Vinnytsуa National Pirogov Memorial Medical University Department
... active antiretroviral therapy combination has yet to be determined. Although several studies have shown an overall increased rate of transmission in women with advanced disease (e.g., symptomatic AIDS) or high viral load (>50,000 copies/mL), many transmitting mothers in each series were asymptomatic ...
... active antiretroviral therapy combination has yet to be determined. Although several studies have shown an overall increased rate of transmission in women with advanced disease (e.g., symptomatic AIDS) or high viral load (>50,000 copies/mL), many transmitting mothers in each series were asymptomatic ...
Molecular Diagnostics as an Indispensable Tool for the
... other microorganisms. Most of them have been controlled by vaccines or antimicrobials. However, some of them still represent global public health problems and are being monitored by the WHO and Center for Disease Control and Prevention. This chapter provides an overview of the applications of molecu ...
... other microorganisms. Most of them have been controlled by vaccines or antimicrobials. However, some of them still represent global public health problems and are being monitored by the WHO and Center for Disease Control and Prevention. This chapter provides an overview of the applications of molecu ...
Baltimore classification viruses.pages
... DNA and RNA are the two types of nucleic acids (genetic information storage molecules). The central dogma states that the genetic information stored in DNA is transcribed into RNA, and the information stored in RNA is translated into an amino acid code to make proteins (DNA -> RNA -> Protein). Unlik ...
... DNA and RNA are the two types of nucleic acids (genetic information storage molecules). The central dogma states that the genetic information stored in DNA is transcribed into RNA, and the information stored in RNA is translated into an amino acid code to make proteins (DNA -> RNA -> Protein). Unlik ...
Lecture Notes for Evolutionary Ecology 548. Lecture #2: Fitness
... difference between the mean of the surviving individuals and the mean of the entire population prior to selection. The result is an estimate of the selection differential S appearing in equation (2) of section II. Multiplying the selection differential by the heritability yields a prediction for the ...
... difference between the mean of the surviving individuals and the mean of the entire population prior to selection. The result is an estimate of the selection differential S appearing in equation (2) of section II. Multiplying the selection differential by the heritability yields a prediction for the ...
WHO/CDS/CSR/EDC/99.1 Influenza Pandemic Plan. The Role of WHO and Guidelines
... considered feasible to halt the spread of a pandemic virus, it should be possible to minimize the consequences by having prepared for the challenge in advance. Even in the absence of a pandemic, as was seen in the US in 1976 and in Hong Kong SAR in late 1997, there can be rapid build up of public fe ...
... considered feasible to halt the spread of a pandemic virus, it should be possible to minimize the consequences by having prepared for the challenge in advance. Even in the absence of a pandemic, as was seen in the US in 1976 and in Hong Kong SAR in late 1997, there can be rapid build up of public fe ...
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... either a higher degree of vagility than expected for this species or similar selection pressures maintaining allele frequencies across the area sampled. Associations between patterns of variation at two loci and behavioural, morphological and environmental variables suggested that selection may be a ...
... either a higher degree of vagility than expected for this species or similar selection pressures maintaining allele frequencies across the area sampled. Associations between patterns of variation at two loci and behavioural, morphological and environmental variables suggested that selection may be a ...
The Probability and Chromosomal Extent of trans
... OST species appear to be monophyletic for most of their genomes. That is, most sites in most genomes have the property that, with respect to that site, all homologous chromosomes in one species are more closely related to each other than they are to any homologous chromosome from another species. Th ...
... OST species appear to be monophyletic for most of their genomes. That is, most sites in most genomes have the property that, with respect to that site, all homologous chromosomes in one species are more closely related to each other than they are to any homologous chromosome from another species. Th ...
ID LABS
... Tests for the actual infectious agent Example: Some Hepatitis testing Rapid antigen tests: Rapid strep, Rapid flu, C. diff, etc. Test for a protein or other marker on the bacteria or virus, not a full culture ...
... Tests for the actual infectious agent Example: Some Hepatitis testing Rapid antigen tests: Rapid strep, Rapid flu, C. diff, etc. Test for a protein or other marker on the bacteria or virus, not a full culture ...
Natural Selection on the gag, pal, and eltv Genes of Human
... pal, and env genes of HIV- 1 from published sequences. Because the host’s immune system has been hypothesized to be a source of selection favoring diversity of HIV proteins, we analyzed separately regions reported to be involved in immune recognition. Even when an enhanced rate of nonsynonymous subs ...
... pal, and env genes of HIV- 1 from published sequences. Because the host’s immune system has been hypothesized to be a source of selection favoring diversity of HIV proteins, we analyzed separately regions reported to be involved in immune recognition. Even when an enhanced rate of nonsynonymous subs ...
VACCINATION IN PATIENTS WITH CIDP AND GBS
... greater following an infectious illness such as influenza than it is after vaccination. Thus, by preventing the infection, vaccinations may actually ...
... greater following an infectious illness such as influenza than it is after vaccination. Thus, by preventing the infection, vaccinations may actually ...
Non-dominated Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithm Based on
... rules which describe subgroups is presented. NMEF-SD hybridizes soft-computing techniques like fuzzy logic and the GAs in a MOEA, which is able to obtain high quality results. The model allows us to obtain small interpretable rule sets which may be fuzzy or crisp depending on the problem. These rule ...
... rules which describe subgroups is presented. NMEF-SD hybridizes soft-computing techniques like fuzzy logic and the GAs in a MOEA, which is able to obtain high quality results. The model allows us to obtain small interpretable rule sets which may be fuzzy or crisp depending on the problem. These rule ...
Lecture 3 Origin of Variation
... Rate of mutation to bacteriophage T5 resistance FROM: Sniegowski et al. 1997. Nature 387:703-705 ...
... Rate of mutation to bacteriophage T5 resistance FROM: Sniegowski et al. 1997. Nature 387:703-705 ...
viral hemorrhagic fever
... According to the Working Group on Civilian Biodefense, exposure is defined as proximity to an initial release of VHF virus, or close or high-risk contact with a patient suspected of having VHF during the 21 days following onset of symptoms. High risk is defined as having mucous membrane contact or h ...
... According to the Working Group on Civilian Biodefense, exposure is defined as proximity to an initial release of VHF virus, or close or high-risk contact with a patient suspected of having VHF during the 21 days following onset of symptoms. High risk is defined as having mucous membrane contact or h ...
WHERE DOES THE VARIATION COME FROM IN THE FIRST PLACE?
... Starvation is mutagenic – either as an unavoidable consequence of physiological deterioration OR increasing the mutation rate may be adaptive in the sense that not mutating is certain death. These mutator strains may have a short term advantage coping with environmental stress but over the long ...
... Starvation is mutagenic – either as an unavoidable consequence of physiological deterioration OR increasing the mutation rate may be adaptive in the sense that not mutating is certain death. These mutator strains may have a short term advantage coping with environmental stress but over the long ...
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
... DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Dr. R.B. Baker College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University ...
... DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Dr. R.B. Baker College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University ...
A1 Infection Prevention and Control in the Healthcare Setting
... In healthcare settings, the most common susceptible hosts are patients and healthcare workers. Patients may be exposed to infectious agents from themselves (endogenous infection) or from other people, instruments and equipment, or the environment (exogenous infection). The level of risk relates to t ...
... In healthcare settings, the most common susceptible hosts are patients and healthcare workers. Patients may be exposed to infectious agents from themselves (endogenous infection) or from other people, instruments and equipment, or the environment (exogenous infection). The level of risk relates to t ...
notes
... makes the split from that leading to chimpanzees. And just 15 minutes before midnight on the 31st December, modern humans appear. By way of comparison, the life span of a human is hardly more than half a second. The time scale on which species appear, change and become extinct is beyond the limits o ...
... makes the split from that leading to chimpanzees. And just 15 minutes before midnight on the 31st December, modern humans appear. By way of comparison, the life span of a human is hardly more than half a second. The time scale on which species appear, change and become extinct is beyond the limits o ...
UNIVERSITY STUDENT HEALTH SERVICES • Fact Sheet
... leads to inflammation and swelling of the meninges, which is the lining of the brain and spinal cord. While meningitis can be a serious infection, most cases last for a short time and cause no long-term complications. WHAT CAUSES IT? Meningitis can be caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, an ...
... leads to inflammation and swelling of the meninges, which is the lining of the brain and spinal cord. While meningitis can be a serious infection, most cases last for a short time and cause no long-term complications. WHAT CAUSES IT? Meningitis can be caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, an ...
Quantitative-Genetic Models and Changing Environments
... The response to environmental change will be influenced in various ways by ecological, demographic, and genetic factors. Ecological considerations take into account that environmental changes often influence a population not only by direct effects, but also via their effects on the focal population’ ...
... The response to environmental change will be influenced in various ways by ecological, demographic, and genetic factors. Ecological considerations take into account that environmental changes often influence a population not only by direct effects, but also via their effects on the focal population’ ...
NATURAL SELECTION FOR AN INTERMEDIATE OPTIMUM Of the
... individual characters over only a small number of generations. Haldane (1954a) has discussed the factors known to be responsible for the retention of genetic variation in natural populations, including spatial and temporal clines, heterosis at individual loci, and the conflict between mutation and s ...
... individual characters over only a small number of generations. Haldane (1954a) has discussed the factors known to be responsible for the retention of genetic variation in natural populations, including spatial and temporal clines, heterosis at individual loci, and the conflict between mutation and s ...
Yang (2002) - molecularevolution.org
... example is presented later in this section.) This approach may suffer from several problems. First, reconstructed ancestral sequences are not real data and involve systematic biases and random errors [19]. Second, the methods used to estimate substitution rates along each branch are typically simpli ...
... example is presented later in this section.) This approach may suffer from several problems. First, reconstructed ancestral sequences are not real data and involve systematic biases and random errors [19]. Second, the methods used to estimate substitution rates along each branch are typically simpli ...
Genetic Load
... Published (1969) under the provocative title “Non-Darwinian evolution” I cannot over emphasize how radical this idea was at that time. ...
... Published (1969) under the provocative title “Non-Darwinian evolution” I cannot over emphasize how radical this idea was at that time. ...
Recent developments in genetic data analysis: what can
... literature in the early 1990s, and has rapidly transferred into population genetics. Following this use, there has also been a concomitant rise in interest in Bayesian inference (Box 1; see also Shoemaker et al, 1999). To illustrate the different sampling methods (which are useful for any likelihood ...
... literature in the early 1990s, and has rapidly transferred into population genetics. Following this use, there has also been a concomitant rise in interest in Bayesian inference (Box 1; see also Shoemaker et al, 1999). To illustrate the different sampling methods (which are useful for any likelihood ...
Eco-genetic modeling of contemporary life
... evolution of the distribution of quantitative traits that are inherited by offspring from their parents. The ecological setting of an eco-genetic model accounts for aspects of an individual’s environment that are pertinent to the evolutionary process, including structured population dynamics, phenot ...
... evolution of the distribution of quantitative traits that are inherited by offspring from their parents. The ecological setting of an eco-genetic model accounts for aspects of an individual’s environment that are pertinent to the evolutionary process, including structured population dynamics, phenot ...
popgen2c1 - eweb.furman.edu
... 3. Most populations showed mean heterozygosities across ALL loci of about 10%. - And, about 20-30% of all loci are polymorphic (have at least 2 alleles with frequencies over 1%). Drosophila has 10,000 loci, so 3000 are polymorphic. At these polymorphic loci, H = .33 - Conclusion - lots of variation ...
... 3. Most populations showed mean heterozygosities across ALL loci of about 10%. - And, about 20-30% of all loci are polymorphic (have at least 2 alleles with frequencies over 1%). Drosophila has 10,000 loci, so 3000 are polymorphic. At these polymorphic loci, H = .33 - Conclusion - lots of variation ...
Viral phylodynamics
Viral phylodynamics is defined as the study of how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape viral phylogenies.Since the coining of the term in 2004, research on viral phylodynamics has focused on transmission dynamics in an effort to shed light on how these dynamics impact viral genetic variation. Transmission dynamics can be considered at the level of cells within an infected host, individual hosts within a population, or entire populations of hosts.Many viruses, especially RNA viruses, rapidly accumulate genetic variation because of short generation times and high mutation rates.Patterns of viral genetic variation are therefore heavily influenced by how quickly transmission occurs and by which entities transmit to one another.Patterns of viral genetic variation will also be affected by selection acting on viral phenotypes.Although viruses can differ with respect to many phenotypes, phylodynamic studies have to date tended to focus on a limited number of viral phenotypes.These include virulence phenotypes, phenotypes associated with viral transmissibility, cell or tissue tropism phenotypes, and antigenic phenotypes that can facilitate escape from host immunity.Due to the impact that transmission dynamics and selection can have on viral genetic variation, viral phylogenies can therefore be used to investigate important epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes, such as epidemic spread, spatio-temporal dynamics including metapopulation dynamics, zoonotic transmission, tissue tropism, and antigenic drift.The quantitative investigation of these processes through the consideration of viral phylogenies is the central aim of viral phylodynamics.