Estimates of DNA and Protein Sequence Divergence: An
... effects of variable mutation rates between bases. They have shown that, in general, the estimates of the number of substitutions increase (relative to those obtained by Jukes and Cantor’s [1969] method) when transitions occur more frequently. This is because multiple substitutions occur at certain s ...
... effects of variable mutation rates between bases. They have shown that, in general, the estimates of the number of substitutions increase (relative to those obtained by Jukes and Cantor’s [1969] method) when transitions occur more frequently. This is because multiple substitutions occur at certain s ...
Genetic Drift - Carol Lee Lab
... the pattern of regular mutations is not obscured by selection), and that most evolution is influenced by Genetic Drift. Figure: the rate of evolution of hemoglobin. Each point on the graph is for a pair of species, or groups of species. From Kimura ...
... the pattern of regular mutations is not obscured by selection), and that most evolution is influenced by Genetic Drift. Figure: the rate of evolution of hemoglobin. Each point on the graph is for a pair of species, or groups of species. From Kimura ...
PowerPoint - University of Arizona
... Drift removes variation, while mutation introduces it. Thus, an equilibrium amount of genetic variance results ...
... Drift removes variation, while mutation introduces it. Thus, an equilibrium amount of genetic variance results ...
neutphylo
... though we would expect that species with shorter generation times should have FASTER rates of substitution. - So, something must be 'slowing down' this rate of substitution in species with short gen. times. What's slowing it down is their large populations size, such that the effects of drift, alone ...
... though we would expect that species with shorter generation times should have FASTER rates of substitution. - So, something must be 'slowing down' this rate of substitution in species with short gen. times. What's slowing it down is their large populations size, such that the effects of drift, alone ...
Lecture PPT - Carol Eunmi LEE
... Natural Selection and Genetic Drift were debated • During the Evolutionary Synthesis, Sewall Wright focused more on importance of Genetic Drift, whereas Fisher focused on Natural Selection • Shortly after the Evolutionary Synthesis many focused on selection to the point of assuming that most phenoty ...
... Natural Selection and Genetic Drift were debated • During the Evolutionary Synthesis, Sewall Wright focused more on importance of Genetic Drift, whereas Fisher focused on Natural Selection • Shortly after the Evolutionary Synthesis many focused on selection to the point of assuming that most phenoty ...
HIV/AIDS - Knowyo.org
... •Combination antepartum antiretroviral drug regimen for HIV women that do or do not require therapy for their own infection •Should be given as soon as the second trimester begins unless patient already requires therapy for their own health •If status is not discovered until late in the pregnancy, p ...
... •Combination antepartum antiretroviral drug regimen for HIV women that do or do not require therapy for their own infection •Should be given as soon as the second trimester begins unless patient already requires therapy for their own health •If status is not discovered until late in the pregnancy, p ...
Statistical population genetics - Department of Statistics Oxford
... • The coalescent describes genealogies in the Moran model and in the WF model for large populations. • The WF and Moran models scale against the coalescent in the same way that they did against each other based on their heterozygosity decay and their fixation time. • The coalescent is by far the mos ...
... • The coalescent describes genealogies in the Moran model and in the WF model for large populations. • The WF and Moran models scale against the coalescent in the same way that they did against each other based on their heterozygosity decay and their fixation time. • The coalescent is by far the mos ...
415-1356-1-RV
... The structure of herpes viruses consists of a relatively large double-stranded, linear DNA genome encased within an icosahedra protein cage called the capsid, which is wrapped in a lipid bilayer called the envelope [1] . The envelope is joined to the capsid by means of a tegument. This complete part ...
... The structure of herpes viruses consists of a relatively large double-stranded, linear DNA genome encased within an icosahedra protein cage called the capsid, which is wrapped in a lipid bilayer called the envelope [1] . The envelope is joined to the capsid by means of a tegument. This complete part ...
CDC H1N1 Flu | Updated Interim Recommendations for the Use of
... decisions for both patients who are at higher risk for influenza-related complications and patients who are not at higher risk. When evaluating previously healthy children with possible influenza, clinicians should be aware that, similar to seasonal influenza, the risk for developing severe disease ...
... decisions for both patients who are at higher risk for influenza-related complications and patients who are not at higher risk. When evaluating previously healthy children with possible influenza, clinicians should be aware that, similar to seasonal influenza, the risk for developing severe disease ...
ANTIVIRAL/ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS
... transcriptase & can be incorporated into the growing viral DNA chain to cause termination Bind directly to HIV reverse transcriptase, block both DNA & RNA dependent DNA polymerase activities Prevent transfer of information that would allow virus to replicate & survive Activity against HIV 1, HIV 2 L ...
... transcriptase & can be incorporated into the growing viral DNA chain to cause termination Bind directly to HIV reverse transcriptase, block both DNA & RNA dependent DNA polymerase activities Prevent transfer of information that would allow virus to replicate & survive Activity against HIV 1, HIV 2 L ...
Module3: Positive strand RNA virus
... which it is associated (foot and mouth disease virus) or the geographical location from which it is isolated (Rift valley fever virus). This kind of nomenclature changed with the advent of molecular biology and more advanced biochemical and biophysical techniques. The most comprehensive and widely u ...
... which it is associated (foot and mouth disease virus) or the geographical location from which it is isolated (Rift valley fever virus). This kind of nomenclature changed with the advent of molecular biology and more advanced biochemical and biophysical techniques. The most comprehensive and widely u ...
Foot-and-mouth disease type O viruses exhibit genetically and
... of epidemiological investigations and for FMD this can be done, as mentioned previously, by nucleotide sequencing. Towards that objective we have established a database of FMDV sequences from isolates collected worldwide by the OIE\FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD) since 1924. This inc ...
... of epidemiological investigations and for FMD this can be done, as mentioned previously, by nucleotide sequencing. Towards that objective we have established a database of FMDV sequences from isolates collected worldwide by the OIE\FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD) since 1924. This inc ...
HIV AIDS backgrounder
... Once AIDS manifests, a person is susceptible to many different infections, because the immune system has been weakened so much by the HIV it can no longer fight back effectively. HIV has also shown the ability to mutate, which makes treating the virus nearly impossible. The last feature in this list ...
... Once AIDS manifests, a person is susceptible to many different infections, because the immune system has been weakened so much by the HIV it can no longer fight back effectively. HIV has also shown the ability to mutate, which makes treating the virus nearly impossible. The last feature in this list ...
The Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT
... poses significant challenges for diagnosis and treatment of new HIV infections. Optimal drug treatment requires ongoing, precise measurement of viral levels. If variant subtypes are present and significantly underquantified or undetected, therapy could be compromised. The genetic variability of the ...
... poses significant challenges for diagnosis and treatment of new HIV infections. Optimal drug treatment requires ongoing, precise measurement of viral levels. If variant subtypes are present and significantly underquantified or undetected, therapy could be compromised. The genetic variability of the ...
Border Health Foundation Tucson, Arizona
... invading antigen. Antibodies are produced by B cells. They work like “keys,” fitting the shape of the antigen “locks.” When an antigen enters the system again, it is recognized and attacked by antibodies. • What is Human Immune–Deficiency Virus (HIV)? The virus that attacks the T4 Helper Cell. When ...
... invading antigen. Antibodies are produced by B cells. They work like “keys,” fitting the shape of the antigen “locks.” When an antigen enters the system again, it is recognized and attacked by antibodies. • What is Human Immune–Deficiency Virus (HIV)? The virus that attacks the T4 Helper Cell. When ...
No Slide Title
... genetically linked sites (selective sweep). A neutral or even deleterious allele that is sufficiently tightly linked to a positively selected allele increases its frequency and may be swept to fixation (genetic hitchhiking). In genetic hitchhiking, only the initial conditions are stochastic, the ...
... genetically linked sites (selective sweep). A neutral or even deleterious allele that is sufficiently tightly linked to a positively selected allele increases its frequency and may be swept to fixation (genetic hitchhiking). In genetic hitchhiking, only the initial conditions are stochastic, the ...
Inferring Process from Pattern In Fungal Population Genetics 3
... speciation can be inferred. We focus on fungal populations, but draw from the wider literature on population genetics, evolutionary statistics, and, of course, phylogeography (see Avise, 2000). We discuss the problems of gene duplication, paralogy, orthology, and deep coalescence as challenges to fi ...
... speciation can be inferred. We focus on fungal populations, but draw from the wider literature on population genetics, evolutionary statistics, and, of course, phylogeography (see Avise, 2000). We discuss the problems of gene duplication, paralogy, orthology, and deep coalescence as challenges to fi ...
Molecular evolution of swine vesicular disease virus
... A panel of 42 SVDV isolates was assembled to be chronologically and geographically representative of isolates held at the World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease and a smaller panel of seven CV-B5 isolates was also put together for comparative analysis (Tables 1 and 2). Infected cell R ...
... A panel of 42 SVDV isolates was assembled to be chronologically and geographically representative of isolates held at the World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease and a smaller panel of seven CV-B5 isolates was also put together for comparative analysis (Tables 1 and 2). Infected cell R ...
Supplementary Material (doc 28K)
... In the 5,344 non-CLL HCDR3 sequences from public-databases, TEIRESIAS discovered 1,106,692 patterns which were filtered down to 1,714, a reduction of 99.9%. This final set of patterns was smaller by 21.5% than the one in the CLL dataset although the number of sequences analyzed was almost twice as h ...
... In the 5,344 non-CLL HCDR3 sequences from public-databases, TEIRESIAS discovered 1,106,692 patterns which were filtered down to 1,714, a reduction of 99.9%. This final set of patterns was smaller by 21.5% than the one in the CLL dataset although the number of sequences analyzed was almost twice as h ...
encephalitis_Hogan
... HSV encephalitis • The major treatable viral encephalitis • Most common cause in U.S. of sporadic, fatal ...
... HSV encephalitis • The major treatable viral encephalitis • Most common cause in U.S. of sporadic, fatal ...
Use of Antimicrobial Agents for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in
... selected children, based on diagnostic certainty, age, illness severity and assurance of follow-up. If antibacterial agents are warranted, a 10-day course of high dose amoxicillin 80-90mg/kg/day for younger patients (less than 2 years of age) or for severe diseases is recommended, and a 5- to 7-day ...
... selected children, based on diagnostic certainty, age, illness severity and assurance of follow-up. If antibacterial agents are warranted, a 10-day course of high dose amoxicillin 80-90mg/kg/day for younger patients (less than 2 years of age) or for severe diseases is recommended, and a 5- to 7-day ...
disinfectants - Ark Veterinary Centre
... What disinfectants are safe to use for cats? Particular care must be taken in the choice of a disinfectant for use in a home with cats. Cats are generally fastidious creatures and their washing habits will leave them open to ingesting anything they get on their bodies. Cats have low levels of the li ...
... What disinfectants are safe to use for cats? Particular care must be taken in the choice of a disinfectant for use in a home with cats. Cats are generally fastidious creatures and their washing habits will leave them open to ingesting anything they get on their bodies. Cats have low levels of the li ...
Genetic Variation and Natural Selection Detection
... Rational of Tajima test • Since K ignores the frequency of mutants, it is strongly affected by the existence of deleterious alleles, which are usually kept in low frequencies. • In contrast, ∏ is not much affected by the existence of deleterious alleles because it takes the frequency of mutants int ...
... Rational of Tajima test • Since K ignores the frequency of mutants, it is strongly affected by the existence of deleterious alleles, which are usually kept in low frequencies. • In contrast, ∏ is not much affected by the existence of deleterious alleles because it takes the frequency of mutants int ...
Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
... • Parvovirus, a human virus with ssDNA, is synthesize by host cell enzymes, which synthesize a complement to the ssDNA. The complementary strand binds to the ssD A of the virus (Q form a dsDNA molecule. Transcription, replication, and assembly then follow. • Some ssRNA viruses have positive strand ...
... • Parvovirus, a human virus with ssDNA, is synthesize by host cell enzymes, which synthesize a complement to the ssDNA. The complementary strand binds to the ssD A of the virus (Q form a dsDNA molecule. Transcription, replication, and assembly then follow. • Some ssRNA viruses have positive strand ...
Viral phylodynamics
Viral phylodynamics is defined as the study of how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape viral phylogenies.Since the coining of the term in 2004, research on viral phylodynamics has focused on transmission dynamics in an effort to shed light on how these dynamics impact viral genetic variation. Transmission dynamics can be considered at the level of cells within an infected host, individual hosts within a population, or entire populations of hosts.Many viruses, especially RNA viruses, rapidly accumulate genetic variation because of short generation times and high mutation rates.Patterns of viral genetic variation are therefore heavily influenced by how quickly transmission occurs and by which entities transmit to one another.Patterns of viral genetic variation will also be affected by selection acting on viral phenotypes.Although viruses can differ with respect to many phenotypes, phylodynamic studies have to date tended to focus on a limited number of viral phenotypes.These include virulence phenotypes, phenotypes associated with viral transmissibility, cell or tissue tropism phenotypes, and antigenic phenotypes that can facilitate escape from host immunity.Due to the impact that transmission dynamics and selection can have on viral genetic variation, viral phylogenies can therefore be used to investigate important epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes, such as epidemic spread, spatio-temporal dynamics including metapopulation dynamics, zoonotic transmission, tissue tropism, and antigenic drift.The quantitative investigation of these processes through the consideration of viral phylogenies is the central aim of viral phylodynamics.