HIV Drug Resistance Assessment and Prevention Strategy
... • As early as August 2014, physicians in Brazil began to investigate an outbreak of illness characterized by a flat pinkish rash, bloodshot eyes, fever, joint pain and headaches. • While the symptoms resembled dengue fever, testing ruled out this and several other potential causes. • Then, in May 20 ...
... • As early as August 2014, physicians in Brazil began to investigate an outbreak of illness characterized by a flat pinkish rash, bloodshot eyes, fever, joint pain and headaches. • While the symptoms resembled dengue fever, testing ruled out this and several other potential causes. • Then, in May 20 ...
Effective population size
... Old Order Amish populations are derived from a few dozen colonists who escaped religious persecution in Germany in 1719 to settle in Pennsylvania. The community is closed. Allele and genetic disease frequencies in Amish are significantly different from the German ancestral and the surrounding local ...
... Old Order Amish populations are derived from a few dozen colonists who escaped religious persecution in Germany in 1719 to settle in Pennsylvania. The community is closed. Allele and genetic disease frequencies in Amish are significantly different from the German ancestral and the surrounding local ...
chapter 2: clinical aspects of hiv/aids
... copies/ml represents a 1 log10 change and is regarded as clinically significant, whereas a change in viral load from 100 000 to 30 000 copies/ml represents a 0.48 log10 change and is not clinically significant. The final aim of treatment is to reduce the viral load to fewer than 50 copies per millil ...
... copies/ml represents a 1 log10 change and is regarded as clinically significant, whereas a change in viral load from 100 000 to 30 000 copies/ml represents a 0.48 log10 change and is not clinically significant. The final aim of treatment is to reduce the viral load to fewer than 50 copies per millil ...
Quantifying relative within-host replication fitness in influenza virus
... becomes prevalent (Kelso and Hurt, 2012). During the Northern Hemisphere's 2007/08 influenza season, surveillance studies identified a rise in the proportion of A(H1N1) viruses carrying the resistance-conferring H275Y mutation in the NA gene (Sheu et al., 2008; Centers for Disease Control and Preventi ...
... becomes prevalent (Kelso and Hurt, 2012). During the Northern Hemisphere's 2007/08 influenza season, surveillance studies identified a rise in the proportion of A(H1N1) viruses carrying the resistance-conferring H275Y mutation in the NA gene (Sheu et al., 2008; Centers for Disease Control and Preventi ...
- Wiley Online Library
... deploy this elegant and modern technique is rapidly increasing. Full genome sequences of hundreds of bacterial strains have been determined and described. However, on reading some of the literature, sometimes one wonders if the use of this method with enormous resolving power is really ‘balanced’ or ...
... deploy this elegant and modern technique is rapidly increasing. Full genome sequences of hundreds of bacterial strains have been determined and described. However, on reading some of the literature, sometimes one wonders if the use of this method with enormous resolving power is really ‘balanced’ or ...
Comparing the effects of genetic drift and fluctuating selection on
... Figure 2. Joint posterior density of variation in the frequency of the medionigra genotype resulting from selection (q) and predicted effective population size (Ne ðtÞ): 50% and 95% contours. Density at q < 0 is an artefact of the smoothing. The model was fitted to the data by MCMC simulation using ...
... Figure 2. Joint posterior density of variation in the frequency of the medionigra genotype resulting from selection (q) and predicted effective population size (Ne ðtÞ): 50% and 95% contours. Density at q < 0 is an artefact of the smoothing. The model was fitted to the data by MCMC simulation using ...
Dynamics of Cannibalism
... minority family as well as have the genes allowing the development of cannibalism. Even then, only a certain proportion of the individuals with that genotype will become cannibals. This proportion varies for different genotypes; AA individuals will have a different probability of becoming a cannibal ...
... minority family as well as have the genes allowing the development of cannibalism. Even then, only a certain proportion of the individuals with that genotype will become cannibals. This proportion varies for different genotypes; AA individuals will have a different probability of becoming a cannibal ...
Two postdoctoral researchers
... > We are looking for motivated postdoctoral researchers to develop > their career in the area of fish immunology. Two 4 and a half> year contracts are available starting in late 2011 to work on > the ERC Starting grant-funded project "Teleost B-lymphocytes, > the equivalent of mammalian B1 lymphocyt ...
... > We are looking for motivated postdoctoral researchers to develop > their career in the area of fish immunology. Two 4 and a half> year contracts are available starting in late 2011 to work on > the ERC Starting grant-funded project "Teleost B-lymphocytes, > the equivalent of mammalian B1 lymphocyt ...
document
... Assume no convergent evolution; and no derived traits have been lost. Lampreys are the outgroup—any species or group outside the group of interest. The group of interest is the ingroup. Comparison with the outgroup shows which traits of the ingroup are derived and which are ancestral. ...
... Assume no convergent evolution; and no derived traits have been lost. Lampreys are the outgroup—any species or group outside the group of interest. The group of interest is the ingroup. Comparison with the outgroup shows which traits of the ingroup are derived and which are ancestral. ...
Repeatable Population Dynamics among Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
... the frequency of ordinary virus genotypes to decline, because DIPs are defined to be fitness advantaged over their fulllength virus counterparts during co-infection. But when DIPs reach high frequencies in the population, most cells will be co-infected only by DIP mutants and these dead-end infectio ...
... the frequency of ordinary virus genotypes to decline, because DIPs are defined to be fitness advantaged over their fulllength virus counterparts during co-infection. But when DIPs reach high frequencies in the population, most cells will be co-infected only by DIP mutants and these dead-end infectio ...
Exploring the Infectious Nature of Viruses
... Beijerinck proposed that the virus that caused this disease must be much smaller than bacteria, as it could not be visualized by light microscopy. Furthermore, since viruses could not be cultured in nutrient media, they must only be able to replicate in their host organism. The theory that viruses w ...
... Beijerinck proposed that the virus that caused this disease must be much smaller than bacteria, as it could not be visualized by light microscopy. Furthermore, since viruses could not be cultured in nutrient media, they must only be able to replicate in their host organism. The theory that viruses w ...
Emerging Viral Infections in India
... Microbes are constantly evolving to adapt to their environment. Many viruses like Influenza show a high mutation rate and rapidly evolve into new variants against which the immune system fails to mount a response, and vaccines against existing strains are ineffective. In certain viruses evolution of ...
... Microbes are constantly evolving to adapt to their environment. Many viruses like Influenza show a high mutation rate and rapidly evolve into new variants against which the immune system fails to mount a response, and vaccines against existing strains are ineffective. In certain viruses evolution of ...
The neutral theory of molecular
... alleles (new sequence versions) per unit time The probability that a particular allele will become fixed in a population depends on its frequency, its fitness advantage or disadvantage, i.e. (Darwinian) selection increasing or decreasing its frequency, the effective population size Ne which affects ...
... alleles (new sequence versions) per unit time The probability that a particular allele will become fixed in a population depends on its frequency, its fitness advantage or disadvantage, i.e. (Darwinian) selection increasing or decreasing its frequency, the effective population size Ne which affects ...
Antiviral agents active against influenza A viruses
... (H3N2, H1N1) and B infections, the outbreaks of avian influenza (H5N1) in Southeast Asia, and the potential of a new human or avian influenza A variant to unleash a pandemic, there is much concern about the shortage in both the number and supply of effective anti-influenzavirus agents1–4. There are, ...
... (H3N2, H1N1) and B infections, the outbreaks of avian influenza (H5N1) in Southeast Asia, and the potential of a new human or avian influenza A variant to unleash a pandemic, there is much concern about the shortage in both the number and supply of effective anti-influenzavirus agents1–4. There are, ...
Perivitelline Injection
... ensure that the media, incubator etc. are adequate. In most cases, all five embryos should develop into blastocysts by Friday. Results are recorded in a log. Viral loading: 1) Viral aliquots provided by the investigator are kept at –80 C. Take one aliquot of 5-10 l and thaw within a 50 ml conical t ...
... ensure that the media, incubator etc. are adequate. In most cases, all five embryos should develop into blastocysts by Friday. Results are recorded in a log. Viral loading: 1) Viral aliquots provided by the investigator are kept at –80 C. Take one aliquot of 5-10 l and thaw within a 50 ml conical t ...
Mutation and Random Genetic Drift
... where {Wt }t≥0 is a standard Brownian motion. What we have shown is that, at least for large populations evolving according to the neutral Wright–Fisher model, if we measure time in units of N generations, then the distribution of allele frequencies should be approximately governed by the partial di ...
... where {Wt }t≥0 is a standard Brownian motion. What we have shown is that, at least for large populations evolving according to the neutral Wright–Fisher model, if we measure time in units of N generations, then the distribution of allele frequencies should be approximately governed by the partial di ...
papovavirus family (Papovaviridae)
... while an infant is passing through an infected birth canal. ...
... while an infant is passing through an infected birth canal. ...
Presentation
... Assume no convergent evolution; and no derived traits have been lost. Lampreys are the outgroup—any species or group outside the group of interest. The group of interest is the ingroup. Comparison with the outgroup shows which traits of the ingroup are derived and which are ancestral. ...
... Assume no convergent evolution; and no derived traits have been lost. Lampreys are the outgroup—any species or group outside the group of interest. The group of interest is the ingroup. Comparison with the outgroup shows which traits of the ingroup are derived and which are ancestral. ...
A NOTE ON EFFECTIVE POPULATION SIZE WITH
... 1972a), differing only in the simplicity of their derivation, and confirming that the variance effective number with overlapping generations is the same as with discrete generations, providing lifetime family size and numbers entering each generation are used. The population numbers cannot be too sm ...
... 1972a), differing only in the simplicity of their derivation, and confirming that the variance effective number with overlapping generations is the same as with discrete generations, providing lifetime family size and numbers entering each generation are used. The population numbers cannot be too sm ...
Population genetics 2
... become overrepresented in the population. Effects of selection are apparent not only at the selected locus but also in the flanking DNA sequences. If there is a lot of linkage disequilibrium (LD) like in humans, these markers can tell us a lot about the general location of particular genes. ...
... become overrepresented in the population. Effects of selection are apparent not only at the selected locus but also in the flanking DNA sequences. If there is a lot of linkage disequilibrium (LD) like in humans, these markers can tell us a lot about the general location of particular genes. ...
Neutral Theory, Molecular Evolution and Mutation
... Depend upon Population Size. All populations, regardless of size, have an innate tendency to evolve as driven by mutation and drift. Moreover, if the neutral mutations rates are comparable, this tendency is just as strong in a large population as in a small population. GENETIC DRIFT IS IMPORTANT FOR ...
... Depend upon Population Size. All populations, regardless of size, have an innate tendency to evolve as driven by mutation and drift. Moreover, if the neutral mutations rates are comparable, this tendency is just as strong in a large population as in a small population. GENETIC DRIFT IS IMPORTANT FOR ...
Definition of Evolution Evolutionary Force
... • complete genetic isolation (no contact with any other population) • discrete generations with no age structure • all individuals contribute the same number of gametes on the average to the next generation (no natural selection) • the sampling variation in the number of gametes contributed to the n ...
... • complete genetic isolation (no contact with any other population) • discrete generations with no age structure • all individuals contribute the same number of gametes on the average to the next generation (no natural selection) • the sampling variation in the number of gametes contributed to the n ...
: Classical, Balance and Neutral theories of evolution Introduction
... could be maintained in a population. There were two schools of thought on this issue: (i) the classical school and (ii) the balance school. The CLASSICAL SCHOOL held a view that went all the way back to Malthus, where natural selection was believed to be predominantly purifying or a negative force f ...
... could be maintained in a population. There were two schools of thought on this issue: (i) the classical school and (ii) the balance school. The CLASSICAL SCHOOL held a view that went all the way back to Malthus, where natural selection was believed to be predominantly purifying or a negative force f ...
Detecting natural selection in RNA virus populations using
... under various scenarios. Simulation was a two-step process. First, for each scenario, 500 neutral coalescent trees with 50 taxa were simulated. Second, one alignment of sequences, 6000 nt in length, was simulated along each tree. Neutral coalescent trees were simulated using standard approaches (e.g ...
... under various scenarios. Simulation was a two-step process. First, for each scenario, 500 neutral coalescent trees with 50 taxa were simulated. Second, one alignment of sequences, 6000 nt in length, was simulated along each tree. Neutral coalescent trees were simulated using standard approaches (e.g ...
Phases of HIV infection
... This is a surrogate because most of the viral replication occurs in the lymph nodes rather than in the peripheral blood. The test is a quantitative amplification of the viral RNA using nucleic acid sequencebased amplification (NASBA), reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR), or sim ...
... This is a surrogate because most of the viral replication occurs in the lymph nodes rather than in the peripheral blood. The test is a quantitative amplification of the viral RNA using nucleic acid sequencebased amplification (NASBA), reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR), or sim ...
Viral phylodynamics
Viral phylodynamics is defined as the study of how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape viral phylogenies.Since the coining of the term in 2004, research on viral phylodynamics has focused on transmission dynamics in an effort to shed light on how these dynamics impact viral genetic variation. Transmission dynamics can be considered at the level of cells within an infected host, individual hosts within a population, or entire populations of hosts.Many viruses, especially RNA viruses, rapidly accumulate genetic variation because of short generation times and high mutation rates.Patterns of viral genetic variation are therefore heavily influenced by how quickly transmission occurs and by which entities transmit to one another.Patterns of viral genetic variation will also be affected by selection acting on viral phenotypes.Although viruses can differ with respect to many phenotypes, phylodynamic studies have to date tended to focus on a limited number of viral phenotypes.These include virulence phenotypes, phenotypes associated with viral transmissibility, cell or tissue tropism phenotypes, and antigenic phenotypes that can facilitate escape from host immunity.Due to the impact that transmission dynamics and selection can have on viral genetic variation, viral phylogenies can therefore be used to investigate important epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes, such as epidemic spread, spatio-temporal dynamics including metapopulation dynamics, zoonotic transmission, tissue tropism, and antigenic drift.The quantitative investigation of these processes through the consideration of viral phylogenies is the central aim of viral phylodynamics.