Topographic Organization of Connections Between the Hypothalamus and
... All of the prepared sections through the hypothalamus in one series were examined and charted. Labeled neurons were counted by outlining the area of interest (e.g., one nucleus) by moving the X and Y axes of the stage of the microscope. The number of labeled neurons within the enclosed area was calc ...
... All of the prepared sections through the hypothalamus in one series were examined and charted. Labeled neurons were counted by outlining the area of interest (e.g., one nucleus) by moving the X and Y axes of the stage of the microscope. The number of labeled neurons within the enclosed area was calc ...
Rules Ventral Prefrontal Cortical Axons Use to Reach Their Targets
... Fibers outside of the major bundles were traced individually. There were seven injections into different regions of the vmPFC, three into the mOFC, five in the cOFC, and four into the lOFC. One animal received three different tracer injections placed into different regions of vPFC (vmPFC, cOFC, and ...
... Fibers outside of the major bundles were traced individually. There were seven injections into different regions of the vmPFC, three into the mOFC, five in the cOFC, and four into the lOFC. One animal received three different tracer injections placed into different regions of vPFC (vmPFC, cOFC, and ...
Anatomy of Neuropsychiatry : The New Anatomy of the
... their daily research or practice. This in part reflects on the somewhat esoteric nature of the subject, neuroanatomy abounding in connectional and histochemical complexities far exceeding those found in other anatomical systems, say, e.g., the liver or heart. But it also relates to the relative entr ...
... their daily research or practice. This in part reflects on the somewhat esoteric nature of the subject, neuroanatomy abounding in connectional and histochemical complexities far exceeding those found in other anatomical systems, say, e.g., the liver or heart. But it also relates to the relative entr ...
Mitchell, Emma (2016) Detour pathways of descending motor
... deficits in the early phase after MCAo but recovered over time such that there were no significant differences in sensorimotor performances between shamoperated and MCAo rats at post-operative day 28. Despite functional recovery demonstrated by MCAo rats, the number of CTb-labelled terminals in the ...
... deficits in the early phase after MCAo but recovered over time such that there were no significant differences in sensorimotor performances between shamoperated and MCAo rats at post-operative day 28. Despite functional recovery demonstrated by MCAo rats, the number of CTb-labelled terminals in the ...
Martin, Neuroscientist 2005
... The corticospinal system connects the frontal and anterior parietal lobes with the spinal gray matter. Early in development, corticospinal neurons are distributed throughout much of the frontal and parietal lobes, and parts of the occipital and temporal lobes, but their distribution is later restric ...
... The corticospinal system connects the frontal and anterior parietal lobes with the spinal gray matter. Early in development, corticospinal neurons are distributed throughout much of the frontal and parietal lobes, and parts of the occipital and temporal lobes, but their distribution is later restric ...
PDF - Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
... significantly promote functional recovery from SCIinduced motor dysfunction in rats, and this neuroprotective effect may be related to the upregulation of GDNF. SCI treatments with GDNF and Schwann cells have been widely reported,and have concluded that GDNF-enhanced propriospinal axonal regeneratio ...
... significantly promote functional recovery from SCIinduced motor dysfunction in rats, and this neuroprotective effect may be related to the upregulation of GDNF. SCI treatments with GDNF and Schwann cells have been widely reported,and have concluded that GDNF-enhanced propriospinal axonal regeneratio ...
Insula function in anorexia nervosa
... today’s research in anorexia nervosa4. They have been used to study the responses in brain activity after certain stimuli to evoke the symptoms of the disorder4. These stimuli give insights in the way the brain functions in such disorders. One of the studies reported a reduced activity in the insula ...
... today’s research in anorexia nervosa4. They have been used to study the responses in brain activity after certain stimuli to evoke the symptoms of the disorder4. These stimuli give insights in the way the brain functions in such disorders. One of the studies reported a reduced activity in the insula ...
Convergence, Divergence, Pupillary Reactions and
... a restricted area on the gyrus compositus posterior of the cat and induced constriction of both pupils. I n the cat, Barris ('36) obtained bilateral and equal pupillary constriction from stimulation of the lower end of the inferior portion of the posterior lateral gyrus. The degree of pupillary cons ...
... a restricted area on the gyrus compositus posterior of the cat and induced constriction of both pupils. I n the cat, Barris ('36) obtained bilateral and equal pupillary constriction from stimulation of the lower end of the inferior portion of the posterior lateral gyrus. The degree of pupillary cons ...
Firing activities of auditory cortical neurons during categorical task
... Categorization is the act of assigning objects or events to classes (i.e., categories). By categorical perception the continuous and variable stimulation that reaches the sense organs is sorted out by the mind into discrete, distinct classes whose members come to resemble one another more than they ...
... Categorization is the act of assigning objects or events to classes (i.e., categories). By categorical perception the continuous and variable stimulation that reaches the sense organs is sorted out by the mind into discrete, distinct classes whose members come to resemble one another more than they ...
... the process that mediates sustained effort, is partially modulated by DA in the prefrontal cortex (PFC)(16) . Now, it is known that methylphenidate not only inhibits the dopamine transporter but also the norepinephrine transporter, and that amphetamines affect all three monoamines, including seroton ...
... Mapping projection neurons. Sections ipsilateral to the injection site were viewed under bright-®eld or ¯uorescence illumination to map retrogradely labeled neurons within the basal forebrain. Mapping of retrogradely labeled neurons was conducted using a microscope±computer interface and software de ...
Experience-Dependent Sharpening of Visual Shape Selectivity in
... neuronal responses are modified by long-term visual experience or training. Logothetis and others (1995) found that ITC neurons responded selectively to recently learned views of novel objects and showed orientation-dependent responses to objects during image-plane rotation. Kobatake and Tanaka (1998 ...
... neuronal responses are modified by long-term visual experience or training. Logothetis and others (1995) found that ITC neurons responded selectively to recently learned views of novel objects and showed orientation-dependent responses to objects during image-plane rotation. Kobatake and Tanaka (1998 ...
The Olfactory–Limbic System and Multiple Chemical
... In addition some odorant nerve impulses, from the primary olfactory cortex, are further projected to deeper nuclei structures within the brain. These structures are referred to collectively as the secondary olfactory regions or secondary olfactory cortex. “Auditory and visual sensory information re ...
... In addition some odorant nerve impulses, from the primary olfactory cortex, are further projected to deeper nuclei structures within the brain. These structures are referred to collectively as the secondary olfactory regions or secondary olfactory cortex. “Auditory and visual sensory information re ...
Sequence of information processing for emotions based on the
... depths in the amygdala. A period of 10–15 min was allowed for each injection, in order to allow the dye to penetrate at the injection site and avoid uptake of the dye upon retraction of the needle. The contralateral hemisphere in cases AW and AX was used to investigate connections in studies unrelat ...
... depths in the amygdala. A period of 10–15 min was allowed for each injection, in order to allow the dye to penetrate at the injection site and avoid uptake of the dye upon retraction of the needle. The contralateral hemisphere in cases AW and AX was used to investigate connections in studies unrelat ...
Topographic Organization of Corticospinal Projections from the
... fluorescence and weakly fluorescent neurons and glia. Prior studies have indicated that the effective area of uptake and transport of FB and DY is confined to zones I and II (e.g., Huisman et al., 1983; Kuypers and Huisman. 1984: Conde. 1987). Therefore. we have defined the “iniec-., tion sites” as ...
... fluorescence and weakly fluorescent neurons and glia. Prior studies have indicated that the effective area of uptake and transport of FB and DY is confined to zones I and II (e.g., Huisman et al., 1983; Kuypers and Huisman. 1984: Conde. 1987). Therefore. we have defined the “iniec-., tion sites” as ...
Refinement of feedforward projections, neuronal density, and
... the developing cortex will ultimately be. In addition to synapse density, we identified the postsynaptic targets as dendritic shafts or spines. While synapses can occur on both of these structures, spines are the most common targets (DeFelipe et al., 1999). We also differentiated between asymmetric ...
... the developing cortex will ultimately be. In addition to synapse density, we identified the postsynaptic targets as dendritic shafts or spines. While synapses can occur on both of these structures, spines are the most common targets (DeFelipe et al., 1999). We also differentiated between asymmetric ...
In 1978 Mountcastle hypothesized that the smallest functional unit of
... In the somatosensory cortex, minicolumns have previously been shown to not only be cortical structures, but to be functional entities as well. However, research of their functional role in cortical information processing has been limited. The main focus of the research in this manuscript was to asse ...
... In the somatosensory cortex, minicolumns have previously been shown to not only be cortical structures, but to be functional entities as well. However, research of their functional role in cortical information processing has been limited. The main focus of the research in this manuscript was to asse ...
New Treatment Approaches in Tinnitus: The Place of Repetitive
... that the effectiveness of TMS on tinnitus depends on the stimulation frequency applied and the auditory cortex hyperactivity, the mechanism of rTMS in tinnitus is not known completely yet. Besides, it is known that the current given by rTMS is only effective in superficial cortical layers and additi ...
... that the effectiveness of TMS on tinnitus depends on the stimulation frequency applied and the auditory cortex hyperactivity, the mechanism of rTMS in tinnitus is not known completely yet. Besides, it is known that the current given by rTMS is only effective in superficial cortical layers and additi ...
Response Differences in Monkey TE and Perirhinal Cortex: Stimulus
... Liu, Zheng and Barry J. Richmond. Response differences in monkey TE and perirhinal cortex: stimulus association related to reward schedules. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 1677–1692, 2000. Anatomic and behavioral evidence shows that TE and perirhinal cortices are two directly connected but distinct inferior t ...
... Liu, Zheng and Barry J. Richmond. Response differences in monkey TE and perirhinal cortex: stimulus association related to reward schedules. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 1677–1692, 2000. Anatomic and behavioral evidence shows that TE and perirhinal cortices are two directly connected but distinct inferior t ...
Rapid eye movement sleep promotes cortical
... For example, the activation of ERK against a background of waking-like unit activity may lead to the strengthening of selected circuits (10). Our results also further support a role for ERK in ODP, as originally reported in rodents (22). In contrast with our findings, 1 week of continuous RSD or bra ...
... For example, the activation of ERK against a background of waking-like unit activity may lead to the strengthening of selected circuits (10). Our results also further support a role for ERK in ODP, as originally reported in rodents (22). In contrast with our findings, 1 week of continuous RSD or bra ...
Early Sensory Pathways for Detection of Fearful Conditioned Stimuli
... ⫺3.5; M/L, 2.7; D/V, 4.5. The superior colliculus lesion group (0.1 l) had an injection contralateral to the whisker pad electrode (in mm): A/P, ⫺6.5; M/L, 1.5; D/V, 4. These coordinates and infusion volumes were based on histological results obtained from tests in naive animals (see below). Revers ...
... ⫺3.5; M/L, 2.7; D/V, 4.5. The superior colliculus lesion group (0.1 l) had an injection contralateral to the whisker pad electrode (in mm): A/P, ⫺6.5; M/L, 1.5; D/V, 4. These coordinates and infusion volumes were based on histological results obtained from tests in naive animals (see below). Revers ...
Planarian shows decision-making behavior in response to multiple
... sometimes communicate directly with motor neurons; however, when animals are exposed to more complex stimuli, integration of sensory information should be necessary to decide the appropriate behavior. Furthermore, integration of sensory information in this neural machinery is essential for choosing ...
... sometimes communicate directly with motor neurons; however, when animals are exposed to more complex stimuli, integration of sensory information should be necessary to decide the appropriate behavior. Furthermore, integration of sensory information in this neural machinery is essential for choosing ...
Neural mechanisms of stimulus generalization in auditory fear
... inputs to the amygdala essentially relies on the segregation of inputs in the leminscal (tonotopic) and non-lemniscal (non-tonotopic) systems, we further hypothesized that the tonotopic, but not the nontonotopic, pathway supports discriminative fear to auditory cues. In the lemniscal pathway, sharp ...
... inputs to the amygdala essentially relies on the segregation of inputs in the leminscal (tonotopic) and non-lemniscal (non-tonotopic) systems, we further hypothesized that the tonotopic, but not the nontonotopic, pathway supports discriminative fear to auditory cues. In the lemniscal pathway, sharp ...
Dendritic Spine Density Varies Between Unisensory
... properties and process multisensory information. All of these multisensory cortical areas are considered to be higher-order cortices, not only for the increased number of synaptic relays used to reach them, but also for their inputs from non-primary thalamic regions. Therefore, it is logical to expe ...
... properties and process multisensory information. All of these multisensory cortical areas are considered to be higher-order cortices, not only for the increased number of synaptic relays used to reach them, but also for their inputs from non-primary thalamic regions. Therefore, it is logical to expe ...
Distribution of GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the
... Antisera to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have been used to characterize the morphology and distribution of presumed GABAergic neurons and axon terminals within the macaque striate cortex. Despite some differences in the relative sensitivity of these antisera for d ...
... Antisera to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have been used to characterize the morphology and distribution of presumed GABAergic neurons and axon terminals within the macaque striate cortex. Despite some differences in the relative sensitivity of these antisera for d ...
Cortical cooling
Neuroscientists generate various studies to help explain many of the complex connections and functions of the brain. Most studies utilize animal models that have varying degrees of comparison to the human brain; for example, small rodents are less comparable than non-human primates. One of the most definitive ways of determining which sections of the brain contribute to certain behavior or function is to deactivate a section of the brain and observe what behavior is altered. Investigators have a wide range of options for deactivating neural tissue, and one of the more recently developed methods being used is deactivation through cooling. Cortical cooling refers to the cooling methods restricted to the cerebral cortex, where most higher brain processes occur. Below is a list of current cooling methods, their advantages and limitations, and some studies that have used cooling to elucidate neural functions.