without the application of TMS applied 50 ms before the perturbation. The order of task ...
... mechanical environment and task instruction (Compliant:Resist) differed from the baseline (Stiff:DNI) condition was investigated in experiment 3. Blocks of 20 trials in each task condition were performed with and without the application of TMS applied 50 ms before the perturbation. The order of task ...
The medial geniculate, not the amygdala, as the root of auditory fear
... major findings on which the AMYG model is based are summarized here, conveniently taken from Blair et al. (2003). They are numbered, for ease of later reference. 1. First, lesions or pharmacological inactivation of LA prevents the acquisition and expression of fear responses to an auditory CS, demons ...
... major findings on which the AMYG model is based are summarized here, conveniently taken from Blair et al. (2003). They are numbered, for ease of later reference. 1. First, lesions or pharmacological inactivation of LA prevents the acquisition and expression of fear responses to an auditory CS, demons ...
The time course of selective visual attention: theory and experiments
... computational cortical system based on the ‘‘biased competition’’ hypothesis that consists of interconnected populations of cortical neurons distributed in different brain modules which can be related to the different areas of the dorsal or ‘‘where’’ and the ventral or ‘‘what’’ paths of the primate vi ...
... computational cortical system based on the ‘‘biased competition’’ hypothesis that consists of interconnected populations of cortical neurons distributed in different brain modules which can be related to the different areas of the dorsal or ‘‘where’’ and the ventral or ‘‘what’’ paths of the primate vi ...
THE AMYGDALA AND REWARD
... consistency over time (for example, always rewarding, recently more rewarding, usually rewarding but not as much recently, and so on). Given the diversity of these aspects of reward, it is perhaps not surprising that learning about reward engages multiple neural systems. ...
... consistency over time (for example, always rewarding, recently more rewarding, usually rewarding but not as much recently, and so on). Given the diversity of these aspects of reward, it is perhaps not surprising that learning about reward engages multiple neural systems. ...
the amygdala and reward
... consistency over time (for example, always rewarding, recently more rewarding, usually rewarding but not as much recently, and so on). Given the diversity of these aspects of reward, it is perhaps not surprising that learning about reward engages multiple neural systems. ...
... consistency over time (for example, always rewarding, recently more rewarding, usually rewarding but not as much recently, and so on). Given the diversity of these aspects of reward, it is perhaps not surprising that learning about reward engages multiple neural systems. ...
LFP Power Spectra in V1 Cortex: The Graded Effect of Stimulus
... clarify the conditions under which gamma-band components of the LFP specifically distinguish themselves from the other LFP components as well as to explore what information the LFP can lend to our understanding of the spike responses when they are both recorded within the same paradigm by which prev ...
... clarify the conditions under which gamma-band components of the LFP specifically distinguish themselves from the other LFP components as well as to explore what information the LFP can lend to our understanding of the spike responses when they are both recorded within the same paradigm by which prev ...
Cortical cooling
Neuroscientists generate various studies to help explain many of the complex connections and functions of the brain. Most studies utilize animal models that have varying degrees of comparison to the human brain; for example, small rodents are less comparable than non-human primates. One of the most definitive ways of determining which sections of the brain contribute to certain behavior or function is to deactivate a section of the brain and observe what behavior is altered. Investigators have a wide range of options for deactivating neural tissue, and one of the more recently developed methods being used is deactivation through cooling. Cortical cooling refers to the cooling methods restricted to the cerebral cortex, where most higher brain processes occur. Below is a list of current cooling methods, their advantages and limitations, and some studies that have used cooling to elucidate neural functions.