Chapter 16 - Enterobacteriaceae
... Symptoms include fever, fatigue and myalgias Two types of virus ...
... Symptoms include fever, fatigue and myalgias Two types of virus ...
Genetic variation: the raw material of evolution
... with the rarer allele having a frequency greater than .01. ...
... with the rarer allele having a frequency greater than .01. ...
Evolution of Genetic Potential
... organisms can respond to their conditions [9,10]. As environmental change slows down, viable strategies include stochastic or directed heterogeneity in developmental pathways that give rise to phenotypic variation on the order of once per generation [11]. For even slower rates of change, mutations m ...
... organisms can respond to their conditions [9,10]. As environmental change slows down, viable strategies include stochastic or directed heterogeneity in developmental pathways that give rise to phenotypic variation on the order of once per generation [11]. For even slower rates of change, mutations m ...
The evolution of large DNA viruses: combining genomic information
... clusters with genes from the same family, it is probably ancestral. However, when most species in a family possess a gene and others do not, both intrafamily lateral transfer and ancestral origin followed by gene loss events (as shown here) must be considered. The case for ancestral origin is suppor ...
... clusters with genes from the same family, it is probably ancestral. However, when most species in a family possess a gene and others do not, both intrafamily lateral transfer and ancestral origin followed by gene loss events (as shown here) must be considered. The case for ancestral origin is suppor ...
Combining genotypic and phenotypic predictions of invasive
... of sexual spores • Plant pathologist need to emphasize role of ecology besides pathogenicity • Estimation of essential variables is alternative to predictions based on simple biological and climatic ...
... of sexual spores • Plant pathologist need to emphasize role of ecology besides pathogenicity • Estimation of essential variables is alternative to predictions based on simple biological and climatic ...
At CSIRO: Studying a Specific Change in One Gene of the Avian Flu
... States of poultry products from China or other places with bird flu is forbidden. Last summer there was an incident in Detroit, where authorities confiscated illegally imported frozen bird products (geese and chicken), hidden under all sorts of products from China. The same thing happened in Venice. ...
... States of poultry products from China or other places with bird flu is forbidden. Last summer there was an incident in Detroit, where authorities confiscated illegally imported frozen bird products (geese and chicken), hidden under all sorts of products from China. The same thing happened in Venice. ...
Volume X, Number 1 - nc
... 14. “Patients and HCWs should not be allowed to read their own TST results.” 15. Additional TST training for healthcare workers who place or read TST includes a 3hour lecture, supervised 9 hours of observation of practical work, and administration of 10 total TST successfully placed using saline, a ...
... 14. “Patients and HCWs should not be allowed to read their own TST results.” 15. Additional TST training for healthcare workers who place or read TST includes a 3hour lecture, supervised 9 hours of observation of practical work, and administration of 10 total TST successfully placed using saline, a ...
Rates of evolutionary change in viruses
... have been estimated for viruses like the human immunodeficiency virus type‑1 (HIV‑1) and hepatitis B virus (HBV)2,10, a rate that is approximately fivefold lower than observed in some viruses that replicate using RdRps10. Hence, the rapid evolutionary dynamics that are exhibited by HIV‑1 also reflec ...
... have been estimated for viruses like the human immunodeficiency virus type‑1 (HIV‑1) and hepatitis B virus (HBV)2,10, a rate that is approximately fivefold lower than observed in some viruses that replicate using RdRps10. Hence, the rapid evolutionary dynamics that are exhibited by HIV‑1 also reflec ...
39. RNA Enveloped Viruses
... caused by an H5N1 virus in the United States. However, there have been two cases of human influenza caused by an H7N2 strain of avian influenza virus. In 2005, the RNA of the virus that caused the 1918 pandemic was sequenced and found to resemble avian influenza strains. The ability of the H5N1 stra ...
... caused by an H5N1 virus in the United States. However, there have been two cases of human influenza caused by an H7N2 strain of avian influenza virus. In 2005, the RNA of the virus that caused the 1918 pandemic was sequenced and found to resemble avian influenza strains. The ability of the H5N1 stra ...
MUTATION
... – so mutation is “deterministic” when viewed at the population level. • In reality, – Consider a single locus determined by a 500 bp sequence of DNA. – Can have 4500 » 10300 alleles – No real population will carry all these alleles! – Reason isn't mutation, rather the constraint of finite population ...
... – so mutation is “deterministic” when viewed at the population level. • In reality, – Consider a single locus determined by a 500 bp sequence of DNA. – Can have 4500 » 10300 alleles – No real population will carry all these alleles! – Reason isn't mutation, rather the constraint of finite population ...
Genetically Effective Population Size
... individuals establish a new population, the genetic constitution of which depends upon the genes of the founders. Demographic Bottleneck -- Occurs when a population experiences a severe, temporary reduction in size. The magnitude of loss of genetic variation depends on the size of the bottleneck and ...
... individuals establish a new population, the genetic constitution of which depends upon the genes of the founders. Demographic Bottleneck -- Occurs when a population experiences a severe, temporary reduction in size. The magnitude of loss of genetic variation depends on the size of the bottleneck and ...
Mechanisms of Evolution Review Questions
... ____ 20. The species of finches that Charles Darwin found on different Galápagos Islands varied in certain structural adaptations. One of the most significant adaptations that Darwin noted was the a. similarities of the birds’ embryos. b. birds’ different-shaped beaks. c. length of the birds’ necks. ...
... ____ 20. The species of finches that Charles Darwin found on different Galápagos Islands varied in certain structural adaptations. One of the most significant adaptations that Darwin noted was the a. similarities of the birds’ embryos. b. birds’ different-shaped beaks. c. length of the birds’ necks. ...
Steps in retrospective epidemiological analysis (REA)
... and cards of epidemiology inspection of one or another infection). Carefully analyzing these materials, it is possible to exclude from the seasonal spread of diseases, related to the flashes or infection as a result of the use of the infected food product or water, and also cases diseases, related t ...
... and cards of epidemiology inspection of one or another infection). Carefully analyzing these materials, it is possible to exclude from the seasonal spread of diseases, related to the flashes or infection as a result of the use of the infected food product or water, and also cases diseases, related t ...
Unoshan_project
... all possible topologies (or for all possible trees) and searching for the set of branchlengths that maximize L. The result is the tree’s likelihood score. The tree with the highest probability is the tree with the highest maximum likelihood. To calculate the probability of observing a given site pat ...
... all possible topologies (or for all possible trees) and searching for the set of branchlengths that maximize L. The result is the tree’s likelihood score. The tree with the highest probability is the tree with the highest maximum likelihood. To calculate the probability of observing a given site pat ...
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia
... Molecular Virology[edit] The genome of VHSV is composed of approximately 11-kb of single stranded RNA, which contains six genes that are located along the genome in the 3′-5′ order: 3′-N-P-M-G-NV-L-5′, nucleocapsid protein (N), polymerase-associated phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), surface gl ...
... Molecular Virology[edit] The genome of VHSV is composed of approximately 11-kb of single stranded RNA, which contains six genes that are located along the genome in the 3′-5′ order: 3′-N-P-M-G-NV-L-5′, nucleocapsid protein (N), polymerase-associated phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), surface gl ...
No Slide Title
... In nature, influenza viruses circulate continuously among animals, especially birds. Even though such viruses might theoretically develop into pandemic viruses, in Phase 1 no viruses circulating among animals have been reported to cause infections in humans. In Phase 2 an animal influenza virus circ ...
... In nature, influenza viruses circulate continuously among animals, especially birds. Even though such viruses might theoretically develop into pandemic viruses, in Phase 1 no viruses circulating among animals have been reported to cause infections in humans. In Phase 2 an animal influenza virus circ ...
BIOL 502 Population Genetics Spring 2017
... Coalescence Time How long does it take for any two randomly chosen alleles in a population in the present to coalesce? • Recall IBD probabilities - the probability that any two randomly chosen alleles are from the same ancestor in the previous generation ...
... Coalescence Time How long does it take for any two randomly chosen alleles in a population in the present to coalesce? • Recall IBD probabilities - the probability that any two randomly chosen alleles are from the same ancestor in the previous generation ...
Chapter 23: The Evolution of a Population
... • Once scientists know what p and q are in the population, they can track the population through time and see if population is at equilibrium or changing • If p and q change through time, one of the HardyWeinberg Equilibrium assumptions are not being ...
... • Once scientists know what p and q are in the population, they can track the population through time and see if population is at equilibrium or changing • If p and q change through time, one of the HardyWeinberg Equilibrium assumptions are not being ...
Yet viruses cannot be included in the tree of life - Université Paris-Sud
... be done’, and methodological arguments, which refer to what ‘cannot be done’ and are more practically conclusive. Our first argument relates to the definition of life and whether viruses are alive. It is epistemological in nature and deals with the way in which humans conceptualize their surrounding ...
... be done’, and methodological arguments, which refer to what ‘cannot be done’ and are more practically conclusive. Our first argument relates to the definition of life and whether viruses are alive. It is epistemological in nature and deals with the way in which humans conceptualize their surrounding ...
MolecularCharacterization of theSurface Glycoproteins of Influenza B
... Influenza B viruses can cause severe respiratory disease and occasionally epidemic outbreaks. Vaccination is the mainstayof prevention and reduces disease impact. Vaccine efficacy is determined mainly by the degree of haemagglutinin (HA) antigen matching between the vaccine and circulating strains. ...
... Influenza B viruses can cause severe respiratory disease and occasionally epidemic outbreaks. Vaccination is the mainstayof prevention and reduces disease impact. Vaccine efficacy is determined mainly by the degree of haemagglutinin (HA) antigen matching between the vaccine and circulating strains. ...
16.1 The Canonical Genetic Algorithm
... solutions which are as good as possible. In this case, it may not be obvious when to stop, and moreover, it may be a good idea to produce as many populations as possible given the computing/time resources you have available. In this case, the termination function may be a specific time limit or a s ...
... solutions which are as good as possible. In this case, it may not be obvious when to stop, and moreover, it may be a good idea to produce as many populations as possible given the computing/time resources you have available. In this case, the termination function may be a specific time limit or a s ...
university of papua new guinea school of medicine and health
... It is effective against HIV that has become resistant to other antiretroviral drugs; HIV patients usually take these drugs in combination: o Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAARP); o Appropriate adherence to HAART regimens is required for effective management of the AIDS; Laboratory Test f ...
... It is effective against HIV that has become resistant to other antiretroviral drugs; HIV patients usually take these drugs in combination: o Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAARP); o Appropriate adherence to HAART regimens is required for effective management of the AIDS; Laboratory Test f ...
Homework 4
... the presence of citrate. Back in the day, before the sequencing revolution, one of the ways to identify bacterial species was by their metabolic repertoire. Scientists would classify a bacterium as E. coli for example based on its ability to ferment arabinose, lactose, mannitol, and the lack of abil ...
... the presence of citrate. Back in the day, before the sequencing revolution, one of the ways to identify bacterial species was by their metabolic repertoire. Scientists would classify a bacterium as E. coli for example based on its ability to ferment arabinose, lactose, mannitol, and the lack of abil ...
HIV/AIDS - Ms. McGurl`s Health Education Class
... • Prevention is mostly related to o 1. Sexual intercourse Abstinence Mutual monogamy with an uninfected partner Correct and consistent use of latex condoms does not eliminate risk of infection o 2. The use of injection drugs Sharing needles or syringes provides a direct route for the virus t ...
... • Prevention is mostly related to o 1. Sexual intercourse Abstinence Mutual monogamy with an uninfected partner Correct and consistent use of latex condoms does not eliminate risk of infection o 2. The use of injection drugs Sharing needles or syringes provides a direct route for the virus t ...
Viral phylodynamics
Viral phylodynamics is defined as the study of how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape viral phylogenies.Since the coining of the term in 2004, research on viral phylodynamics has focused on transmission dynamics in an effort to shed light on how these dynamics impact viral genetic variation. Transmission dynamics can be considered at the level of cells within an infected host, individual hosts within a population, or entire populations of hosts.Many viruses, especially RNA viruses, rapidly accumulate genetic variation because of short generation times and high mutation rates.Patterns of viral genetic variation are therefore heavily influenced by how quickly transmission occurs and by which entities transmit to one another.Patterns of viral genetic variation will also be affected by selection acting on viral phenotypes.Although viruses can differ with respect to many phenotypes, phylodynamic studies have to date tended to focus on a limited number of viral phenotypes.These include virulence phenotypes, phenotypes associated with viral transmissibility, cell or tissue tropism phenotypes, and antigenic phenotypes that can facilitate escape from host immunity.Due to the impact that transmission dynamics and selection can have on viral genetic variation, viral phylogenies can therefore be used to investigate important epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes, such as epidemic spread, spatio-temporal dynamics including metapopulation dynamics, zoonotic transmission, tissue tropism, and antigenic drift.The quantitative investigation of these processes through the consideration of viral phylogenies is the central aim of viral phylodynamics.