Homework 4
... the presence of citrate. Back in the day, before the sequencing revolution, one of the ways to identify bacterial species was by their metabolic repertoire. Scientists would classify a bacterium as E. coli for example based on its ability to ferment arabinose, lactose, mannitol, and the lack of abil ...
... the presence of citrate. Back in the day, before the sequencing revolution, one of the ways to identify bacterial species was by their metabolic repertoire. Scientists would classify a bacterium as E. coli for example based on its ability to ferment arabinose, lactose, mannitol, and the lack of abil ...
Document
... usually not all sites in a sequence are under selection all the time. PAML (and other programs) allow to either determine omega for each site over the whole tree, ...
... usually not all sites in a sequence are under selection all the time. PAML (and other programs) allow to either determine omega for each site over the whole tree, ...
RidgeRace: ridge regression for continuous ancestral character
... Motivation: Ancestral character state reconstruction describes a set of techniques for estimating phenotypic or genetic features of species or related individuals that are the predecessors of those present today. Such reconstructions can reach into the distant past and can provide insights into the ...
... Motivation: Ancestral character state reconstruction describes a set of techniques for estimating phenotypic or genetic features of species or related individuals that are the predecessors of those present today. Such reconstructions can reach into the distant past and can provide insights into the ...
Hallerman ch 18
... Hcritical = 1 - (1 - 1/2Ne)50 (corresponds to Ne 50) (NB! Hcritical is a fraction) Long-term horizon: A planning horizon of 500 generations and the corresponding Ne appears ...
... Hcritical = 1 - (1 - 1/2Ne)50 (corresponds to Ne 50) (NB! Hcritical is a fraction) Long-term horizon: A planning horizon of 500 generations and the corresponding Ne appears ...
mutation as a source of variation
... BIOL2007 - MUTATION AS A SOURCE OF VARIATION Genetic variation is essential for Darwin’s theory of natural selection and all genetic variation must come, ultimately, from mutations. A mutation is any hereditary change in the DNA sequence or in chromosome number, form or structure. Most mutations ari ...
... BIOL2007 - MUTATION AS A SOURCE OF VARIATION Genetic variation is essential for Darwin’s theory of natural selection and all genetic variation must come, ultimately, from mutations. A mutation is any hereditary change in the DNA sequence or in chromosome number, form or structure. Most mutations ari ...
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
... Antiretrovirals have significant side effects. ID Physicians usually only strongly advise them if the injury is high risk (eg from a known HIV positive source, or during an assault from an unknown source etc). Otherwise the chance of serious side effects may out weigh the benefit of the drugs. In ad ...
... Antiretrovirals have significant side effects. ID Physicians usually only strongly advise them if the injury is high risk (eg from a known HIV positive source, or during an assault from an unknown source etc). Otherwise the chance of serious side effects may out weigh the benefit of the drugs. In ad ...
GLYPHOSATE RESISTANCE Background / Problem
... Favorable alleles do increase in frequency more quickly when drift is involved over ALL subpopulations Can be simulated by allowing selection to alter allele frequencies prior to effects of drift ...
... Favorable alleles do increase in frequency more quickly when drift is involved over ALL subpopulations Can be simulated by allowing selection to alter allele frequencies prior to effects of drift ...
mutation as a source of variation
... Genetic variation is essential for Darwin’s theory of natural selection and all genetic variation must come, ultimately, from mutations. A mutation is any hereditary change in the DNA sequence or in chromosome number, form or structure. Most mutations arise from errors during DNA replication that fa ...
... Genetic variation is essential for Darwin’s theory of natural selection and all genetic variation must come, ultimately, from mutations. A mutation is any hereditary change in the DNA sequence or in chromosome number, form or structure. Most mutations arise from errors during DNA replication that fa ...
Demographic events
... • A frequency graph of pair-wise differences between alleles. • It is usually multimodal in samples drawn from populations at demographic equilibrium (it reflects the highly stochastic shape of gene trees) • It is usually unimodal in populations having passed through a recent demographic expansion ( ...
... • A frequency graph of pair-wise differences between alleles. • It is usually multimodal in samples drawn from populations at demographic equilibrium (it reflects the highly stochastic shape of gene trees) • It is usually unimodal in populations having passed through a recent demographic expansion ( ...
Range expansions can be unstructured or structured
... presence of obstacle not detectable, but: obstacle (probably) detectable from sectors ...
... presence of obstacle not detectable, but: obstacle (probably) detectable from sectors ...
Influenza Outbreak Control Measure Trigger Tool for Hospitals
... person has acquired influenza while in hospital. ...
... person has acquired influenza while in hospital. ...
(PDF)
... The HIV epidemic in Minnesota affects racial and ethnic minorities disproportionately, especially African Americans, who are over represented in every risk group. While the emerging epidemic among African-born persons seems to be leveling off, Minnesota continues to see an increasing number of livin ...
... The HIV epidemic in Minnesota affects racial and ethnic minorities disproportionately, especially African Americans, who are over represented in every risk group. While the emerging epidemic among African-born persons seems to be leveling off, Minnesota continues to see an increasing number of livin ...
Myths and Barriers - Jacobi Medical Center
... • Influenza vaccine is effective in children >6 months of age • Children 6 months <9 years of age should receive 2 doses of flu vaccine in the first season they receive vaccine – Among children <9 years of age who have never received influenza vaccine before and who received only 1 dose of vaccine i ...
... • Influenza vaccine is effective in children >6 months of age • Children 6 months <9 years of age should receive 2 doses of flu vaccine in the first season they receive vaccine – Among children <9 years of age who have never received influenza vaccine before and who received only 1 dose of vaccine i ...
Table 1. Cuyahoga County Influenza Data Dashboard
... particular influenza season. This condition became reportable in January 2009. B) Influenza-associated Pediatric Mortality (ODRS): Influenza-associated pediatric mortalities are reported into ODRS by CCBH and hospital staff. Pediatric deaths can be an indicator of the severity of illness during the ...
... particular influenza season. This condition became reportable in January 2009. B) Influenza-associated Pediatric Mortality (ODRS): Influenza-associated pediatric mortalities are reported into ODRS by CCBH and hospital staff. Pediatric deaths can be an indicator of the severity of illness during the ...
Smallpox (variola virus)
... spread more widely. During the eradication campaign, investigations found that the virus could be transmitted via ventilation systems and infect people who were not in the immediate vicinity of the infected person. Epidemics develop relatively slowly. The interval between each generation of cases wa ...
... spread more widely. During the eradication campaign, investigations found that the virus could be transmitted via ventilation systems and infect people who were not in the immediate vicinity of the infected person. Epidemics develop relatively slowly. The interval between each generation of cases wa ...
HIV/AIDS Powerpoint
... Persons with positive HIV serology who have ever had a CD4 lymphocyte count below 200 cells/mcL or a CD4 lymphocyte percentage below 14% are considered to have AIDS. ...
... Persons with positive HIV serology who have ever had a CD4 lymphocyte count below 200 cells/mcL or a CD4 lymphocyte percentage below 14% are considered to have AIDS. ...
lecture 9 notes
... • Big orange population: – A new mutation to blue is doomed – It will be in heterozygotes and they are inferior • Tiny orange population (size 10) – A new mutation to blue has frequency 0.05 – Without selection it would fix 5% of the time – Even with selection it has a chance (I used PopG to estimat ...
... • Big orange population: – A new mutation to blue is doomed – It will be in heterozygotes and they are inferior • Tiny orange population (size 10) – A new mutation to blue has frequency 0.05 – Without selection it would fix 5% of the time – Even with selection it has a chance (I used PopG to estimat ...
1 Lecture 6 Migration, Genetic Drift and Nonrandom Mating I
... a. Assume that deleterious alleles are disadvantageous and quickly eliminated. b. Advantageous alleles arising by mutation are extremely rare. c. This leaves u = uLf – the rate of neural mutations. d. AND this is the same thing as the substitution rate v. 6. Neutral theory versus selectionist theory ...
... a. Assume that deleterious alleles are disadvantageous and quickly eliminated. b. Advantageous alleles arising by mutation are extremely rare. c. This leaves u = uLf – the rate of neural mutations. d. AND this is the same thing as the substitution rate v. 6. Neutral theory versus selectionist theory ...
An Overview of methods maintaining Diversity in Genetic Algorithms
... In the FUSS (fitness uniform selection scheme) lowest and highest fitness values in the population are (Let assume the representation) min f and max f respectively [22, 29]. The FUSS will select a fitness f uniformly in the interval [f min, f max]. Then the individual with fitness value nearest to f ...
... In the FUSS (fitness uniform selection scheme) lowest and highest fitness values in the population are (Let assume the representation) min f and max f respectively [22, 29]. The FUSS will select a fitness f uniformly in the interval [f min, f max]. Then the individual with fitness value nearest to f ...
Microevolution 3
... - a species’ effective population size is not the same as the census population size that we observe in nature. - in general terms, the effective population is roughly equivalent to the actual number of breeding individuals in the population. - this will always be lower than the current number of in ...
... - a species’ effective population size is not the same as the census population size that we observe in nature. - in general terms, the effective population is roughly equivalent to the actual number of breeding individuals in the population. - this will always be lower than the current number of in ...
The viriosphere, diversity, and genetic exchange within phage
... fraction of potential hosts have been cultured, cultureindependent methods have been used to estimate the genetic variation in natural virus communities. In particular, advances in techniques and the identification of suitable targets have propelled us into an era in which genomic approaches for int ...
... fraction of potential hosts have been cultured, cultureindependent methods have been used to estimate the genetic variation in natural virus communities. In particular, advances in techniques and the identification of suitable targets have propelled us into an era in which genomic approaches for int ...
Evolutionary quantitative genetics and one
... – Suppose a farmer (or nature) chooses a set of individuals to reproduce – The mean value of the offspring will equal the average breeding value of the selected individuals • Breeding values can be estimated – In principle, one could 1) mate an individual to many others 2) raise and measure the offs ...
... – Suppose a farmer (or nature) chooses a set of individuals to reproduce – The mean value of the offspring will equal the average breeding value of the selected individuals • Breeding values can be estimated – In principle, one could 1) mate an individual to many others 2) raise and measure the offs ...
Exam 2
... Describe structural differences between yeast, filamentous molds and complex molds. Describe the colony morphology of a filamentous mold; yeast. How does morphology of a filamentous mold colony differ from that of a bacterial colony? ...
... Describe structural differences between yeast, filamentous molds and complex molds. Describe the colony morphology of a filamentous mold; yeast. How does morphology of a filamentous mold colony differ from that of a bacterial colony? ...
11.1 Genetic Variation Within Population
... Natural Selection in Populations 11.1- Genetic Variation Within Population Natural selection acts on distributions of traits. • A normal distribution graphs as a bell-shaped curve. ...
... Natural Selection in Populations 11.1- Genetic Variation Within Population Natural selection acts on distributions of traits. • A normal distribution graphs as a bell-shaped curve. ...
Viral phylodynamics
Viral phylodynamics is defined as the study of how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape viral phylogenies.Since the coining of the term in 2004, research on viral phylodynamics has focused on transmission dynamics in an effort to shed light on how these dynamics impact viral genetic variation. Transmission dynamics can be considered at the level of cells within an infected host, individual hosts within a population, or entire populations of hosts.Many viruses, especially RNA viruses, rapidly accumulate genetic variation because of short generation times and high mutation rates.Patterns of viral genetic variation are therefore heavily influenced by how quickly transmission occurs and by which entities transmit to one another.Patterns of viral genetic variation will also be affected by selection acting on viral phenotypes.Although viruses can differ with respect to many phenotypes, phylodynamic studies have to date tended to focus on a limited number of viral phenotypes.These include virulence phenotypes, phenotypes associated with viral transmissibility, cell or tissue tropism phenotypes, and antigenic phenotypes that can facilitate escape from host immunity.Due to the impact that transmission dynamics and selection can have on viral genetic variation, viral phylogenies can therefore be used to investigate important epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes, such as epidemic spread, spatio-temporal dynamics including metapopulation dynamics, zoonotic transmission, tissue tropism, and antigenic drift.The quantitative investigation of these processes through the consideration of viral phylogenies is the central aim of viral phylodynamics.