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Technology Insight: noninvasive brain stimulation in neurology
... whereas an enlargement of the primary motor cortex area for the hand, as defined by TMS,39,40 correlates with better motor outcome. Studies in animals41 and humans42 have described a shift in sensorimotor cortex activation from bilateral to stroke-affected hemisphere in association with poststroke r ...
... whereas an enlargement of the primary motor cortex area for the hand, as defined by TMS,39,40 correlates with better motor outcome. Studies in animals41 and humans42 have described a shift in sensorimotor cortex activation from bilateral to stroke-affected hemisphere in association with poststroke r ...
Cartesian spatial coordinates Computing reaching dynamics in
... are considerably more concise than for joint-based reference frames and have physically intuitive interpretations (Hinton 1984). The dynamics of linked rigid bodies using spatial vectors, known as the Newton-Euler method (reviewed in APPENDIX A), has been well studied, especially in robotics, but it ...
... are considerably more concise than for joint-based reference frames and have physically intuitive interpretations (Hinton 1984). The dynamics of linked rigid bodies using spatial vectors, known as the Newton-Euler method (reviewed in APPENDIX A), has been well studied, especially in robotics, but it ...
the-senses-of-smell-and-taste
... • Starts from the ear drum and extends to the third ossicle. • Contains: Tympanic membrane, ear drum, Malleus (hammer), anvil (incus), stirrups (stapes) ...
... • Starts from the ear drum and extends to the third ossicle. • Contains: Tympanic membrane, ear drum, Malleus (hammer), anvil (incus), stirrups (stapes) ...
A local circuit approach to understanding integration of
... was –55 mV. Absolute refractory periods were 3 and 1 ms for RS and FS neurons. Relative refractor y periods were generated by time-var ying thresholds that pulsed up 10 mV on a spike and exponentially decayed to baseline with a 10 ms time constant (5 ms for FS neurons). This roughly approximates the ...
... was –55 mV. Absolute refractory periods were 3 and 1 ms for RS and FS neurons. Relative refractor y periods were generated by time-var ying thresholds that pulsed up 10 mV on a spike and exponentially decayed to baseline with a 10 ms time constant (5 ms for FS neurons). This roughly approximates the ...
Reward Systems in the Brain and Nutrition
... also other neurons that encode oral somatosensory stimuli, including viscosity, fat texture, and temperature as well as capsaicin (found in hot peppers) (176). Some neurons in the primary taste cortex respond to particular combinations of taste and oral texture stimuli, but macaque insular taste cor ...
... also other neurons that encode oral somatosensory stimuli, including viscosity, fat texture, and temperature as well as capsaicin (found in hot peppers) (176). Some neurons in the primary taste cortex respond to particular combinations of taste and oral texture stimuli, but macaque insular taste cor ...
Dynamic relationships between age, beta
... differences in age and amyloid-b-related changes in glucose metabolism. Multiple regressions were applied to examine the association between amyloid-b deposition and regional glucose metabolism. Both region of interest and whole-brain voxelwise analyses were conducted to complement and confirm the re ...
... differences in age and amyloid-b-related changes in glucose metabolism. Multiple regressions were applied to examine the association between amyloid-b deposition and regional glucose metabolism. Both region of interest and whole-brain voxelwise analyses were conducted to complement and confirm the re ...
The distribution of retino‐collicular axon terminals in rhesus monkey
... reconstruction was developed. This reconstruction shows the labeled regions as before, except that only one depth beneath the collicular surface is illustrated on any given plot (for example, see fig. 4). Since these reconstructions represent only one depth, they are drawn using lines rather than so ...
... reconstruction was developed. This reconstruction shows the labeled regions as before, except that only one depth beneath the collicular surface is illustrated on any given plot (for example, see fig. 4). Since these reconstructions represent only one depth, they are drawn using lines rather than so ...
PDF
... the ipsilateral dorsal column-trigeminal complex in lower brainstem and the contralateral ventroposterior nucleus (VP) of the thalamus, and the primary (area 3b) and other areas (1 and 2) of contralateral somatosensory cortex. These extensive deactivations were expected from the somatotopic organiza ...
... the ipsilateral dorsal column-trigeminal complex in lower brainstem and the contralateral ventroposterior nucleus (VP) of the thalamus, and the primary (area 3b) and other areas (1 and 2) of contralateral somatosensory cortex. These extensive deactivations were expected from the somatotopic organiza ...
PDF
... between primary motor cortex and the adjacent premotor cortex is uncertain. A traditional view is that premotor cortex instructs primary motor cortex, which in turn instructs the spinal cord (Fulton, 1935). However, both premotor and primary motor cortex project directly to the spinal cord in comple ...
... between primary motor cortex and the adjacent premotor cortex is uncertain. A traditional view is that premotor cortex instructs primary motor cortex, which in turn instructs the spinal cord (Fulton, 1935). However, both premotor and primary motor cortex project directly to the spinal cord in comple ...
Life: The Science of Biology, 8e
... • Broca’s area located in the frontal lobe, damage results in slow or lost speech but a person can read and understand language; • Wernicke’s area is in the temporal lobe, damage results in an inability to speak sensibly, as written or spoken language is not understood, a person may still be able to ...
... • Broca’s area located in the frontal lobe, damage results in slow or lost speech but a person can read and understand language; • Wernicke’s area is in the temporal lobe, damage results in an inability to speak sensibly, as written or spoken language is not understood, a person may still be able to ...
Feedforward and feedback frequency
... lowest level of the model and may be identified as a set of neurons within a given cortical area and layer. More precisely, we assume a population of pyramidal neurons and a population of inhibitory interneurons at this level. Within and between each population are recurrent and cross connections, r ...
... lowest level of the model and may be identified as a set of neurons within a given cortical area and layer. More precisely, we assume a population of pyramidal neurons and a population of inhibitory interneurons at this level. Within and between each population are recurrent and cross connections, r ...
Sources of the Scalp-Recorded Amplitude
... long delays, whereas AMFRs in the inferior colliculus could be recorded at higher modulation frequencies and had shorter delays . However, later studies that recorded AMFRs in animals after ablation of the auditory cortex discredited the idea that the primary auditory cortex was a major source (Tsuz ...
... long delays, whereas AMFRs in the inferior colliculus could be recorded at higher modulation frequencies and had shorter delays . However, later studies that recorded AMFRs in animals after ablation of the auditory cortex discredited the idea that the primary auditory cortex was a major source (Tsuz ...
The projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17 of the rat
... The exception is a degenerating terminal which synapses with the initial segment of an axon. No degenerating terminals forming definitive symmetric, or Gray type II, synapses have been encountered, and no images in our preparations have led us to suspect that geniculocortical afferents form symmetri ...
... The exception is a degenerating terminal which synapses with the initial segment of an axon. No degenerating terminals forming definitive symmetric, or Gray type II, synapses have been encountered, and no images in our preparations have led us to suspect that geniculocortical afferents form symmetri ...
Auditory cortical processing: Binaural interaction in healthy
... Two functioning ears provide clear advantages over monaural listening. We are able to locate sound sources in a variety of auditory spaces accurately (≈1 deg) and rapidly, and redirect our attention towards the sound sources. In addition, our speech understanding in noisy and reverberant environment ...
... Two functioning ears provide clear advantages over monaural listening. We are able to locate sound sources in a variety of auditory spaces accurately (≈1 deg) and rapidly, and redirect our attention towards the sound sources. In addition, our speech understanding in noisy and reverberant environment ...
Teaching Rounds in Cardiac Electrophysiology
... is the most common site of idiopathic epicardial LV arrhythmias.1 Although these tachycardias can be ablated from within the coronary venous system, not infrequently an epicardial approach is required.1–3,8 However, catheter ablation is unlikely to be successful in the upper part of the LV summit, t ...
... is the most common site of idiopathic epicardial LV arrhythmias.1 Although these tachycardias can be ablated from within the coronary venous system, not infrequently an epicardial approach is required.1–3,8 However, catheter ablation is unlikely to be successful in the upper part of the LV summit, t ...
A model for experience-dependent changes in the responses of inferotemporal neurons
... region (also known as the magnocellular nucleus basalis of Meynert) in the basal forebrain (Mesulam et al 1983). Cholinergic antagonists have been shown to increase the average visual response of all recorded IT neurons during a DMS task with delay (Miller and Desimone 1993, Dudkin et al 1994). Fina ...
... region (also known as the magnocellular nucleus basalis of Meynert) in the basal forebrain (Mesulam et al 1983). Cholinergic antagonists have been shown to increase the average visual response of all recorded IT neurons during a DMS task with delay (Miller and Desimone 1993, Dudkin et al 1994). Fina ...
Goals of Explaining Brain Functions Underlying Anxiety Disorders
... Cognitive Interventions in a “Whole Brain” Approach • Cognitive interventions are targeting the cortex • We have the most control over this part of our brain and can impact it if we work at it. • The interventions don’t directly change the amygdala’s functioning– once activated, the amygdala cannot ...
... Cognitive Interventions in a “Whole Brain” Approach • Cognitive interventions are targeting the cortex • We have the most control over this part of our brain and can impact it if we work at it. • The interventions don’t directly change the amygdala’s functioning– once activated, the amygdala cannot ...
Neural Correlates of Vibrissa Resonance: Band
... (A) Left: an example of a trigeminal ganglion (NV) single unit driven by B2 vibrissa stimulation at multiple frequencies. Spiking rate (top) shows a strong relation to vibrissa motion amplitude (middle). Vertical bars indicate the best frequency (BF, black), the frequency that drove peak neural acti ...
... (A) Left: an example of a trigeminal ganglion (NV) single unit driven by B2 vibrissa stimulation at multiple frequencies. Spiking rate (top) shows a strong relation to vibrissa motion amplitude (middle). Vertical bars indicate the best frequency (BF, black), the frequency that drove peak neural acti ...
The Representation of Complex Images in Spatial Frequency
... well separated SF domains in cat area 17. The relative phase of the sine wave gratings was fixed to zero, such that the pair moved as a coherent whole. Both sinusoidal components therefore moved with the same speed, but each component grating had a different TF because they had different SFs. Exampl ...
... well separated SF domains in cat area 17. The relative phase of the sine wave gratings was fixed to zero, such that the pair moved as a coherent whole. Both sinusoidal components therefore moved with the same speed, but each component grating had a different TF because they had different SFs. Exampl ...
Paper
... A craniotomy was performed over the target regions of cortex, and the tracer was deposited in 50–100 nL increments over approximately 15 min. The micropipette tip was left in place for an additional 5–10 min following the last deposit, in order to minimize leakage of tracer into non-target areas. Th ...
... A craniotomy was performed over the target regions of cortex, and the tracer was deposited in 50–100 nL increments over approximately 15 min. The micropipette tip was left in place for an additional 5–10 min following the last deposit, in order to minimize leakage of tracer into non-target areas. Th ...
Magnitude of the Object Recognition Deficit
... It is likely that the duration of time spent initially exploring the sample object will affect the discrimination of novelty, though this has rarely been examined. Some studies use a fixed sample period from 3 to 5 min (Aggleton et al., 1997; Ennaceur et al., 1996; Mumby et al., 2002), while others ...
... It is likely that the duration of time spent initially exploring the sample object will affect the discrimination of novelty, though this has rarely been examined. Some studies use a fixed sample period from 3 to 5 min (Aggleton et al., 1997; Ennaceur et al., 1996; Mumby et al., 2002), while others ...
View/Open
... that pass from the optic tracts mainly into the superior colliculi and other portions of the older visual system. Fields of Vision; Perimetry The field of vision is the visual area seen by an eye at a given instant. The area seen to the nasal side is called the nasal field of vision, and the area se ...
... that pass from the optic tracts mainly into the superior colliculi and other portions of the older visual system. Fields of Vision; Perimetry The field of vision is the visual area seen by an eye at a given instant. The area seen to the nasal side is called the nasal field of vision, and the area se ...
The dynamics of visual responses in the primary visual cortex
... V1 neurons, among them orientation selectivity. One innovation in this model is its realism: the spatial strength of connections between neurons is taken to be the spatial density of synaptic connections revealed by anatomical investigations of cortex (e.g., Lund, 1988; Callaway, 1998). This model c ...
... V1 neurons, among them orientation selectivity. One innovation in this model is its realism: the spatial strength of connections between neurons is taken to be the spatial density of synaptic connections revealed by anatomical investigations of cortex (e.g., Lund, 1988; Callaway, 1998). This model c ...
敌獳湯⌠ⴷ8
... most of its afferent input from the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem and is thus also called the vestibulocerebellum. Anatomically, it consists mainly of the flocculus and nodulus (flocculonodular lobe). The paleocerebellum (next oldest portion of the cerebellum, after the archicerebellum) receive ...
... most of its afferent input from the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem and is thus also called the vestibulocerebellum. Anatomically, it consists mainly of the flocculus and nodulus (flocculonodular lobe). The paleocerebellum (next oldest portion of the cerebellum, after the archicerebellum) receive ...
invariant face and object recognition in the visual system
... generalization to similar stimuli (in the Hamming distance sense, see Rolls and Treves, 1997), graceful degradation (fault tolerance), and some locality to the representation, so that some single neurons which receive inputs from such a representation can obtain sufficient information without requir ...
... generalization to similar stimuli (in the Hamming distance sense, see Rolls and Treves, 1997), graceful degradation (fault tolerance), and some locality to the representation, so that some single neurons which receive inputs from such a representation can obtain sufficient information without requir ...
Cortical cooling
Neuroscientists generate various studies to help explain many of the complex connections and functions of the brain. Most studies utilize animal models that have varying degrees of comparison to the human brain; for example, small rodents are less comparable than non-human primates. One of the most definitive ways of determining which sections of the brain contribute to certain behavior or function is to deactivate a section of the brain and observe what behavior is altered. Investigators have a wide range of options for deactivating neural tissue, and one of the more recently developed methods being used is deactivation through cooling. Cortical cooling refers to the cooling methods restricted to the cerebral cortex, where most higher brain processes occur. Below is a list of current cooling methods, their advantages and limitations, and some studies that have used cooling to elucidate neural functions.