Chara Myosin and the Energy of Cytoplasmic Streaming
... ATP s1 l1. The concentration of ATP in the Chara cell is around 5 mM at best and it would be depleted in less than a couple of minutes if a considerable amount of ATP were not supplied by metabolic reaction and photosynthesis. Actually, when we mixed 50 nM recombinant Chara myosin with 4 mM ATP in ...
... ATP s1 l1. The concentration of ATP in the Chara cell is around 5 mM at best and it would be depleted in less than a couple of minutes if a considerable amount of ATP were not supplied by metabolic reaction and photosynthesis. Actually, when we mixed 50 nM recombinant Chara myosin with 4 mM ATP in ...
Calcium binding to chromaffin vesicle matrix proteins
... onto nitrocellulose, binds to 45Ca2+. A spectrophotometric analysis of dye binding to chromaffin vesicle matrix proteins revealed a strong absorption band at 615 nm for the dye-protein complex. Since the observed spectral changes were unaffected by the presence of Ca2+ (100 p M free), the sites inte ...
... onto nitrocellulose, binds to 45Ca2+. A spectrophotometric analysis of dye binding to chromaffin vesicle matrix proteins revealed a strong absorption band at 615 nm for the dye-protein complex. Since the observed spectral changes were unaffected by the presence of Ca2+ (100 p M free), the sites inte ...
Promiscuity of the Euonymus Carbohydrate-Binding Domain
... more complex carbohydrates in a reversible way. These carbohydrate-binding domains are widespread but have been studied most intensively within the plant kingdom. Plant lectins are a very diverse group of proteins with obvious differences in their biochemical/physicochemical properties, molecular st ...
... more complex carbohydrates in a reversible way. These carbohydrate-binding domains are widespread but have been studied most intensively within the plant kingdom. Plant lectins are a very diverse group of proteins with obvious differences in their biochemical/physicochemical properties, molecular st ...
PDZ proteins retain and regulate membrane transporters in
... sequence, PDZ domains are traditionally classified as class I domains, which recognize the consensus sequence X⫺3(S/T)⫺2-X⫺1-0 (X ⫽ any amino acid; ⫽ hydrophobic amino acid; ⫺3, ⫺2, ⫺1, and 0, the position relative to the COOH-terminal residue) and in class II domains (target sequence: X⫺3-⫺2-X⫺ ...
... sequence, PDZ domains are traditionally classified as class I domains, which recognize the consensus sequence X⫺3(S/T)⫺2-X⫺1-0 (X ⫽ any amino acid; ⫽ hydrophobic amino acid; ⫺3, ⫺2, ⫺1, and 0, the position relative to the COOH-terminal residue) and in class II domains (target sequence: X⫺3-⫺2-X⫺ ...
1 Function of the Arabidopsis kinesin-4, FRA1, requires
... thinner cell walls, reduced rate of pectin secretion and accumulation of Golgi-associated vesicles, which together indicate that FRA1 likely transports vesicles for secretion. In contrast, both microtubule plus-end dynamics and array organization are unaltered in this mutant (Zhu et al., 2015), demo ...
... thinner cell walls, reduced rate of pectin secretion and accumulation of Golgi-associated vesicles, which together indicate that FRA1 likely transports vesicles for secretion. In contrast, both microtubule plus-end dynamics and array organization are unaltered in this mutant (Zhu et al., 2015), demo ...
Tubular reabsorption
... the sodium channels of the luminal membranes and therefore reduce the amount of sodium that can be transported across the basolateral membranes by the sodium-potassium ATPase pump. ...
... the sodium channels of the luminal membranes and therefore reduce the amount of sodium that can be transported across the basolateral membranes by the sodium-potassium ATPase pump. ...
Motor proteins of the kinesin superfamily
... yielded interesting results [17,18]. As depicted in Figure 4, dimeric kinesin containing the non-hydrolysable nucleotide analogue AMP-PNP (adenosine 5-[,-imido]triphosphate) shows one head clearly bound to the microtubule with the second head oriented above the first, off the microtubule surface, ...
... yielded interesting results [17,18]. As depicted in Figure 4, dimeric kinesin containing the non-hydrolysable nucleotide analogue AMP-PNP (adenosine 5-[,-imido]triphosphate) shows one head clearly bound to the microtubule with the second head oriented above the first, off the microtubule surface, ...
structure-function analysis of the drosophila stubble type ii
... subfamily, followed by the hepsin/TMPRSS/enteropeptidase subfamily, the matriptase subfamily, and the corin subfamily. The catalytic activity of TTSPs is dependent on the presence of three residues in the proteolytic domain, histidine, aspartate, and serine, which make up the catalytic triad. Enzym ...
... subfamily, followed by the hepsin/TMPRSS/enteropeptidase subfamily, the matriptase subfamily, and the corin subfamily. The catalytic activity of TTSPs is dependent on the presence of three residues in the proteolytic domain, histidine, aspartate, and serine, which make up the catalytic triad. Enzym ...
The paradox of elongation factor 4: highly conserved, yet of no
... motif, referred to as a double-split β-α-β motif, observed in many other RNA-binding proteins and R-proteins responsible for RNA binding [58–61]. Domain III contacts the body region of 30S small ribosomal subunit and domain V contacts helices 43 and 44 of 23S rRNA in the GAC of 50S subunit [62,63]. ...
... motif, referred to as a double-split β-α-β motif, observed in many other RNA-binding proteins and R-proteins responsible for RNA binding [58–61]. Domain III contacts the body region of 30S small ribosomal subunit and domain V contacts helices 43 and 44 of 23S rRNA in the GAC of 50S subunit [62,63]. ...
Digestion of Dietary Carbohydrates
... Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate in most cells is further metabolized via the TCA cycle. Under anaerobic conditions and in erythrocytes under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to lactate by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and the lactate is transported out of the cell into the circ ...
... Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate in most cells is further metabolized via the TCA cycle. Under anaerobic conditions and in erythrocytes under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to lactate by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and the lactate is transported out of the cell into the circ ...
Rubisco Synthesis, Assembly, Mechanism, and Regulation
... to a more efficient form I enzyme, particularly under conditions in which low CC>2 prevails. Form I Rubisco is composed of two different-sized subunits. In addition to eight L-subunits, the enzyme requires an equivalent number of S-subunits to be fully active. Although the quaternary structures of t ...
... to a more efficient form I enzyme, particularly under conditions in which low CC>2 prevails. Form I Rubisco is composed of two different-sized subunits. In addition to eight L-subunits, the enzyme requires an equivalent number of S-subunits to be fully active. Although the quaternary structures of t ...
Lipid II: A central component in bacterial cell wall synthesis and a
... Typical bacterial membrane lipids have alkyl chains as hydrophobic moieties. However, the bactoprenols, being polyisoprenoids, are rare but functionally very important constituents of the hydrophobic interior of the bacterial membrane. This immediately raises the question as to why bactoprenol acts ...
... Typical bacterial membrane lipids have alkyl chains as hydrophobic moieties. However, the bactoprenols, being polyisoprenoids, are rare but functionally very important constituents of the hydrophobic interior of the bacterial membrane. This immediately raises the question as to why bactoprenol acts ...
Chapter 4 Calsequestrin - Department of Molecular Physiology and
... able to draw Ca 2+ away from the sarcoplasmic Ca 2+ -binding proteins which have Kd values for Ca2+ binding of about 1-5 µM (Greaser et al., 1972b; Kretsinger. 1976). The contest for Ca2+ is, therefore, unequal and Ca 2+ finds itself in the lumen of the sarcoplasmic reticulum There it encounters ano ...
... able to draw Ca 2+ away from the sarcoplasmic Ca 2+ -binding proteins which have Kd values for Ca2+ binding of about 1-5 µM (Greaser et al., 1972b; Kretsinger. 1976). The contest for Ca2+ is, therefore, unequal and Ca 2+ finds itself in the lumen of the sarcoplasmic reticulum There it encounters ano ...
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... histological sections, we never observed Lgl2 localisation at the basal cortex of the basal epidermal cells, where hemidesmosomes form (Fig. 1H). Instead, Lgl2 was predominantly localised to the lateral domain in the basal epidermal cells (Fig. 1H). The apparent apical staining in the basal epiderma ...
... histological sections, we never observed Lgl2 localisation at the basal cortex of the basal epidermal cells, where hemidesmosomes form (Fig. 1H). Instead, Lgl2 was predominantly localised to the lateral domain in the basal epidermal cells (Fig. 1H). The apparent apical staining in the basal epiderma ...
Complete atomic model of the bacterial flagellar filament by electron
... The bacterial flagellar filament is a helical propeller for bacterial locomotion. It is a helical assembly of a single protein, flagellin, and its tubular structure is formed by 11 protofilaments in two distinct conformations, L- and R-type, for supercoiling. The X-ray crystal structure of a flagell ...
... The bacterial flagellar filament is a helical propeller for bacterial locomotion. It is a helical assembly of a single protein, flagellin, and its tubular structure is formed by 11 protofilaments in two distinct conformations, L- and R-type, for supercoiling. The X-ray crystal structure of a flagell ...
Supplementary Table 1: WormBase IDs and given
... tat-4 cDNA transcripts could not be amplified in a single round. A nested-PCR approach with several sets of primers was used (see Scheme 1). Primers were chosen to anneal to regions encoding amino acid sequences conserved in all or at least the subfamily IV P-type ATPases. ...
... tat-4 cDNA transcripts could not be amplified in a single round. A nested-PCR approach with several sets of primers was used (see Scheme 1). Primers were chosen to anneal to regions encoding amino acid sequences conserved in all or at least the subfamily IV P-type ATPases. ...
Possible Mechanism of Hepatocyte Injury Induced by
... was caused by mefenamic acid and diclofenac (data not shown). Protection by Fructose and Oligomycin against Hepatocyte Injury. Incubation of hepatocytes with mefenamic acid, diclofenac, and diphenylamine diminished cellular ATP contents, followed by LDH leakage. Fructose, a low Km substrate for glyc ...
... was caused by mefenamic acid and diclofenac (data not shown). Protection by Fructose and Oligomycin against Hepatocyte Injury. Incubation of hepatocytes with mefenamic acid, diclofenac, and diphenylamine diminished cellular ATP contents, followed by LDH leakage. Fructose, a low Km substrate for glyc ...
Tyrosine phosphorylation of the BRI1 receptor kinase occurs via a
... 2002) are dephosphorylated and able to move into the nucleus to up- or down-regulate the many genes that are BR-regulated (Vert et al., 2005; Nemhauser et al., 2006). Our interest has been focused on the initial events in BR signaling, and in particular on the autophosphorylation of receptor kinases ...
... 2002) are dephosphorylated and able to move into the nucleus to up- or down-regulate the many genes that are BR-regulated (Vert et al., 2005; Nemhauser et al., 2006). Our interest has been focused on the initial events in BR signaling, and in particular on the autophosphorylation of receptor kinases ...
Macromolecular Structure Database group
... • Provide a resource that facilitates the automatic selection of potential targets for protein structure determination while minimising human interaction with the software (if required). Input: • Raw amino acid sequence • UniProt accession number • UniProt accession number and a sequence range Outpu ...
... • Provide a resource that facilitates the automatic selection of potential targets for protein structure determination while minimising human interaction with the software (if required). Input: • Raw amino acid sequence • UniProt accession number • UniProt accession number and a sequence range Outpu ...
Solubility of recombinant Src homology 2 domains expressed in E
... SH2 domain sequence (S90-R188) revealed that the βC strand of the human TSAd SH2 domain (Figure 1) harbours a nine aa sequence (SAVTFVLTY) with near 100% propensity for intermolecular beta-sheet aggregation (Figure 3A). Similar results were obtained for the murine and rat sequences, whereas no beta- ...
... SH2 domain sequence (S90-R188) revealed that the βC strand of the human TSAd SH2 domain (Figure 1) harbours a nine aa sequence (SAVTFVLTY) with near 100% propensity for intermolecular beta-sheet aggregation (Figure 3A). Similar results were obtained for the murine and rat sequences, whereas no beta- ...
Periplasmic folding factors in Gram-negative bacteria
... the insertion of IMPs. IMPs have an N-terminal signal peptide of high hydrophobicity that is recognised by the signal recognition particle (SRP) as the nascent polypeptide chain appears from the ribosome (14). The resulting complex is targeted to the Sec translocon by the SRP receptor FtsY (14). The ...
... the insertion of IMPs. IMPs have an N-terminal signal peptide of high hydrophobicity that is recognised by the signal recognition particle (SRP) as the nascent polypeptide chain appears from the ribosome (14). The resulting complex is targeted to the Sec translocon by the SRP receptor FtsY (14). The ...
Membrane Topology of Cytochrome P450 2B4 in
... membrane-bound component of the endoplasmic reticulum that is known to exist as a soluble heme domain with a single transmembrane α-helical anchor, exhibits identical biphasic kinetics when injected beneath phosphatidylcholine monolayers. The soluble cytochromes, P450cam and Mb, and the truncated pr ...
... membrane-bound component of the endoplasmic reticulum that is known to exist as a soluble heme domain with a single transmembrane α-helical anchor, exhibits identical biphasic kinetics when injected beneath phosphatidylcholine monolayers. The soluble cytochromes, P450cam and Mb, and the truncated pr ...
Diversification of epithelial adherens junctions with independent
... EGF-like (CE) domain, and the laminin globular-like (LG) domain (Oda and Tsukita 1999). All known nonchordate cadherins and chick cHz-cadherin have a domain complex called the primitive classic cadherin domain (PCCD) complex (Oda and Tsukita 1999; Oda et al. 2002) which consists of NC, CE, and LG do ...
... EGF-like (CE) domain, and the laminin globular-like (LG) domain (Oda and Tsukita 1999). All known nonchordate cadherins and chick cHz-cadherin have a domain complex called the primitive classic cadherin domain (PCCD) complex (Oda and Tsukita 1999; Oda et al. 2002) which consists of NC, CE, and LG do ...
AMP-activated/SNF1 protein kinases: conserved guardians of
... kinase24 supports the important role of that enzyme in the generation of the activating signal. One puzzling finding is that the S. cerevisiae SNF1 complex is not activated by AMP in cell-free assays, despite the fact that there are large increases in the AMP:ATP ratio in vivo under conditions where ...
... kinase24 supports the important role of that enzyme in the generation of the activating signal. One puzzling finding is that the S. cerevisiae SNF1 complex is not activated by AMP in cell-free assays, despite the fact that there are large increases in the AMP:ATP ratio in vivo under conditions where ...
Membrane Potential and Electrostatics of Phospholipid Bilayers with
... by considering one of the two leaflets to be composed of anionic PS lipids only (inner leaflets of most plasma membranes contain usually no more than 30 mol % of anionic lipids). A more elaborate study for realistic mixtures of many-component cellular membranes will be discussed elsewhere. The compo ...
... by considering one of the two leaflets to be composed of anionic PS lipids only (inner leaflets of most plasma membranes contain usually no more than 30 mol % of anionic lipids). A more elaborate study for realistic mixtures of many-component cellular membranes will be discussed elsewhere. The compo ...
P-type ATPase
The P-type ATPases, also known as E1-E2 ATPases, are a large group of evolutionarily related ion and lipid pumps that are found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. They are α-helical bundle primary transporters referred to as P-type ATPases because they catalyze auto- (or self-) phosphorylation of a key conserved aspartate residue within the pump. In addition, they all appear to interconvert between at least two different conformations, denoted by E1 and E2.Most members of this transporter family are specific for the pumping of a large array of cations, however one subfamily is involved in flipping phospholipids to maintain the asymmetric nature of the biomembrane.Prominent examples of P-type ATPases are the sodium-potassium pump (Na+,K+-ATPase), the plasma membrane proton pump (H+-ATPase), the proton-potassium pump (H+,K+-ATPase), and the calcium pump (Ca2+-ATPase).