![Distinct representations of olfactory information in different cortical](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/004907241_1-50dff8c22481fb5106405e7290fb75f3-300x300.png)
Distinct representations of olfactory information in different cortical
... imaging reveals varicosities likely to be axonal boutons (Supplementary Fig. 4). The spatial distribution of these varicosities is similar in every field imaged and is independent of glomerular origin, indicating that mitral and tufted cell synapses with piriform neurons are distributed throughout t ...
... imaging reveals varicosities likely to be axonal boutons (Supplementary Fig. 4). The spatial distribution of these varicosities is similar in every field imaged and is independent of glomerular origin, indicating that mitral and tufted cell synapses with piriform neurons are distributed throughout t ...
Ulanovsky et al., 2003
... trials did not alter the effects on forward suppression. Overall, we conclude that cortical inhibition does regulate forward suppression, and that Sst+ interneurons control the strength of forward suppression, potentially influencing the detectability of later stimuli, whereas Pvalb+ interneurons re ...
... trials did not alter the effects on forward suppression. Overall, we conclude that cortical inhibition does regulate forward suppression, and that Sst+ interneurons control the strength of forward suppression, potentially influencing the detectability of later stimuli, whereas Pvalb+ interneurons re ...
Introduction to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
... Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - sensory input having no previous correlation with a response but which becomes associated with it. E.g. Pavlov’s bell. Keith L. Downing ...
... Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - sensory input having no previous correlation with a response but which becomes associated with it. E.g. Pavlov’s bell. Keith L. Downing ...
The Neural Basis of Human Error Processing: Reinforcement
... learning signals to the basal ganglia and frontal cortex, where they are used to facilitate the development of adaptive motor programs. Although the reinforcement learning function attributed to the mesencephalic dopamine system and the error-processing function associated with the ERN appear to be ...
... learning signals to the basal ganglia and frontal cortex, where they are used to facilitate the development of adaptive motor programs. Although the reinforcement learning function attributed to the mesencephalic dopamine system and the error-processing function associated with the ERN appear to be ...
Wernicke`s area homologue in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and
... including six females (mean age at death ¼ 37.8 years, s.d. ¼ 12.9, range ¼ 13–48) and six males (mean age at death ¼ 29.3 years, s.d. ¼ 10.8, range ¼ 17–41). These individuals formed part of an earlier study conducted by Schenker et al. (2010), which investigated Broca’s area homologue in chimpanze ...
... including six females (mean age at death ¼ 37.8 years, s.d. ¼ 12.9, range ¼ 13–48) and six males (mean age at death ¼ 29.3 years, s.d. ¼ 10.8, range ¼ 17–41). These individuals formed part of an earlier study conducted by Schenker et al. (2010), which investigated Broca’s area homologue in chimpanze ...
A thalamic reticular networking model of consciousness
... controlling thalamocortical synchronization. The TRN is thus viewed as a functional networking filter to regulate conscious perception, which is possibly embedded in thalamocortical networks. Based on the anatomical structures and connections, modality-specific sectors of the TRN and the thalamus ap ...
... controlling thalamocortical synchronization. The TRN is thus viewed as a functional networking filter to regulate conscious perception, which is possibly embedded in thalamocortical networks. Based on the anatomical structures and connections, modality-specific sectors of the TRN and the thalamus ap ...
Changes in the N1-P2 Complex after Speech
... However, perception can be altered by experience. With little training, listeners can learn to form arbitrary categories (Carney, Widen, & Viemeister, 1977; McClaskey, Pisoni, & Carrell, 1983). For example, monolingual speakers of English were trained to distinguish between two pre-voiced /ba/ sylla ...
... However, perception can be altered by experience. With little training, listeners can learn to form arbitrary categories (Carney, Widen, & Viemeister, 1977; McClaskey, Pisoni, & Carrell, 1983). For example, monolingual speakers of English were trained to distinguish between two pre-voiced /ba/ sylla ...
Neuronal mechanisms of executive control by the prefrontal cortex
... Adequate planning, judgement, decision-making, anticipation or reasoning, and monitoring external as well as internal states are higher cognitive functions, or more specifically, functions under executive control, i.e. executive functions. Executive function refers to the function of a multi-operati ...
... Adequate planning, judgement, decision-making, anticipation or reasoning, and monitoring external as well as internal states are higher cognitive functions, or more specifically, functions under executive control, i.e. executive functions. Executive function refers to the function of a multi-operati ...
Spike Train SIMilarity Space (SSIMS): A Framework for Single
... Thus, the neural activity for each individual trial is represented by a 1 × mn–dimensional vector that includes m similarity measurements for each neuron. When the vectors for each of the m trials are combined into a matrix for an ensemble of n neurons, the result is an m × mn matrix we refer to as ...
... Thus, the neural activity for each individual trial is represented by a 1 × mn–dimensional vector that includes m similarity measurements for each neuron. When the vectors for each of the m trials are combined into a matrix for an ensemble of n neurons, the result is an m × mn matrix we refer to as ...
reviews - Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences
... into account. An example of a mixed bottom-up and top-down model in which attention enhances spatial resolution47 is discussed later. Computational models may or may not include explicit details about early visual feature extraction. Models that do not are restricted to images for which the response ...
... into account. An example of a mixed bottom-up and top-down model in which attention enhances spatial resolution47 is discussed later. Computational models may or may not include explicit details about early visual feature extraction. Models that do not are restricted to images for which the response ...
The neural mechanisms of perceptual filling-in
... simply ignores the lack of visual information. If fillingin involves neural computation, where and how does this take place in the brain? Does it occur as neural interactions in early visual areas, or as some form of cognitive inference in the higher association areas? ...
... simply ignores the lack of visual information. If fillingin involves neural computation, where and how does this take place in the brain? Does it occur as neural interactions in early visual areas, or as some form of cognitive inference in the higher association areas? ...
Coordinated Optimization of Visual Cortical Maps
... Such transient solutions are expected to be more irregular than the final attractor states. Analytical results were obtained using a perturbative treatment close to the pattern forming threshold. This perturbative treatment, however, gives no information on the speed with which singularities will cr ...
... Such transient solutions are expected to be more irregular than the final attractor states. Analytical results were obtained using a perturbative treatment close to the pattern forming threshold. This perturbative treatment, however, gives no information on the speed with which singularities will cr ...
Between-Task Competition and Cognitive Control in Task Switching
... Cognitive control is required to guide thought and action in accordance with current goals and intentions (Norman and Shallice, 1986; Desimone and Duncan, 1995; Miller and Cohen, 2001). This control is particularly important when multiple tasks are possible and behavioral demands are continually shi ...
... Cognitive control is required to guide thought and action in accordance with current goals and intentions (Norman and Shallice, 1986; Desimone and Duncan, 1995; Miller and Cohen, 2001). This control is particularly important when multiple tasks are possible and behavioral demands are continually shi ...
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... The electrical charge must jump the synaptic gap, which it does by stimulating the terminal bulb to release special chemicals, called neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters must find a matching site on the other side of the synaptic gap; if not, they are broken down—the reuptake process. Synchrono ...
... The electrical charge must jump the synaptic gap, which it does by stimulating the terminal bulb to release special chemicals, called neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters must find a matching site on the other side of the synaptic gap; if not, they are broken down—the reuptake process. Synchrono ...
Direct comparison of the neural substrates of
... particularly in the fusiform gyri (Haxby et al., 1991, 1994; Sergent et al., 1992; Puce et al., 1995, 1996; Andreasen et al., 1996; Kanwisher et al., 1997) and in the inferior temporal gyri (Puce et al., 1995). These reports indicate that considerable overlap may exist between the areas activated by ...
... particularly in the fusiform gyri (Haxby et al., 1991, 1994; Sergent et al., 1992; Puce et al., 1995, 1996; Andreasen et al., 1996; Kanwisher et al., 1997) and in the inferior temporal gyri (Puce et al., 1995). These reports indicate that considerable overlap may exist between the areas activated by ...
Race modulates neural activity during imitation
... Liew et al., 2010; motor cortex, Molnar-Szakacs et al., 2007). Thus, we expected that imitation would modulate race effects previously observed in perceptual tasks. In summary, our overarching goal was to begin to shed light on the neural processes that may underlie race-biased imitative learning du ...
... Liew et al., 2010; motor cortex, Molnar-Szakacs et al., 2007). Thus, we expected that imitation would modulate race effects previously observed in perceptual tasks. In summary, our overarching goal was to begin to shed light on the neural processes that may underlie race-biased imitative learning du ...
Does the End Justify the Means?
... perceptual information to motor schemas was influenced by the goals of the actions. Children were more attuned to the reproduction of the goal (such as touching one of their ears or of a pair of dots on the table) than in the imitation of the precise means used (such as using the right or left hand) ...
... perceptual information to motor schemas was influenced by the goals of the actions. Children were more attuned to the reproduction of the goal (such as touching one of their ears or of a pair of dots on the table) than in the imitation of the precise means used (such as using the right or left hand) ...
Complete Pattern of Ocular Dominance Columns in Human Primary
... loss. They were patients of one of the authors (J.C.H.). Each patient, or surviving next-of-kin, provided written permission for postmortem histological examination, following a protocol approved by an Institutional Review Board. In every subject, except case 6, the eye was enucleated during adultho ...
... loss. They were patients of one of the authors (J.C.H.). Each patient, or surviving next-of-kin, provided written permission for postmortem histological examination, following a protocol approved by an Institutional Review Board. In every subject, except case 6, the eye was enucleated during adultho ...
Hubel 1977_Small
... The axons that form the output of the geniculates pass back in the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres to the striate cortex. The striate cortex is clearly more complicated, with at least 3 or 4 synapses interposed between the input and the output. The organization of this structure will be the ...
... The axons that form the output of the geniculates pass back in the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres to the striate cortex. The striate cortex is clearly more complicated, with at least 3 or 4 synapses interposed between the input and the output. The organization of this structure will be the ...
Nature template
... 12. C. M. Gray, W. Singer, Stimulus specific neuronal oscillations in orientation columns of cat visual cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 86, 1698-1702 (1989). 13. W. Singer, C. M. Gray, Visual feature integration and the temporal correlation ...
... 12. C. M. Gray, W. Singer, Stimulus specific neuronal oscillations in orientation columns of cat visual cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 86, 1698-1702 (1989). 13. W. Singer, C. M. Gray, Visual feature integration and the temporal correlation ...
Anatomofunctional organization of the ventral primary motor and
... with biological stimuli. Different types of visual responses were tested using specific sets of visual stimuli, as follows: object presentation was tested by presenting the monkey with objects in the reachable (peripersonal) and not-reachable (extrapersonal) space by holding them with a tool (stick ...
... with biological stimuli. Different types of visual responses were tested using specific sets of visual stimuli, as follows: object presentation was tested by presenting the monkey with objects in the reachable (peripersonal) and not-reachable (extrapersonal) space by holding them with a tool (stick ...
View PDF - Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences
... hindlimbs (Neafsey and Sievert, 1982; Sanderson et al., 1984; Sinnamon and Galer, 1984; Gioanni and Lamarche, 1985; Neafsey et al., 1986a). Accordingly, it has been variously proposed that the AGm/AC of rats is homologous to the FEF, supplementary motor and premotor cortices of primates (Neafsey et ...
... hindlimbs (Neafsey and Sievert, 1982; Sanderson et al., 1984; Sinnamon and Galer, 1984; Gioanni and Lamarche, 1985; Neafsey et al., 1986a). Accordingly, it has been variously proposed that the AGm/AC of rats is homologous to the FEF, supplementary motor and premotor cortices of primates (Neafsey et ...
Revised_BJP_MS_
... evidence from in vitro studies indicates that 2-AG induces suppressive effects on immune function by reducing inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-2 and TNF-α and mediators such as nitric oxide and prostaglandins (Chang et al., 2001; Facchinetti et al., 2003; Gallily et al., 2000; Raman et al., 2 ...
... evidence from in vitro studies indicates that 2-AG induces suppressive effects on immune function by reducing inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-2 and TNF-α and mediators such as nitric oxide and prostaglandins (Chang et al., 2001; Facchinetti et al., 2003; Gallily et al., 2000; Raman et al., 2 ...
Two Critical and Functionally Distinct Stages of Face and Body Perception
... Cortical regions that respond preferentially to particular object categories, such as faces and bodies, are essential for visual perception of these object categories. However, precisely when these regions play a causal role in recognition of their preferred categories is unclear. Here we addressed ...
... Cortical regions that respond preferentially to particular object categories, such as faces and bodies, are essential for visual perception of these object categories. However, precisely when these regions play a causal role in recognition of their preferred categories is unclear. Here we addressed ...
Alan Peters
... mathematically oriented, and for them the emphasis was on mathematics, physics, chemistry, German, and Latin. The third group, the one to which I was assigned, was the "B form." We were considered not bright enough to understand advanced mathematics and physics, so our emphasis was on biology, chemi ...
... mathematically oriented, and for them the emphasis was on mathematics, physics, chemistry, German, and Latin. The third group, the one to which I was assigned, was the "B form." We were considered not bright enough to understand advanced mathematics and physics, so our emphasis was on biology, chemi ...
Cortical cooling
Neuroscientists generate various studies to help explain many of the complex connections and functions of the brain. Most studies utilize animal models that have varying degrees of comparison to the human brain; for example, small rodents are less comparable than non-human primates. One of the most definitive ways of determining which sections of the brain contribute to certain behavior or function is to deactivate a section of the brain and observe what behavior is altered. Investigators have a wide range of options for deactivating neural tissue, and one of the more recently developed methods being used is deactivation through cooling. Cortical cooling refers to the cooling methods restricted to the cerebral cortex, where most higher brain processes occur. Below is a list of current cooling methods, their advantages and limitations, and some studies that have used cooling to elucidate neural functions.