Influenza Immunization Elizabeth Boldon, RN, MSN Elizabeth
... research indicates will be most common during the upcoming season. Traditional influenza vaccines, called trivalent vaccines, are made to protect against three influenza viruses; an influenza A (H1N1) virus, an influenza A (H3N2) virus, and an influenza B virus. There also are influenza “quadrivalen ...
... research indicates will be most common during the upcoming season. Traditional influenza vaccines, called trivalent vaccines, are made to protect against three influenza viruses; an influenza A (H1N1) virus, an influenza A (H3N2) virus, and an influenza B virus. There also are influenza “quadrivalen ...
Norovirus: General Questions and Answers
... they can appear as early as 12 hours after exposure. Are noroviruses contagious? Noroviruses are very contagious and can spread easily from person to person. Both stool and vomit are infectious. Particular care should be taken with young children in diapers who may have diarrhea. How long are people ...
... they can appear as early as 12 hours after exposure. Are noroviruses contagious? Noroviruses are very contagious and can spread easily from person to person. Both stool and vomit are infectious. Particular care should be taken with young children in diapers who may have diarrhea. How long are people ...
The Frequency and Effects of CCR5 Delta 32 Allele in Gondar
... It could explain, at least partially, why R5 viruses are so favored in early infection, estimated at 90–95% of primary infections [26]. A limited capacity of CXCR4+CCR5– cells to replicate HIV may also explain the shift from X4 to R5 predominance observed in two CCR5-+/+ individuals soon after prima ...
... It could explain, at least partially, why R5 viruses are so favored in early infection, estimated at 90–95% of primary infections [26]. A limited capacity of CXCR4+CCR5– cells to replicate HIV may also explain the shift from X4 to R5 predominance observed in two CCR5-+/+ individuals soon after prima ...
Mirobiology 14-15
... The rules (procedures) of collection the material for microbiological examination (bacteriological, virological, mycological): the period of collection, types of materials, methods of collection, storage and transportation, request form to microbiological laboratory; pre-analytical and analytical er ...
... The rules (procedures) of collection the material for microbiological examination (bacteriological, virological, mycological): the period of collection, types of materials, methods of collection, storage and transportation, request form to microbiological laboratory; pre-analytical and analytical er ...
Simulating Random Events in Evolution: Genetic Drift, Founder
... The current unit on Islands focuses instead on the mechanisms producing observed evolutionary change. We looked at evidence from finch beak sizes to evaluate natural selection as an evolutionary mechanism. Natural selection is considered a deterministic process, one that yields predictable results. ...
... The current unit on Islands focuses instead on the mechanisms producing observed evolutionary change. We looked at evidence from finch beak sizes to evaluate natural selection as an evolutionary mechanism. Natural selection is considered a deterministic process, one that yields predictable results. ...
bacteriophage and viruses-study material-2012
... bacteria. Most animal viruses and all plant viruses and phages are invisible under the light microscope. 2. Simple structure. Viruses have very simple structures. The simplest viruses are nucleoprotein particles consisting of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein capsid. In this resp ...
... bacteria. Most animal viruses and all plant viruses and phages are invisible under the light microscope. 2. Simple structure. Viruses have very simple structures. The simplest viruses are nucleoprotein particles consisting of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein capsid. In this resp ...
Quantitative-Genetic Models and Changing Environments
... The different types of changes can be superimposed in arbitrary combination, and thereby pose different challenges upon the population and prompt different responses. These may range from immediate extinction to evolution sustained over long periods, possibly resulting in speciation (Chapter 7). The ...
... The different types of changes can be superimposed in arbitrary combination, and thereby pose different challenges upon the population and prompt different responses. These may range from immediate extinction to evolution sustained over long periods, possibly resulting in speciation (Chapter 7). The ...
Chapter 4 Evolutionary Model of Immune Selection
... conserved state to another. That makes the dN/dS ratio a particularly useful tool for studying the interaction between antigen genes and the immune system. Immunological memory against particular antigens exerts a strong selective pressure for antigenic novelty in the parasite population. This is kn ...
... conserved state to another. That makes the dN/dS ratio a particularly useful tool for studying the interaction between antigen genes and the immune system. Immunological memory against particular antigens exerts a strong selective pressure for antigenic novelty in the parasite population. This is kn ...
Pathogens in the Environment
... • Coliphages: viruses infecting E. coli and maybe other coliforms • Somatic coliphages: attach directly to outer cell wall; several groups; some may not be feces-specific; host-dependent detection. • Male-specific (F+) coliphages: coliphages infecting "male" strains of E. coli (posses pili); may be ...
... • Coliphages: viruses infecting E. coli and maybe other coliforms • Somatic coliphages: attach directly to outer cell wall; several groups; some may not be feces-specific; host-dependent detection. • Male-specific (F+) coliphages: coliphages infecting "male" strains of E. coli (posses pili); may be ...
Appendix Ia
... generated IgG antibody displays higher binding affinity to virus antigen and thus avidity also rises (Note: avidity is usually measured based upon the ability of IgG to dissociate from antigen preparations after incubation with a solution of urea). As long as high avidity IgG is not yet detected in ...
... generated IgG antibody displays higher binding affinity to virus antigen and thus avidity also rises (Note: avidity is usually measured based upon the ability of IgG to dissociate from antigen preparations after incubation with a solution of urea). As long as high avidity IgG is not yet detected in ...
the selective value of alleles underlying polygenic traits
... selectively equivalent with respect to each other. Thus, if only a small proportion of mutations at a locus with effects >0.01 are fixed due to their favorable effects on the phenotype, then the majority of observed allelic substitutions will be d u e to drift within the class of alleles with effect ...
... selectively equivalent with respect to each other. Thus, if only a small proportion of mutations at a locus with effects >0.01 are fixed due to their favorable effects on the phenotype, then the majority of observed allelic substitutions will be d u e to drift within the class of alleles with effect ...
ppt - eweb.furman.edu
... B. Rates of Evolution - depends on: - patterns: - Predictions of the Neutral Model: - Problem: In the neutral model, mutations should accumulate at a constant rate…but constant in relative time – relative to the generation time of the organism. Species with short generation times should accumulate c ...
... B. Rates of Evolution - depends on: - patterns: - Predictions of the Neutral Model: - Problem: In the neutral model, mutations should accumulate at a constant rate…but constant in relative time – relative to the generation time of the organism. Species with short generation times should accumulate c ...
Low diversity in the major histocompatibility complex class II DRB1
... Genetic characterization of the MHC DRB1 gene in the Spanish ibex PCR-RFLP and sequence analyses of the Capy-DRB1 gene in three subspecies of the SI allowed us to detect six distinct alleles (Genbank accession numbers AF461692AF46196 and AY351788). One of these DRB1 alleles (Capy-DRB1.6) was found o ...
... Genetic characterization of the MHC DRB1 gene in the Spanish ibex PCR-RFLP and sequence analyses of the Capy-DRB1 gene in three subspecies of the SI allowed us to detect six distinct alleles (Genbank accession numbers AF461692AF46196 and AY351788). One of these DRB1 alleles (Capy-DRB1.6) was found o ...
Improving HIV Therapy
... infection has been known for a while, but recent work has been filling in some missing pieces. It is these results that have convinced physicians of the urgent need to halt viral replication as completely as possible. At one time, for example, crude technology suggested that HIV actually infected fe ...
... infection has been known for a while, but recent work has been filling in some missing pieces. It is these results that have convinced physicians of the urgent need to halt viral replication as completely as possible. At one time, for example, crude technology suggested that HIV actually infected fe ...
West Nile Virus
... available for horses, and your local veterinarian should be contacted. Although other animals may be infected with WNV, they may not show signs of the disease. There is no evidence that people can get WNV directly from animals or that animals can spread the disease to other animals. Q. Is West Nile ...
... available for horses, and your local veterinarian should be contacted. Although other animals may be infected with WNV, they may not show signs of the disease. There is no evidence that people can get WNV directly from animals or that animals can spread the disease to other animals. Q. Is West Nile ...
Stochasticity and variability in the dynamics and genetics of
... Instead of employing the moments of the trait as macroscopics, the cumulants have been also proposed (Bürger, 1991, 1993; Rattray and Shapiro, 2001) as descriptors. But this description suffers from the same pathologies. For directional selection, a house of cards model with an initial distribution ...
... Instead of employing the moments of the trait as macroscopics, the cumulants have been also proposed (Bürger, 1991, 1993; Rattray and Shapiro, 2001) as descriptors. But this description suffers from the same pathologies. For directional selection, a house of cards model with an initial distribution ...
Molecular Evolution, Mutation Size and Gene Pleiotropy
... found that it is roughly exponential. Although the rate of substitution was not an aim of Orr’s studies, the decreasing exponential distribution found in his studies suggests that a model considering adaptive processes in the FGM in theory could also predict the Kimura–Ohta principle of molecular ev ...
... found that it is roughly exponential. Although the rate of substitution was not an aim of Orr’s studies, the decreasing exponential distribution found in his studies suggests that a model considering adaptive processes in the FGM in theory could also predict the Kimura–Ohta principle of molecular ev ...
alert, enhanced surveillance and management of avian influenza in
... On December 15, 2003, South Korea confirmed a highly contagious type of AI in a chicken farm near Seoul and began a mass culling of poultry when the virus rapidly spread across the country. In late December, 2003 and early January 2004, Taiwan, Viet Nam and Japan reported AI and destroyed their infe ...
... On December 15, 2003, South Korea confirmed a highly contagious type of AI in a chicken farm near Seoul and began a mass culling of poultry when the virus rapidly spread across the country. In late December, 2003 and early January 2004, Taiwan, Viet Nam and Japan reported AI and destroyed their infe ...
Molecular Determinants of Alphavirus Neurovirulence: Nucleotide
... Comparison of the sequences of TC-83 and TRD viruses Nucleotide differences between the TC-83 and T R D cDNAs are noted in Fig. 1. There are 13 differences between the pTC-5 clone and the pTRD-1 clone of the virulent virus (Kinney et al., 1986). Seven differences are in the E 2 glycoprotein, four in ...
... Comparison of the sequences of TC-83 and TRD viruses Nucleotide differences between the TC-83 and T R D cDNAs are noted in Fig. 1. There are 13 differences between the pTC-5 clone and the pTRD-1 clone of the virulent virus (Kinney et al., 1986). Seven differences are in the E 2 glycoprotein, four in ...
Genetic Assimilation and Canalisation in The Baldwin Effect
... The reduction of ?’s only begins to occur after all-1’s phenotypes have been discovered and the 0’s have been removed from the population. Selection favours those who find the all-1’s phenotype more quickly over those that find it more slowly, and in the Hinton and Nowlan model, the only way to achi ...
... The reduction of ?’s only begins to occur after all-1’s phenotypes have been discovered and the 0’s have been removed from the population. Selection favours those who find the all-1’s phenotype more quickly over those that find it more slowly, and in the Hinton and Nowlan model, the only way to achi ...
Statistical methods for detecting signals of natural selection
... RAFM), intended for users without extensive skills in Bayesian statistics. This thesis also investigates the performance of the methods and the interpretation of the model estimates obtained as a by-product of the neutrality tests. As it turns out, the method developed here can detect signals of nat ...
... RAFM), intended for users without extensive skills in Bayesian statistics. This thesis also investigates the performance of the methods and the interpretation of the model estimates obtained as a by-product of the neutrality tests. As it turns out, the method developed here can detect signals of nat ...
VI-1 to VI-10
... (1) At equilibrium, both populations have the same allele frequencies. (2) Rate of approach to equilibrium ( pˆ = pc ) is determined by the migration rate m. • General Models of Migration – Same conclusions as one-island model hold. – Exceptions, however, do exist • For example, consider two populat ...
... (1) At equilibrium, both populations have the same allele frequencies. (2) Rate of approach to equilibrium ( pˆ = pc ) is determined by the migration rate m. • General Models of Migration – Same conclusions as one-island model hold. – Exceptions, however, do exist • For example, consider two populat ...
Infection Control Resource
... respiratory droplet transmission ( e.g. when an infected person coughs or sneezes near a susceptible person) Transmission via large-particle droplets requires close contact between source and recipient person, as larger droplets generally travel only a short distance (1 metre or less) through the ai ...
... respiratory droplet transmission ( e.g. when an infected person coughs or sneezes near a susceptible person) Transmission via large-particle droplets requires close contact between source and recipient person, as larger droplets generally travel only a short distance (1 metre or less) through the ai ...
16-2 Evolution as Genetic Change
... Evolution Versus Genetic Equilibrium The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause those frequencies to change. When allele frequencies remain constant it is called genetic equilibrium. ...
... Evolution Versus Genetic Equilibrium The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause those frequencies to change. When allele frequencies remain constant it is called genetic equilibrium. ...
Viral phylodynamics
Viral phylodynamics is defined as the study of how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape viral phylogenies.Since the coining of the term in 2004, research on viral phylodynamics has focused on transmission dynamics in an effort to shed light on how these dynamics impact viral genetic variation. Transmission dynamics can be considered at the level of cells within an infected host, individual hosts within a population, or entire populations of hosts.Many viruses, especially RNA viruses, rapidly accumulate genetic variation because of short generation times and high mutation rates.Patterns of viral genetic variation are therefore heavily influenced by how quickly transmission occurs and by which entities transmit to one another.Patterns of viral genetic variation will also be affected by selection acting on viral phenotypes.Although viruses can differ with respect to many phenotypes, phylodynamic studies have to date tended to focus on a limited number of viral phenotypes.These include virulence phenotypes, phenotypes associated with viral transmissibility, cell or tissue tropism phenotypes, and antigenic phenotypes that can facilitate escape from host immunity.Due to the impact that transmission dynamics and selection can have on viral genetic variation, viral phylogenies can therefore be used to investigate important epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes, such as epidemic spread, spatio-temporal dynamics including metapopulation dynamics, zoonotic transmission, tissue tropism, and antigenic drift.The quantitative investigation of these processes through the consideration of viral phylogenies is the central aim of viral phylodynamics.