Section 2: Energy Flow in Ecosystems
... • Sexual reproduction creates the possibility that mating patterns or behaviors can influence the gene pool of a population. ...
... • Sexual reproduction creates the possibility that mating patterns or behaviors can influence the gene pool of a population. ...
HBV Kinetics Under Four Treatment Regimens - HAL
... HBV Decay Patterns In most patients, HBV DNA levels showed a biphasic decay after treatment was initiated (Figure 1). Four patients (Figure 2) had only a single decay phase over the first 30 days (P26, P27, P38, P43), although P38 and P27 (and perhaps P26) were late responders, and thus they could h ...
... HBV Decay Patterns In most patients, HBV DNA levels showed a biphasic decay after treatment was initiated (Figure 1). Four patients (Figure 2) had only a single decay phase over the first 30 days (P26, P27, P38, P43), although P38 and P27 (and perhaps P26) were late responders, and thus they could h ...
Coat Protein of the Ectocarpus siliculosus Virus
... discharged into the surrounding seawater (Müller, 1991a). Free virus particles are infective for a few days (Müller and Frenzer, 1993) and can invade swimming gametes or spores of healthy plants, but cannot infect somatic Ectocarpus cells which are protected by their solid cell wall (Müller et aL, 1 ...
... discharged into the surrounding seawater (Müller, 1991a). Free virus particles are infective for a few days (Müller and Frenzer, 1993) and can invade swimming gametes or spores of healthy plants, but cannot infect somatic Ectocarpus cells which are protected by their solid cell wall (Müller et aL, 1 ...
Deleterious mutations can reduce differentiation in small, subdivided
... fixed values of s = h = 0.1. Background selection reduces somewhat the heterozygosity at the linked neutral locus when we assume one population of size N = 100. The same holds for a subdivided population. The total heterozygosity in a subdivided population with N m = 1 is a little higher but very cl ...
... fixed values of s = h = 0.1. Background selection reduces somewhat the heterozygosity at the linked neutral locus when we assume one population of size N = 100. The same holds for a subdivided population. The total heterozygosity in a subdivided population with N m = 1 is a little higher but very cl ...
NEUTRAL THEORY TOPIC 3: Rates and patterns of molecular
... (r) and conservative (c) and the c:r ratio can be tested for heterogeneity. Neutrality tests are powerful and useful. However there is an important caveat with the interpretation of a significant result. Rejection of strict neutrality does not distinguish between violation of the assumption of selec ...
... (r) and conservative (c) and the c:r ratio can be tested for heterogeneity. Neutrality tests are powerful and useful. However there is an important caveat with the interpretation of a significant result. Rejection of strict neutrality does not distinguish between violation of the assumption of selec ...
1 Mathematical Population Genetics Introduction to the
... To keep the presentation simple, we focus on one part of the data that seems to have a relatively simple mutation structure. We shall assume that substitutions at any nucleotide position can occur only once in the ancestry of the molecule. This is called the infinitely- many-sites assumption. Hence ...
... To keep the presentation simple, we focus on one part of the data that seems to have a relatively simple mutation structure. We shall assume that substitutions at any nucleotide position can occur only once in the ancestry of the molecule. This is called the infinitely- many-sites assumption. Hence ...
Longevity Bulletin: Pandemic edition
... secondary infections generated by a primary infection. A degree of negative correlation between these two threat parameters is suggested by an evolutionary argument: if a virus kills off an excessive number of hosts, then it will curtail its prospects for long-term survival. The avian flu virus H5N1 ...
... secondary infections generated by a primary infection. A degree of negative correlation between these two threat parameters is suggested by an evolutionary argument: if a virus kills off an excessive number of hosts, then it will curtail its prospects for long-term survival. The avian flu virus H5N1 ...
Mutation, Transposition, and Recombination
... overlaps the plot for best fitness. This indicates that the populations lost all the diversity and all the individuals have the same genetic makeup. Obviously, if populations converge to this stage before finding a good solution, they become irrevocably stuck in that point if no other, nonrecombinat ...
... overlaps the plot for best fitness. This indicates that the populations lost all the diversity and all the individuals have the same genetic makeup. Obviously, if populations converge to this stage before finding a good solution, they become irrevocably stuck in that point if no other, nonrecombinat ...
Time Dependency of Molecular Rate Estimates and Systematic
... To investigate the transition between the short-term mutation rate and long-term substitution rate, we estimate rates of change from mitochondrial sequences of avian and primate taxa and compare these rates in the context of the timescales on which they were calibrated. These quantitative analyses a ...
... To investigate the transition between the short-term mutation rate and long-term substitution rate, we estimate rates of change from mitochondrial sequences of avian and primate taxa and compare these rates in the context of the timescales on which they were calibrated. These quantitative analyses a ...
Megavirus - Mister Gui
... the genes mutated in different trajectories, and new copies of genes arose, producing different gene families. The lack of 258 Megavirus genes in Mimivirus might not mean that Megavirus picked up those genes from other sources. It’s possible that Mimivirus lost those genes. Likewise, Megavirus may h ...
... the genes mutated in different trajectories, and new copies of genes arose, producing different gene families. The lack of 258 Megavirus genes in Mimivirus might not mean that Megavirus picked up those genes from other sources. It’s possible that Mimivirus lost those genes. Likewise, Megavirus may h ...
1 HIV/AIDS Name(s) - human immunodeficiency virus, HIV
... - transmitted to humans thru bushmeat (eating chimpanzees – hunter theory), then human to human - believed that a chimp was co-infected with 2 SIV strains; genetic shift occurred to create HIV! - oldest known case from 1959 in the Congo (tissue and blood samples saved, later tested) - other origin ...
... - transmitted to humans thru bushmeat (eating chimpanzees – hunter theory), then human to human - believed that a chimp was co-infected with 2 SIV strains; genetic shift occurred to create HIV! - oldest known case from 1959 in the Congo (tissue and blood samples saved, later tested) - other origin ...
C. papyracea exercise - Wesleyan College Faculty
... Evolution is a difficult process to study directly because in most (but not all!) cases evolution proceeds slowly over the course of millions of years. Both laboratory and field studies have demonstrated the importance of a variety of evolutionary processes. These include mutation of individual gene ...
... Evolution is a difficult process to study directly because in most (but not all!) cases evolution proceeds slowly over the course of millions of years. Both laboratory and field studies have demonstrated the importance of a variety of evolutionary processes. These include mutation of individual gene ...
Hiv 101 - WordPress.com
... The immune system is badly damaged by HIV replication The body is not able to fight off new diseases or cancers known as opportunistic infections CD4 cell count falls below 200 cells per cubic millimeter of blood This stage generally lasts 1 to 3 years ...
... The immune system is badly damaged by HIV replication The body is not able to fight off new diseases or cancers known as opportunistic infections CD4 cell count falls below 200 cells per cubic millimeter of blood This stage generally lasts 1 to 3 years ...
Clinical Case Management Guidelines of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD
... a severe, often fatal disease in humans and nonhuman primates (such as monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees). Ebola HF is caused by infection with a virus of the family Filoviridae, genus Ebolavirus. When infection occurs, symptoms usually begin abruptly. The first Ebolavirus species was discovered in ...
... a severe, often fatal disease in humans and nonhuman primates (such as monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees). Ebola HF is caused by infection with a virus of the family Filoviridae, genus Ebolavirus. When infection occurs, symptoms usually begin abruptly. The first Ebolavirus species was discovered in ...
ACUTE RESPIRATORY infections in children
... The diagnosis of bronchiolitis is clinical, based on the typical symptoms and examination findings described above. Although fever is common, the finding of a high fever (temperatures >40°C) is unusual and should prompt careful consideration of alternative diagnoses. In hospital settings the clinica ...
... The diagnosis of bronchiolitis is clinical, based on the typical symptoms and examination findings described above. Although fever is common, the finding of a high fever (temperatures >40°C) is unusual and should prompt careful consideration of alternative diagnoses. In hospital settings the clinica ...
Lecture Slides
... better than an individual B if A has a higher fitness value than B In a MOEA, an individual A is said to be better than an individual B if A dominates B ...
... better than an individual B if A has a higher fitness value than B In a MOEA, an individual A is said to be better than an individual B if A dominates B ...
Social transmission of reproductive behavior increases frequency of
... EFS was correlated from one generation to the next. Overall, the correlation was 0.161, with 0.144 for men and 0.174 for women, viewing the sexes separately. These data are for individuals married from 1870 to 1930. For the first 30 years period, the correlations are higher (0.176 for men, 0.194 for ...
... EFS was correlated from one generation to the next. Overall, the correlation was 0.161, with 0.144 for men and 0.174 for women, viewing the sexes separately. These data are for individuals married from 1870 to 1930. For the first 30 years period, the correlations are higher (0.176 for men, 0.194 for ...
Numbering the hairs on our heads: The shared
... by better association studies. A particularly revealing set of GWA studies recently discovered multiple new regions with effects on height in human populations (17–19). The total sample size of genotyped individuals over those three studies was ⬇85,000; each study accumulated large samples by combin ...
... by better association studies. A particularly revealing set of GWA studies recently discovered multiple new regions with effects on height in human populations (17–19). The total sample size of genotyped individuals over those three studies was ⬇85,000; each study accumulated large samples by combin ...
2013 CALS abstracts in JNV - University of Colorado Denver
... CSF. PCR amplified VZVand HSV-1 DNA in both trigeminal ganglia. Histological examination revealed extensive inflammation in the ganglia and adjacent nerve roots. The inflammatory response was dominated by T cells (CD4+>CD8+), and CD68+ macrophages/microglia were abundant; rare CD20+ B cells, CD15+ n ...
... CSF. PCR amplified VZVand HSV-1 DNA in both trigeminal ganglia. Histological examination revealed extensive inflammation in the ganglia and adjacent nerve roots. The inflammatory response was dominated by T cells (CD4+>CD8+), and CD68+ macrophages/microglia were abundant; rare CD20+ B cells, CD15+ n ...
The Inheritance of Phenotypes: an Adaptation to
... response), nor constitutive (long-term, stimulusindependent response) but intermediate between these two; it is an intermediate-term response: a response which can be inherited for a while in the absence of the environmental trigger, but not for a very long period. Such a response can be based on a ...
... response), nor constitutive (long-term, stimulusindependent response) but intermediate between these two; it is an intermediate-term response: a response which can be inherited for a while in the absence of the environmental trigger, but not for a very long period. Such a response can be based on a ...
Interim Guidance for Environmental Infection Control in Hospitals for Ebola Virus
... Transportation’s (DOT) Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR, 49 C.F.R., Parts 171180).6, 7 Guidance from DOT has been released for Ebola.7 5. Is it safe for Ebola patients to use the bathroom? Yes. Sanitary sewers may be used for the safe disposal of patient waste. Additionally, sewage handling proc ...
... Transportation’s (DOT) Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR, 49 C.F.R., Parts 171180).6, 7 Guidance from DOT has been released for Ebola.7 5. Is it safe for Ebola patients to use the bathroom? Yes. Sanitary sewers may be used for the safe disposal of patient waste. Additionally, sewage handling proc ...
Free PDF
... transmitted by the ticks of Hyalomma spp. in general and H. marginatumin particular, can cause severe disease in humans, with mortality rates of 3-30%. Other than from the bites of infected ticks, CCHFV can also be transmitted through contact with patients with the acute phase of infection or contac ...
... transmitted by the ticks of Hyalomma spp. in general and H. marginatumin particular, can cause severe disease in humans, with mortality rates of 3-30%. Other than from the bites of infected ticks, CCHFV can also be transmitted through contact with patients with the acute phase of infection or contac ...
Screening Checklist for Contraindications to Live
... influenza complications but who are known to have developed Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) within 6 weeks after receiving a previous influenza vaccination. As an alternative, physicians might consider using influenza antiviral chemoprophylaxis for these people. Although data are limited, the establis ...
... influenza complications but who are known to have developed Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) within 6 weeks after receiving a previous influenza vaccination. As an alternative, physicians might consider using influenza antiviral chemoprophylaxis for these people. Although data are limited, the establis ...
Reprint
... belief stems both from epidemiological data and experimental studies that directly examine the potential for HIV transmission via arthropods (Lawrence 1987; Lifson 1988; Bockarie and Paru 1996). Why is HIV not vector-borne (throughout this article we use the term ‘vector’ synonymously with ‘arthropo ...
... belief stems both from epidemiological data and experimental studies that directly examine the potential for HIV transmission via arthropods (Lawrence 1987; Lifson 1988; Bockarie and Paru 1996). Why is HIV not vector-borne (throughout this article we use the term ‘vector’ synonymously with ‘arthropo ...
Available Online
... To prevent disengagement, the author has previously introduced the “Reduced Virulence” technique (Cartlidge & Bullock, 2004, Evol. Comp., 12, p.193). This technique helps avoid disengagement by reigning in a population that inherits an advantageous bias. Rather than reward individuals that maximally ...
... To prevent disengagement, the author has previously introduced the “Reduced Virulence” technique (Cartlidge & Bullock, 2004, Evol. Comp., 12, p.193). This technique helps avoid disengagement by reigning in a population that inherits an advantageous bias. Rather than reward individuals that maximally ...
Viral phylodynamics
Viral phylodynamics is defined as the study of how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape viral phylogenies.Since the coining of the term in 2004, research on viral phylodynamics has focused on transmission dynamics in an effort to shed light on how these dynamics impact viral genetic variation. Transmission dynamics can be considered at the level of cells within an infected host, individual hosts within a population, or entire populations of hosts.Many viruses, especially RNA viruses, rapidly accumulate genetic variation because of short generation times and high mutation rates.Patterns of viral genetic variation are therefore heavily influenced by how quickly transmission occurs and by which entities transmit to one another.Patterns of viral genetic variation will also be affected by selection acting on viral phenotypes.Although viruses can differ with respect to many phenotypes, phylodynamic studies have to date tended to focus on a limited number of viral phenotypes.These include virulence phenotypes, phenotypes associated with viral transmissibility, cell or tissue tropism phenotypes, and antigenic phenotypes that can facilitate escape from host immunity.Due to the impact that transmission dynamics and selection can have on viral genetic variation, viral phylogenies can therefore be used to investigate important epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes, such as epidemic spread, spatio-temporal dynamics including metapopulation dynamics, zoonotic transmission, tissue tropism, and antigenic drift.The quantitative investigation of these processes through the consideration of viral phylogenies is the central aim of viral phylodynamics.