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... Problematic substance use has been associated with disruptions in the motivational, reward and inhibitory control processes and subsequent deficiencies in information processing (Koob 2013; Hyman et al. 2006; Nestler 2005). For example, as a result of adaptations in the motivational and reward syste ...
... Problematic substance use has been associated with disruptions in the motivational, reward and inhibitory control processes and subsequent deficiencies in information processing (Koob 2013; Hyman et al. 2006; Nestler 2005). For example, as a result of adaptations in the motivational and reward syste ...
Sociology Revision * Research Methods
... There are many disadvantages of questionnaires for example, the data collected is likely to be limited in detail as participants are restricted to brief responses, most times, just a tick of a box or a check list. To contribute to this, questionnaires are essentially snapshots as they only give a pi ...
... There are many disadvantages of questionnaires for example, the data collected is likely to be limited in detail as participants are restricted to brief responses, most times, just a tick of a box or a check list. To contribute to this, questionnaires are essentially snapshots as they only give a pi ...
12._Social_Psychology_Objectives
... This list of objectives is a good starting point when studying for the unit test. You should, at a minimum, be able to provide thorough answers for the following objectives without looking at any resources. Any additional material covered in your assigned reading and notes should also be reviewed. S ...
... This list of objectives is a good starting point when studying for the unit test. You should, at a minimum, be able to provide thorough answers for the following objectives without looking at any resources. Any additional material covered in your assigned reading and notes should also be reviewed. S ...
1. The concept of “personality” most clearly embodies the notion of
... A) the part of human personality that lacks a sense of right and wrong. B) the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware. C) a set of universal concepts acquired by all humans from our common past. D) a reservoir of deeply repressed memories that does not affect behav ...
... A) the part of human personality that lacks a sense of right and wrong. B) the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware. C) a set of universal concepts acquired by all humans from our common past. D) a reservoir of deeply repressed memories that does not affect behav ...
Perceptions of a Fluid Consensus: Uniqueness Bias, False
... eters, they can still err in their inferences about the determinants of that behavior. The issue here is not that the processing or sampling of information is biased but that the information itself is misleading because public behavior is not reflective of private attitudes. As a result, individuals ...
... eters, they can still err in their inferences about the determinants of that behavior. The issue here is not that the processing or sampling of information is biased but that the information itself is misleading because public behavior is not reflective of private attitudes. As a result, individuals ...
The Influence of Priming on Cognitive Bias for Taboo Words Using
... present study as an expression that deviates in a statistical nature in relation to deviance, social prohibition, and emotionality. Since cognitive bias is hypothesized to reflect ...
... present study as an expression that deviates in a statistical nature in relation to deviance, social prohibition, and emotionality. Since cognitive bias is hypothesized to reflect ...
The Role of Student Aggressive Communication Traits
... rigidity characterizes his personality; one feels that if he were faced with a situation in which parental values were nonfunctional, he would feel extremely threatened” (p. 552). Linvill (2011) suggested that it is this rigidity that causes individuals to perceive ideological bias, while their peer ...
... rigidity characterizes his personality; one feels that if he were faced with a situation in which parental values were nonfunctional, he would feel extremely threatened” (p. 552). Linvill (2011) suggested that it is this rigidity that causes individuals to perceive ideological bias, while their peer ...
module 1 The Story of Psychology Module Preview Psychology
... focus on mental life was replaced in the 1920s by the study of observable behavior. As the science of behavior and mental processes, psychology has its origins in many disciplines and countries. Psychology’s most enduring issue concerns the relative contributions of biology and experience. Today, ps ...
... focus on mental life was replaced in the 1920s by the study of observable behavior. As the science of behavior and mental processes, psychology has its origins in many disciplines and countries. Psychology’s most enduring issue concerns the relative contributions of biology and experience. Today, ps ...
Obesity Biases Based on Gender and Race by Jessica Kerwin
... which emphasize or place blame on the individual’s mental illness, increase negative attitudes toward individuals with mental illness. Stigmatizing media messages also increased desired social distance and perceived dangerousness of individuals with mental illness (McGinty, Webster, & Barry, 2013). ...
... which emphasize or place blame on the individual’s mental illness, increase negative attitudes toward individuals with mental illness. Stigmatizing media messages also increased desired social distance and perceived dangerousness of individuals with mental illness (McGinty, Webster, & Barry, 2013). ...
Social Psychology - Napa Valley College
... In contrast, many Asian and other nonWestern cultures have an interdependent view of the self. Interdependent View of the Self A way of defining oneself in terms of one’s relationships to other people; recognizing that one’s behavior is often determined by the thoughts, feelings, and actions of othe ...
... In contrast, many Asian and other nonWestern cultures have an interdependent view of the self. Interdependent View of the Self A way of defining oneself in terms of one’s relationships to other people; recognizing that one’s behavior is often determined by the thoughts, feelings, and actions of othe ...
Rodolphe Gouin - Hal-SHS
... intentions and beliefs) because we can feel them. We consciously experience their existence and their causal power. On the contrary biases, heuristics and cognitive dissonance reduction for instance can neither be certified by people whose behaviour these cognitive processes are supposed to explain, ...
... intentions and beliefs) because we can feel them. We consciously experience their existence and their causal power. On the contrary biases, heuristics and cognitive dissonance reduction for instance can neither be certified by people whose behaviour these cognitive processes are supposed to explain, ...
ATTITUDES
... performing them, and less likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others punished for performing them ...
... performing them, and less likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others punished for performing them ...
ATTITUDES
... performing them, and less likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others punished for performing them ...
... performing them, and less likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others punished for performing them ...
ATTITUDES
... performing them, and less likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others punished for performing them ...
... performing them, and less likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others punished for performing them ...
Persuasion Relationships ~ MR
... • Cooper concludes that dissonance is a state of arousal caused by behaving in such a way as to feel personally responsible for bringing about an aversive event. ...
... • Cooper concludes that dissonance is a state of arousal caused by behaving in such a way as to feel personally responsible for bringing about an aversive event. ...
Psy 201 Final Overview
... C) confirmation bias. D) representativeness heuristic. E) availability heuristic. ...
... C) confirmation bias. D) representativeness heuristic. E) availability heuristic. ...
Deductive Reasoning
... Another important source of evidence comes from the Wason selection task, a paradigm developed by Peter Wason. In a typical experiment, subjects are shown four cards and told that each card has a letter on one side and a numeral on the other. The visible sides of the cards show D, K, 3, and 7, resp ...
... Another important source of evidence comes from the Wason selection task, a paradigm developed by Peter Wason. In a typical experiment, subjects are shown four cards and told that each card has a letter on one side and a numeral on the other. The visible sides of the cards show D, K, 3, and 7, resp ...
Processes of fear-reduction in systematic desensitization: Cognitive
... 1971). Since the Valins and Ray Ss were either unselected or else chosen on the basis of their self-report of fear, they were no doubt less fearful than Sushinsky and Bootzin 's Ss. This issue is important since it does not seem likely that the extremely fearful S, especially the kind of client typi ...
... 1971). Since the Valins and Ray Ss were either unselected or else chosen on the basis of their self-report of fear, they were no doubt less fearful than Sushinsky and Bootzin 's Ss. This issue is important since it does not seem likely that the extremely fearful S, especially the kind of client typi ...
Memento`s Revenge: The Extended Mind
... These are the kinds of question addressed at length in the paper (coauthored with David Chalmers) ‘The Extended Mind’. Is the mind contained (always? sometimes? never?) in the head? Or does the notion of thought allow mental processes (including believings) to inhere in extended systems of body, br ...
... These are the kinds of question addressed at length in the paper (coauthored with David Chalmers) ‘The Extended Mind’. Is the mind contained (always? sometimes? never?) in the head? Or does the notion of thought allow mental processes (including believings) to inhere in extended systems of body, br ...
Facial Expression Recognition, Fear Conditioning, and Startle
... developmental disorder (e.g., autism) or chronic physical illness, and current steroid medication use. Participants were assessed for CD, ODD, attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and posttraum ...
... developmental disorder (e.g., autism) or chronic physical illness, and current steroid medication use. Participants were assessed for CD, ODD, attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and posttraum ...
The Rationalizing Voter: Unconscious Thought in Political
... consciously and unconsciously, theorists have proposed a conceptual distinction between attitudes that are the products of introspection and those that occur implicitly, outside of conscious appraisal. The labeling of one mode of processing as “conscious” emphasizes the reflective, deliberative char ...
... consciously and unconsciously, theorists have proposed a conceptual distinction between attitudes that are the products of introspection and those that occur implicitly, outside of conscious appraisal. The labeling of one mode of processing as “conscious” emphasizes the reflective, deliberative char ...
How to Make Cognitive Illusions Disappear
... In the “heuristics and biases” program, a bias or error in probabilistic reasoning is defined as a systematic discrepancy between a person’s judgment and a norm. What is that norm? It is often referred to as “the normative theory of prediction” (Kahneman & Tversky, 1973, p. 243), as the “normative pr ...
... In the “heuristics and biases” program, a bias or error in probabilistic reasoning is defined as a systematic discrepancy between a person’s judgment and a norm. What is that norm? It is often referred to as “the normative theory of prediction” (Kahneman & Tversky, 1973, p. 243), as the “normative pr ...
Emotion: More Than a Feeling
... An emotion-provoking stimulus activates a brain center called the “thalamus”, which simultaneously sends messages to the cortex, producing the feeling of an emotion, to the viscera, producing arousal, and to the skeletal muscles, producing behavior. Fear ...
... An emotion-provoking stimulus activates a brain center called the “thalamus”, which simultaneously sends messages to the cortex, producing the feeling of an emotion, to the viscera, producing arousal, and to the skeletal muscles, producing behavior. Fear ...
Rethinking the Laboratory Experiment
... iment" as the staging of a drama, both kinds of roles will appear. In some exemplary cases, we will show that the original experimenter's understand ing of what he or she brought about was distorted by reason of assuming a dramaturgical perspective on what the participants did. By reanalyzing the e ...
... iment" as the staging of a drama, both kinds of roles will appear. In some exemplary cases, we will show that the original experimenter's understand ing of what he or she brought about was distorted by reason of assuming a dramaturgical perspective on what the participants did. By reanalyzing the e ...
Social Psychology
... Groupthink – the kind of thinking that occurs when people place more importance on maintaining group cohesiveness than on assessing the facts of the problem with which the group is concerned ...
... Groupthink – the kind of thinking that occurs when people place more importance on maintaining group cohesiveness than on assessing the facts of the problem with which the group is concerned ...
Introspection illusion
The introspection illusion is a cognitive bias in which people wrongly think they have direct insight into the origins of their mental states, while treating others' introspections as unreliable. In certain situations, this illusion leads people to make confident but false explanations of their own behavior (called ""causal theories"") or inaccurate predictions of their future mental states.The illusion has been examined in psychological experiments, and suggested as a basis for biases in how people compare themselves to others. These experiments have been interpreted as suggesting that, rather than offering direct access to the processes underlying mental states, introspection is a process of construction and inference, much as people indirectly infer others' mental states from their behavior.When people mistake unreliable introspection for genuine self-knowledge, the result can be an illusion of superiority over other people, for example when each person thinks they are less biased and less conformist than the rest of the group. Even when experimental subjects are provided with reports of other subjects' introspections, in as detailed a form as possible, they still rate those other introspections as unreliable while treating their own as reliable. Although the hypothesis of an introspection illusion informs some psychological research, the existing evidence is arguably inadequate to decide how reliable introspection is in normal circumstances. Correction for the bias may be possible through education about the bias and its unconscious nature.