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Neural Encoding I: Firing Rates and Spike Statistics
... respond by producing complex spike sequences that reflect both the intrinsic dynamics of the neuron and the temporal characteristics of the stimulus. Isolating features of the response that encode changes in the stimulus can be difficult, especially if the time scale for these changes is of the same ...
... respond by producing complex spike sequences that reflect both the intrinsic dynamics of the neuron and the temporal characteristics of the stimulus. Isolating features of the response that encode changes in the stimulus can be difficult, especially if the time scale for these changes is of the same ...
Neurobiology of Economic Choice: A Good
... Traditionally the object of economic theory and experimental psychology, economic choice recently became a lively research focus in systems neuroscience. Here I summarize the emerging results and propose a unifying model of how economic choice might function at the neural level. Economic choice enta ...
... Traditionally the object of economic theory and experimental psychology, economic choice recently became a lively research focus in systems neuroscience. Here I summarize the emerging results and propose a unifying model of how economic choice might function at the neural level. Economic choice enta ...
The continuous performance test: a window on
... and colleagues [J. Consult. Psychol. 20 (1956) 343.] demonstrated that the continuous performance test (CPT) as a measure of sustained attention was highly sensitive to brain damage or dysfunction. These findings have been replicated with various populations and with various versions of the CPT. The ...
... and colleagues [J. Consult. Psychol. 20 (1956) 343.] demonstrated that the continuous performance test (CPT) as a measure of sustained attention was highly sensitive to brain damage or dysfunction. These findings have been replicated with various populations and with various versions of the CPT. The ...
Retinotopic Organization and Functional Subdivisions of the Human
... partial Fourier factor of 7/8 was used to acquire an asymmetric fraction of k-space to reduce the acquisition time. The posterior edge of the acquisition volume was aligned in the midsagittal plane with the posterior edge of the corpus callosum to cover the posterior thalamus. Echo planar images wer ...
... partial Fourier factor of 7/8 was used to acquire an asymmetric fraction of k-space to reduce the acquisition time. The posterior edge of the acquisition volume was aligned in the midsagittal plane with the posterior edge of the corpus callosum to cover the posterior thalamus. Echo planar images wer ...
Artificial Neural Network in Drug Delivery and Pharmaceutical
... for detection and calibration of amino acids with similar structures and spectrums such as tryptophan, tyrosine, and histidine [32]. Moreover, ANNs are capable of assisting in determining of concentrations of a chiral sample and enantiomeric excess in a single spectrophotometric measurement due to t ...
... for detection and calibration of amino acids with similar structures and spectrums such as tryptophan, tyrosine, and histidine [32]. Moreover, ANNs are capable of assisting in determining of concentrations of a chiral sample and enantiomeric excess in a single spectrophotometric measurement due to t ...
The precision of value-based choices depends causally on
... aking choices based on the value of different options is fundamental for survival in most animal species, including humans1. A large body of research suggests that this cognitive function depends critically on integration of neural activity in several widely distributed brain regions2,3. For instanc ...
... aking choices based on the value of different options is fundamental for survival in most animal species, including humans1. A large body of research suggests that this cognitive function depends critically on integration of neural activity in several widely distributed brain regions2,3. For instanc ...
Medial Prefrontal Cortices Are Unified by Common Connections With Superior
... There are several additional cortices situated anteriorly within the medial prefrontal region, including area 9 dorsally, area 14 rostroventrally, and area 10, which caps the frontal pole. There is comparatively less information on the functions or connections of anterior medial areas, although rece ...
... There are several additional cortices situated anteriorly within the medial prefrontal region, including area 9 dorsally, area 14 rostroventrally, and area 10, which caps the frontal pole. There is comparatively less information on the functions or connections of anterior medial areas, although rece ...
From Thought to Action
... endeavor attempts to explain and predict empirical observations, while the engineering discipline works to develop medical treatments for motor deficits. This thesis relates to both the scientific and medical engineering concerns of neural movement control. The research presented here begins in Chap ...
... endeavor attempts to explain and predict empirical observations, while the engineering discipline works to develop medical treatments for motor deficits. This thesis relates to both the scientific and medical engineering concerns of neural movement control. The research presented here begins in Chap ...
Circuits through prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and ventral anterior
... was empty, and the bevel was rinsed in sterile saline several times before it was inserted in the brain. After injection of tracers the needle was left in place for 10–15 min to avoid diffusion of label up the needle tract. The needle was then withdrawn, the wound was closed in anatomic layers and t ...
... was empty, and the bevel was rinsed in sterile saline several times before it was inserted in the brain. After injection of tracers the needle was left in place for 10–15 min to avoid diffusion of label up the needle tract. The needle was then withdrawn, the wound was closed in anatomic layers and t ...
Levels of kinesin light chain and dynein intermediate
... Levels of abnormal PHF tau proteins and of Aß in frontal cortex of controls and AD patients We checked for the presence of phosphotau proteins with the PHF-1 antibody in control and AD samples of frontal cortex used for assessing the levels of kinesin light chain and dynein intermediate chain (Suppl ...
... Levels of abnormal PHF tau proteins and of Aß in frontal cortex of controls and AD patients We checked for the presence of phosphotau proteins with the PHF-1 antibody in control and AD samples of frontal cortex used for assessing the levels of kinesin light chain and dynein intermediate chain (Suppl ...
Predictions not commands: active inference in the motor system
... as a generalisation of predictive coding, in which movement is considered to suppress proprioceptive prediction error. We discuss how active inference could have important implications for the organisation of the motor system, and illustrate the implicit mechanisms using the classical ‘knee-jerk’ re ...
... as a generalisation of predictive coding, in which movement is considered to suppress proprioceptive prediction error. We discuss how active inference could have important implications for the organisation of the motor system, and illustrate the implicit mechanisms using the classical ‘knee-jerk’ re ...
Functional Neuronal Processing of Body Odors
... (Wallace 1977). In fact, humans are able to use signals conveyed in body odor to make accurate kin--nonkin judgments (Weisfeld et al. 2003) and to detect minute differences in genetic composition of unknown individuals (Jacob et al. 2002). It has even been suggested that signals communicating emotio ...
... (Wallace 1977). In fact, humans are able to use signals conveyed in body odor to make accurate kin--nonkin judgments (Weisfeld et al. 2003) and to detect minute differences in genetic composition of unknown individuals (Jacob et al. 2002). It has even been suggested that signals communicating emotio ...
Congruent Activity during Action and Action Observation in Motor
... The experimental task required the monkeys to repetitively move a cursor (6-mm-diameter circle) to a target (1 cm 2). The target appeared at a random location within the workspace, and each time the monkey reached it, a new target appeared immediately in a new random location. To complete a successf ...
... The experimental task required the monkeys to repetitively move a cursor (6-mm-diameter circle) to a target (1 cm 2). The target appeared at a random location within the workspace, and each time the monkey reached it, a new target appeared immediately in a new random location. To complete a successf ...
Visual Adaptation: Physiology, Mechanisms, and Functional Benefits
... stimuli over which the cell’s responsiveness is modulated (i.e., it can change tuning curve slope) (see also Bair and Movshon 2004; Dean et al. 2005; Nagel and Doupe 2006). A related approach was used by Sharpee et al. (2006), who showed that neural filters in cat V1 differ during and after exposure ...
... stimuli over which the cell’s responsiveness is modulated (i.e., it can change tuning curve slope) (see also Bair and Movshon 2004; Dean et al. 2005; Nagel and Doupe 2006). A related approach was used by Sharpee et al. (2006), who showed that neural filters in cat V1 differ during and after exposure ...
Networks of Spiking Neurons: The Third Generation of
... bit 1 is coded by the firing of a neuron within a certain short time window, and 0 by the non-firing of this neuron within this time window (see e.g., Valiant, 1994). However, under this coding scheme a threshold circuit provides a reasonably good model for a network of spiking neurons only if the f ...
... bit 1 is coded by the firing of a neuron within a certain short time window, and 0 by the non-firing of this neuron within this time window (see e.g., Valiant, 1994). However, under this coding scheme a threshold circuit provides a reasonably good model for a network of spiking neurons only if the f ...
The Development of Ocular Dominance Columns
... interfere with the normal process of geniculocortical afferent segregation. They do not, however, reveal whether neural activity is necessary for normal segregation, as would be the case if the Hebb mechanism were responsible. To investigate this question, Stryker and Harris (1986) blocked neural ac ...
... interfere with the normal process of geniculocortical afferent segregation. They do not, however, reveal whether neural activity is necessary for normal segregation, as would be the case if the Hebb mechanism were responsible. To investigate this question, Stryker and Harris (1986) blocked neural ac ...
optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor
... are ignored. Optimal state estimation is created by combining feedback signals and efferent copy of motor commands. The latter uses a forward internal model to convert motor commands to state variables. A key feature of optimal feedback control can be understood by considering a problem where a syst ...
... are ignored. Optimal state estimation is created by combining feedback signals and efferent copy of motor commands. The latter uses a forward internal model to convert motor commands to state variables. A key feature of optimal feedback control can be understood by considering a problem where a syst ...
response preparation and inhibition: the role of the
... during surgery and verified postmortem, were distributed on a number of gyral regions in the hemisphere contralateral to the performing hand. The sites selected for this study were from pre- and postcentral cortical areas of each monkey (six in GE, right hemisphere and four in LU, left hemisphere). ...
... during surgery and verified postmortem, were distributed on a number of gyral regions in the hemisphere contralateral to the performing hand. The sites selected for this study were from pre- and postcentral cortical areas of each monkey (six in GE, right hemisphere and four in LU, left hemisphere). ...
Soto-Faraco (2003) Multisensory contributions to the perception of
... stationary stimuli in different modalities can sometimes elicit a sensation of movement within one of the modalities (e.g. Hikosaka, Miyauchi, Takeichi, & Shimojo, 1996; Shimojo, Miyauchi, & Hikosaka, 1997; see also Maass, 1938). For example, Shimojo et al. reported that a horizontal line presented ...
... stationary stimuli in different modalities can sometimes elicit a sensation of movement within one of the modalities (e.g. Hikosaka, Miyauchi, Takeichi, & Shimojo, 1996; Shimojo, Miyauchi, & Hikosaka, 1997; see also Maass, 1938). For example, Shimojo et al. reported that a horizontal line presented ...
How do you feel -- now? The anterior insula and
... subjective feelings from the body, but rather apparently with all subjective feelings. One noteworthy study examined resting-state functional connectivity and found two networks, an ‘executive control’ network that included the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and parietal areas, and an emotio ...
... subjective feelings from the body, but rather apparently with all subjective feelings. One noteworthy study examined resting-state functional connectivity and found two networks, an ‘executive control’ network that included the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and parietal areas, and an emotio ...
Activity of Neurons in Anterior Inferior Temporal Cortex during a
... each of which makes different assumptions about the distributions. In a previous study (Miller et al., 199 1b), we used logistic regression. However, discriminant analysis often does better at discriminating among more than two classes and thus was employed in the present study. We also made use of ...
... each of which makes different assumptions about the distributions. In a previous study (Miller et al., 199 1b), we used logistic regression. However, discriminant analysis often does better at discriminating among more than two classes and thus was employed in the present study. We also made use of ...
Evidence for time division multiplexing of multiple simultaneous
... understood. Here, we provide evidence that the brain may accomplish this using time division ...
... understood. Here, we provide evidence that the brain may accomplish this using time division ...
Single-Trial Decoding of Visual Attention from Local Field Potentials
... neurons by shuffling trial order led to improvements in the decoding accuracy of visual attention across the visual field (Tremblay et al., 2015). We investigated whether decorrelating the LFP signal would lead to similar beneficial effects. We applied the same shuffling procedure to the LFP signal ...
... neurons by shuffling trial order led to improvements in the decoding accuracy of visual attention across the visual field (Tremblay et al., 2015). We investigated whether decorrelating the LFP signal would lead to similar beneficial effects. We applied the same shuffling procedure to the LFP signal ...
BASAL GANGLIA
... The basal nuclei are masses of cerebral Gray matter buried deep in the white matter, lateral to the thalamus deep within the cerebral hemispheres. ...
... The basal nuclei are masses of cerebral Gray matter buried deep in the white matter, lateral to the thalamus deep within the cerebral hemispheres. ...
BASAL GANGLIA
... The basal nuclei are masses of cerebral Gray matter buried deep in the white matter, lateral to the thalamus deep within the cerebral hemispheres. ...
... The basal nuclei are masses of cerebral Gray matter buried deep in the white matter, lateral to the thalamus deep within the cerebral hemispheres. ...
Cortical cooling
Neuroscientists generate various studies to help explain many of the complex connections and functions of the brain. Most studies utilize animal models that have varying degrees of comparison to the human brain; for example, small rodents are less comparable than non-human primates. One of the most definitive ways of determining which sections of the brain contribute to certain behavior or function is to deactivate a section of the brain and observe what behavior is altered. Investigators have a wide range of options for deactivating neural tissue, and one of the more recently developed methods being used is deactivation through cooling. Cortical cooling refers to the cooling methods restricted to the cerebral cortex, where most higher brain processes occur. Below is a list of current cooling methods, their advantages and limitations, and some studies that have used cooling to elucidate neural functions.