![MAY 5, 2000 Submitted to the Annual Review of Neuroscience AN](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/016587970_1-3e7ca4ee3b8117d9be4b53c258f9c8ba-300x300.png)
MAY 5, 2000 Submitted to the Annual Review of Neuroscience AN
... patterns of activity that represent goals and the means to achieve them. They provide bias signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes, but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional eval ...
... patterns of activity that represent goals and the means to achieve them. They provide bias signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes, but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional eval ...
Synaptic Distinction of Laminar-specific Prefrontal-temporal Pathways in Primates
... For single section analysis 1--4 pieces of tissue were cut from layer I from each case (total = 8 in 5 cases), and 1--3 pieces from the middle layers (total = 8 in 5 cases), representative of the labeling in area Ts1 (cases AY, BG, BC, BA), or in area Ts3 (case BF). The sites sampled from architecto ...
... For single section analysis 1--4 pieces of tissue were cut from layer I from each case (total = 8 in 5 cases), and 1--3 pieces from the middle layers (total = 8 in 5 cases), representative of the labeling in area Ts1 (cases AY, BG, BC, BA), or in area Ts3 (case BF). The sites sampled from architecto ...
Functional Organization of the Cat Visual Cortex in Relation to the
... (cat 1). This area corresponds to the lateral gyrus containing areas 17 and 18, which are situated between the midline and the lateral sulcus (inset). Optical signals elicited by uniform plane stimuli and recorded from this region are shown in Fig. 1, B-D. In the differential optical image obtained ...
... (cat 1). This area corresponds to the lateral gyrus containing areas 17 and 18, which are situated between the midline and the lateral sulcus (inset). Optical signals elicited by uniform plane stimuli and recorded from this region are shown in Fig. 1, B-D. In the differential optical image obtained ...
Unusual ultrastructural findings in dendrites of pyramidal
... previous observations, we found evidence that the rabies virus entered the cerebral cortex ...
... previous observations, we found evidence that the rabies virus entered the cerebral cortex ...
Saccadic Suppression of Retinotopically Localized Blood Oxygen
... of scripts written in Matlab (MathWorks, Natick, MA) that contained a more sensitive algorithm that included information about the slope of the main sequence obtained from each run. For purposes of quality control, all detected saccadic onsets from all trials were visually inspected by plotting them ...
... of scripts written in Matlab (MathWorks, Natick, MA) that contained a more sensitive algorithm that included information about the slope of the main sequence obtained from each run. For purposes of quality control, all detected saccadic onsets from all trials were visually inspected by plotting them ...
The cognitive neuroscience of sustained attention
... the assessment of sustained attention (or vigilance) performance typically has utilized situations in which an observer is required to keep watch for inconspicuous signals over prolonged periods of time. The state of readiness to respond to rarely and unpredictably occurring signals is characterized ...
... the assessment of sustained attention (or vigilance) performance typically has utilized situations in which an observer is required to keep watch for inconspicuous signals over prolonged periods of time. The state of readiness to respond to rarely and unpredictably occurring signals is characterized ...
Anatomical origins of the classical receptive field and modulatory
... From the analysesof our own and others’ anatomical and physiological data for the macaquevisual system,we arrive at a conclusion that three pathways can provide the Vl neuron with accessto information from the visual tieId and affect its response.Fit, direct thalamic input can determine the size of ...
... From the analysesof our own and others’ anatomical and physiological data for the macaquevisual system,we arrive at a conclusion that three pathways can provide the Vl neuron with accessto information from the visual tieId and affect its response.Fit, direct thalamic input can determine the size of ...
Implantable microcoils for intracortical magnetic
... resultant increase in distance to targeted neurons (11, 12). Migration of neurons away from the implant can also occur as part of the foreign body response (22), and migration distances of ~75 mm were reported even for implants that did not deliver stimulation. The increased distance to viable neuro ...
... resultant increase in distance to targeted neurons (11, 12). Migration of neurons away from the implant can also occur as part of the foreign body response (22), and migration distances of ~75 mm were reported even for implants that did not deliver stimulation. The increased distance to viable neuro ...
Turning on the alarm - Center for Healthy Minds
... laser pain stimuli. They found differences in the shape of response profiles in SI versus SII, though the experimental design and use of MEG precluded testing for response profile differences across a wider range of brain regions and to a more continuous range of applied stimuli. In this study, we mod ...
... laser pain stimuli. They found differences in the shape of response profiles in SI versus SII, though the experimental design and use of MEG precluded testing for response profile differences across a wider range of brain regions and to a more continuous range of applied stimuli. In this study, we mod ...
The History of the EEG
... simultaneously monitored by an inkwriter system and digitally sampled at 256 Hz to be stored on hard disk. After recording, the EEG data were screened for artefacts (eye blinks, horizontal and vertical eye movements, muscle activities) by visual inspection on a monitor and on paper. These two method ...
... simultaneously monitored by an inkwriter system and digitally sampled at 256 Hz to be stored on hard disk. After recording, the EEG data were screened for artefacts (eye blinks, horizontal and vertical eye movements, muscle activities) by visual inspection on a monitor and on paper. These two method ...
State dependent activity in monkey visual cortex
... neurons in the visual cortex of rhesus monkeys while they performed an orientation match to sample task. In each trial the animal was first cued with randomly selected orientation, and then presented with a sequence of gratings whose orientations were randomly selected. The animal was required to re ...
... neurons in the visual cortex of rhesus monkeys while they performed an orientation match to sample task. In each trial the animal was first cued with randomly selected orientation, and then presented with a sequence of gratings whose orientations were randomly selected. The animal was required to re ...
Corticofugal Amplification of Subcortical Responses to Single Tone
... responses, a tungsten-wire microelectrode was inserted into one of these structures through holes of Ç50 mm diam made in the skull. DSCF neurons were identified by their best frequencies (BFs) and locations in the AC, MGB, and IC. A window discriminator was used to isolate action potentials of singl ...
... responses, a tungsten-wire microelectrode was inserted into one of these structures through holes of Ç50 mm diam made in the skull. DSCF neurons were identified by their best frequencies (BFs) and locations in the AC, MGB, and IC. A window discriminator was used to isolate action potentials of singl ...
The prefrontal cortex encompasses a large and heterogeneous set of
... The prefrontal cortex encompasses a large and heterogeneous set of areas, whose borders have been variously mapped in different architectonic studies. Differences in cortical maps present a formidable problem in comparing data across studies and in constructing databanks on the connections and funct ...
... The prefrontal cortex encompasses a large and heterogeneous set of areas, whose borders have been variously mapped in different architectonic studies. Differences in cortical maps present a formidable problem in comparing data across studies and in constructing databanks on the connections and funct ...
Prefrontal and parietal cortex mediate the interference
... neuroimaging studies demonstrated that such temporal modulation of firing rate during an anticipation period is reflected in a time-varying increase or decrease of the blood-oxygenationlevel-dependent (BOLD) signal in the primary visual cortex, right supramarginal gyrus (SMG), supplementary motor ar ...
... neuroimaging studies demonstrated that such temporal modulation of firing rate during an anticipation period is reflected in a time-varying increase or decrease of the blood-oxygenationlevel-dependent (BOLD) signal in the primary visual cortex, right supramarginal gyrus (SMG), supplementary motor ar ...
How Inhibition Shapes Cortical Activity
... activity and thus underscores how a better knowledge of inhibitory circuits is necessary for our understanding of cortical function. We discuss current views of how inhibition regulates the function of cortical neurons and point to a number of important open questions. Excitation and Inhibition Walk ...
... activity and thus underscores how a better knowledge of inhibitory circuits is necessary for our understanding of cortical function. We discuss current views of how inhibition regulates the function of cortical neurons and point to a number of important open questions. Excitation and Inhibition Walk ...
Rethinking Mammalian Brain Evolution1
... theory because it is essentially beyond the reach of experimental approaches. Although brains of extinct species are not available for direct inspection and analysis, this does not necessarily mean that theories of brain evolution are empirically untestable. Indeed they are every bit as susceptible ...
... theory because it is essentially beyond the reach of experimental approaches. Although brains of extinct species are not available for direct inspection and analysis, this does not necessarily mean that theories of brain evolution are empirically untestable. Indeed they are every bit as susceptible ...
The Neurobehavioral Nature of Fishes and the
... assumed that these non-human organisms have intentions and experiences similar to ours. This human tendency to attribute mental states to others is called “theory of mind” and is probably the basis for our tendency to feel empathy toward other people. Theory of mind is thought to have evolved as a d ...
... assumed that these non-human organisms have intentions and experiences similar to ours. This human tendency to attribute mental states to others is called “theory of mind” and is probably the basis for our tendency to feel empathy toward other people. Theory of mind is thought to have evolved as a d ...
Beyond dreams: do sleep-related movements
... rather than limbs acting them out. Indeed, the scanning hypothesis has itself become a part of the folk psychological interpretation of dreaming. Although the scanning hypothesis remains popular, REMs may not provide the insight into dreaming that many have assumed. This is the view of Chase and Mor ...
... rather than limbs acting them out. Indeed, the scanning hypothesis has itself become a part of the folk psychological interpretation of dreaming. Although the scanning hypothesis remains popular, REMs may not provide the insight into dreaming that many have assumed. This is the view of Chase and Mor ...
The Auditory System
... by the tympanic cavity, the auditory ossicles and the inner layer of the tympanic membrane. The inner ear comprises the labyrinth, a series of fluid-filled spaces in the petrous part of the temporal bone. The auditory part of the inner ear consists of the cochlea with the organ of Corti, which conta ...
... by the tympanic cavity, the auditory ossicles and the inner layer of the tympanic membrane. The inner ear comprises the labyrinth, a series of fluid-filled spaces in the petrous part of the temporal bone. The auditory part of the inner ear consists of the cochlea with the organ of Corti, which conta ...
Acquired Equivalence and Distinctiveness of Cues
... Revaluation of A and C and Test Trials With B and D Prior to the appetitive revaluation procedure, we established that rats’ behavior in the presence of B and D did not differ (see following Results section). We did this by recording the rates of magazine entries during the 10-s periods that immedia ...
... Revaluation of A and C and Test Trials With B and D Prior to the appetitive revaluation procedure, we established that rats’ behavior in the presence of B and D did not differ (see following Results section). We did this by recording the rates of magazine entries during the 10-s periods that immedia ...
Anterograde Tracing of Trigeminal Afferent Pathways
... Tooth pulp inoculations. Each mouse was deeply anesthetized and the free gingiva was removed from the left mandibular incisor. The erupted part of the incisor was then removed just coronal to the gingival attachment using a cutting burr on a high-speed dental handpiece. Any gingival bleeding encount ...
... Tooth pulp inoculations. Each mouse was deeply anesthetized and the free gingiva was removed from the left mandibular incisor. The erupted part of the incisor was then removed just coronal to the gingival attachment using a cutting burr on a high-speed dental handpiece. Any gingival bleeding encount ...
A Neurodynamical cortical model of visual attention and
... stimulus at a particular location or with a particular feature biases this competition in favour of neurons that respond to the location of or the features in the attended stimulus. This attentional effect is produced by generating signals in areas outside the visual cortical areas which are then fed ...
... stimulus at a particular location or with a particular feature biases this competition in favour of neurons that respond to the location of or the features in the attended stimulus. This attentional effect is produced by generating signals in areas outside the visual cortical areas which are then fed ...
Distinct representations of olfactory information in different cortical
... imaging reveals varicosities likely to be axonal boutons (Supplementary Fig. 4). The spatial distribution of these varicosities is similar in every field imaged and is independent of glomerular origin, indicating that mitral and tufted cell synapses with piriform neurons are distributed throughout t ...
... imaging reveals varicosities likely to be axonal boutons (Supplementary Fig. 4). The spatial distribution of these varicosities is similar in every field imaged and is independent of glomerular origin, indicating that mitral and tufted cell synapses with piriform neurons are distributed throughout t ...
Cortical cooling
Neuroscientists generate various studies to help explain many of the complex connections and functions of the brain. Most studies utilize animal models that have varying degrees of comparison to the human brain; for example, small rodents are less comparable than non-human primates. One of the most definitive ways of determining which sections of the brain contribute to certain behavior or function is to deactivate a section of the brain and observe what behavior is altered. Investigators have a wide range of options for deactivating neural tissue, and one of the more recently developed methods being used is deactivation through cooling. Cortical cooling refers to the cooling methods restricted to the cerebral cortex, where most higher brain processes occur. Below is a list of current cooling methods, their advantages and limitations, and some studies that have used cooling to elucidate neural functions.