The most important and frequent mode of transmission of
... Transmission is the passing of a communicable disease from an infected host individual or group to a conspecific individual or group, regardless of whether the other individual was previously infected. ...
... Transmission is the passing of a communicable disease from an infected host individual or group to a conspecific individual or group, regardless of whether the other individual was previously infected. ...
Neutral Theory
... and gene flow, argued that diversity was likely to be quite high (Balance view) Problem: no way to accurately assess level of genetic variation in populations! Morphological traits hide variation, or exaggerate it. ...
... and gene flow, argued that diversity was likely to be quite high (Balance view) Problem: no way to accurately assess level of genetic variation in populations! Morphological traits hide variation, or exaggerate it. ...
Selection
... the representation elements by copying them from one of the two parents x and y, they perform a weighted sum of their values. Simple Recombination: a point k is selected and a < 1 Child 1: < x1, x2, … , xk , a yk+1 + (1-a) xk+1, …. , a yN + (1-a) xN > Child 2, same as Child 1 but x and y are swapped ...
... the representation elements by copying them from one of the two parents x and y, they perform a weighted sum of their values. Simple Recombination: a point k is selected and a < 1 Child 1: < x1, x2, … , xk , a yk+1 + (1-a) xk+1, …. , a yN + (1-a) xN > Child 2, same as Child 1 but x and y are swapped ...
The 1918 Flu Killed Millions – Article
... The men, Dr. Vaughan wrote, "are placed on the cots until every bed is full, yet others crowd in… Their faces soon wear a bluish cast; a distressing cough brings up the blood stained sputum." "In the morning, the dead bodies are stacked about the morgue like wood," Dr. Vaughan said. "This picture w ...
... The men, Dr. Vaughan wrote, "are placed on the cots until every bed is full, yet others crowd in… Their faces soon wear a bluish cast; a distressing cough brings up the blood stained sputum." "In the morning, the dead bodies are stacked about the morgue like wood," Dr. Vaughan said. "This picture w ...
Genome sequence analysis of Ebola virus in
... E at 7,352). The most SNPs within an ORF were found to be in the viral polymerase (L) gene, with UK1 and UK2 showing four nucleotide changes, and UK3 showing five changes in respect to UK1 and UK2. These SNPs total less than one third of SNPs found, for a gene that comprises 36% of the total genome. ...
... E at 7,352). The most SNPs within an ORF were found to be in the viral polymerase (L) gene, with UK1 and UK2 showing four nucleotide changes, and UK3 showing five changes in respect to UK1 and UK2. These SNPs total less than one third of SNPs found, for a gene that comprises 36% of the total genome. ...
Document
... • viruses from various families which are transmitted via arthropods from one vertebrates to another. • Diseases caused by arboviruses – Encephalitis – febrile diseases – hemorrhagic fevers ...
... • viruses from various families which are transmitted via arthropods from one vertebrates to another. • Diseases caused by arboviruses – Encephalitis – febrile diseases – hemorrhagic fevers ...
(ACIP) Recommendations and the Healthy People 2020 Goals
... All persons aged ≥6 months should be vaccinated annually. As providers and programs transition to providing annual vaccination to all persons, continued emphasis should be placed on vaccination of persons who live with or care for persons at higher risk for influenza-relate complications. When vacci ...
... All persons aged ≥6 months should be vaccinated annually. As providers and programs transition to providing annual vaccination to all persons, continued emphasis should be placed on vaccination of persons who live with or care for persons at higher risk for influenza-relate complications. When vacci ...
is the population size of a species relevant to its evolution?
... which quite naturally leads to the prediction that we should see the footprint of population size in any appropriate observation we choose to make on natural populations. In fact, the footprint should be huge, because the population sizes of contemporary species commonly differ by several orders of ...
... which quite naturally leads to the prediction that we should see the footprint of population size in any appropriate observation we choose to make on natural populations. In fact, the footprint should be huge, because the population sizes of contemporary species commonly differ by several orders of ...
II. Infection Control Measures
... case of influenza confirmed by any laboratory testing method in a LTC facility resident is also considered an outbreak. It is important to collect information about the location (wing, floor, unit, room); group activities; immunization history; predisposing factors; dates of onset; symptoms; complic ...
... case of influenza confirmed by any laboratory testing method in a LTC facility resident is also considered an outbreak. It is important to collect information about the location (wing, floor, unit, room); group activities; immunization history; predisposing factors; dates of onset; symptoms; complic ...
IS THE POPULATION SIZE OF A SPECIES RELEVANT TO ITS
... which quite naturally leads to the prediction that we should see the footprint of population size in any appropriate observation we choose to make on natural populations. In fact, the footprint should be huge, because the population sizes of contemporary species commonly differ by several orders of ...
... which quite naturally leads to the prediction that we should see the footprint of population size in any appropriate observation we choose to make on natural populations. In fact, the footprint should be huge, because the population sizes of contemporary species commonly differ by several orders of ...
An Overview of Antiviral Drug Resistance Data presented at
... observed among H3N2 viruses (n=834) and only one case of resistance (NA D198E) was seen in influenza B isolates (n=914). One note of caution was that several variants with mutations in residue D151 of NA of both N1 and N2 subtypes were found with reduced NAI susceptibility. However, mutations causin ...
... observed among H3N2 viruses (n=834) and only one case of resistance (NA D198E) was seen in influenza B isolates (n=914). One note of caution was that several variants with mutations in residue D151 of NA of both N1 and N2 subtypes were found with reduced NAI susceptibility. However, mutations causin ...
General structure and classification of viruses
... reproduction of bacteriophage with a few additional steps 1. attachment 2. entry : the entire virus enters the host cell 3. targeting (usually the nucleus) 4. uncoating: the nucleic acid separates from the capsid 5. replication of nucleic acid and protein 6. maturation ...
... reproduction of bacteriophage with a few additional steps 1. attachment 2. entry : the entire virus enters the host cell 3. targeting (usually the nucleus) 4. uncoating: the nucleic acid separates from the capsid 5. replication of nucleic acid and protein 6. maturation ...
Exposition - France Diplomatie
... France, at the behest of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, therefore undertook a vast research program in, for and with the developing countries, notably through its National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis (ANRS). The primary goal of this research has always been to furnish irrefutab ...
... France, at the behest of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, therefore undertook a vast research program in, for and with the developing countries, notably through its National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis (ANRS). The primary goal of this research has always been to furnish irrefutab ...
ViRUSES AND PRiONS
... written laws detailing the responsibilities of dog owners, designed to reduce the risk of this dreaded illness. But the doctors who treated Edgar Allan Poe can be forgiven for not understanding what was affecting the author. At the time of Poe’s death, it would still be over 40 years before anyone e ...
... written laws detailing the responsibilities of dog owners, designed to reduce the risk of this dreaded illness. But the doctors who treated Edgar Allan Poe can be forgiven for not understanding what was affecting the author. At the time of Poe’s death, it would still be over 40 years before anyone e ...
Management Guideline for Pregnant Women and
... be seen in a separate room from other patients, ideally at the end of a clinic. If assessment or admission to hospital is required, again women and/or their care providers should alert infection control and primary staff that they are coming and ideally should be shown into a separate room for asses ...
... be seen in a separate room from other patients, ideally at the end of a clinic. If assessment or admission to hospital is required, again women and/or their care providers should alert infection control and primary staff that they are coming and ideally should be shown into a separate room for asses ...
Simulated ecology-driven sympatric speciation
... An individual may also die because of intraspecific competition for the finite resources of the environment, or because of the action of predators. In the standard model, these constraints are taken care of by the so-called Verhulst factor. This is a logistic-type term that introduces a mean-field r ...
... An individual may also die because of intraspecific competition for the finite resources of the environment, or because of the action of predators. In the standard model, these constraints are taken care of by the so-called Verhulst factor. This is a logistic-type term that introduces a mean-field r ...
Evolutionary Genetics
... After 10,000 generations, p=0.0099 After 100,000 generations, p=0.0906 After 1,000,000 generations, p=0.4323 This occurs over such a long time frame that other forces such as selection (even very weak selection) or sampling error in finite populations are likely to overwhelm evolution of the s ...
... After 10,000 generations, p=0.0099 After 100,000 generations, p=0.0906 After 1,000,000 generations, p=0.4323 This occurs over such a long time frame that other forces such as selection (even very weak selection) or sampling error in finite populations are likely to overwhelm evolution of the s ...
Viruses
... viruses form an envelope around the capsid rich in proteins, lipids, and glycoprotein molecules. While some of the material of the envelope is derived from the host cell’s new program is not itself a computer and cannot make membrane, the envelope does contain proteins derived copies of itself when ...
... viruses form an envelope around the capsid rich in proteins, lipids, and glycoprotein molecules. While some of the material of the envelope is derived from the host cell’s new program is not itself a computer and cannot make membrane, the envelope does contain proteins derived copies of itself when ...
Milestone7
... phylogenies, and has greatly improved our phylogenetic knowledge. However care must be taken when constructing phylogenetic trees based on molecular data. Phylogenetic trees based on gene sequences do not always correspond exactly to the phylogenetic trees showing the evolutionary relationships betw ...
... phylogenies, and has greatly improved our phylogenetic knowledge. However care must be taken when constructing phylogenetic trees based on molecular data. Phylogenetic trees based on gene sequences do not always correspond exactly to the phylogenetic trees showing the evolutionary relationships betw ...
Student Worksheets
... What diseases did you choose to research? _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ QUIZ QUESTIONS 1. What was Beijerinck’s major insight regarding how to identify viruses? a ...
... What diseases did you choose to research? _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ QUIZ QUESTIONS 1. What was Beijerinck’s major insight regarding how to identify viruses? a ...
Lecture 10
... – Inject large amounts of DNA which codes for viral protein – Elicits immune response against that protein ...
... – Inject large amounts of DNA which codes for viral protein – Elicits immune response against that protein ...
Population Genetics
... inheritance (population genetics) was crucial to the acceptance of Darwin’s hypothesis that natural selection played a significant role in evolution and thus in generating the diversity of life. The early population geneticists, R.A. Fisher, J.B.S. Haldane, and Sewall Wright, used primarily single-l ...
... inheritance (population genetics) was crucial to the acceptance of Darwin’s hypothesis that natural selection played a significant role in evolution and thus in generating the diversity of life. The early population geneticists, R.A. Fisher, J.B.S. Haldane, and Sewall Wright, used primarily single-l ...
Viral phylodynamics
Viral phylodynamics is defined as the study of how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape viral phylogenies.Since the coining of the term in 2004, research on viral phylodynamics has focused on transmission dynamics in an effort to shed light on how these dynamics impact viral genetic variation. Transmission dynamics can be considered at the level of cells within an infected host, individual hosts within a population, or entire populations of hosts.Many viruses, especially RNA viruses, rapidly accumulate genetic variation because of short generation times and high mutation rates.Patterns of viral genetic variation are therefore heavily influenced by how quickly transmission occurs and by which entities transmit to one another.Patterns of viral genetic variation will also be affected by selection acting on viral phenotypes.Although viruses can differ with respect to many phenotypes, phylodynamic studies have to date tended to focus on a limited number of viral phenotypes.These include virulence phenotypes, phenotypes associated with viral transmissibility, cell or tissue tropism phenotypes, and antigenic phenotypes that can facilitate escape from host immunity.Due to the impact that transmission dynamics and selection can have on viral genetic variation, viral phylogenies can therefore be used to investigate important epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes, such as epidemic spread, spatio-temporal dynamics including metapopulation dynamics, zoonotic transmission, tissue tropism, and antigenic drift.The quantitative investigation of these processes through the consideration of viral phylogenies is the central aim of viral phylodynamics.