irm_ch21
... 21.22 Cofactors are either organic (a coenzyme) or inorganic; inorganic cofactors are not coenzymes. 21.23 Most enzymes need cofactors because they provide additional chemically reactive functional groups besides those present in the protein chains. ...
... 21.22 Cofactors are either organic (a coenzyme) or inorganic; inorganic cofactors are not coenzymes. 21.23 Most enzymes need cofactors because they provide additional chemically reactive functional groups besides those present in the protein chains. ...
Metabolic homeostasis of the heart
... et al., 1990; Heineman and Balaban, 1990; Robitaille et al., 1990) and humans (Conway et al., 1988; Schaefer et al., 1992; Hudsmith et al., 2009) confirmed that CrP, ATP, Pi, calculated ADP, and creatine were essentially constant during physiological changes in workload. However, as maximum workload ...
... et al., 1990; Heineman and Balaban, 1990; Robitaille et al., 1990) and humans (Conway et al., 1988; Schaefer et al., 1992; Hudsmith et al., 2009) confirmed that CrP, ATP, Pi, calculated ADP, and creatine were essentially constant during physiological changes in workload. However, as maximum workload ...
The Sad1-UNC-84 homology domain in Mps3 interacts with Mps2 to
... three primary layers called the outer, inner, and central plaques. Cytoplasmic and nuclear microtubules are nucleated from the outer and inner plaques, respectively, whereas the central layer of the SPB plays an important role in tethering the organelle to the nuclear envelope. Associated with one s ...
... three primary layers called the outer, inner, and central plaques. Cytoplasmic and nuclear microtubules are nucleated from the outer and inner plaques, respectively, whereas the central layer of the SPB plays an important role in tethering the organelle to the nuclear envelope. Associated with one s ...
ATP as a Signaling Molecule: the Exocrine Focus
... formation of a large lytic pore. For this reason, this earlierdenoted P2Z receptor that was originally detected in immunoreactive cells (e.g., mast cells, macrophages, lymphocytes) was known as an ATP-permeabilizing or a killer receptor. It is not settled under which conditions this channel-topore f ...
... formation of a large lytic pore. For this reason, this earlierdenoted P2Z receptor that was originally detected in immunoreactive cells (e.g., mast cells, macrophages, lymphocytes) was known as an ATP-permeabilizing or a killer receptor. It is not settled under which conditions this channel-topore f ...
Fundamental Challenges in Mechanistic Enzymology: Progress
... the incipient oxyanion (Figure 2A).d Thus, even if we did not have years of functional work on this enzyme and numerous Xray structures with bound transition state analogues, we would posit the following features: a general base to abstract the proton, positively charged groups or hydrogen bond dono ...
... the incipient oxyanion (Figure 2A).d Thus, even if we did not have years of functional work on this enzyme and numerous Xray structures with bound transition state analogues, we would posit the following features: a general base to abstract the proton, positively charged groups or hydrogen bond dono ...
Structure of Spin-Coated Lipid Films and Domain Formation in
... formation in model membranes have been rapidly increasing. These studies have gained relevance from the hypothesis that specialized domains exist in cell membranes4,5 and that these might be correlated with the localization of lipid anchored proteins of importance for cell signaling and trafficking. ...
... formation in model membranes have been rapidly increasing. These studies have gained relevance from the hypothesis that specialized domains exist in cell membranes4,5 and that these might be correlated with the localization of lipid anchored proteins of importance for cell signaling and trafficking. ...
Choosing the Best Kinase Assay to Meet Your Research Needs
... activity from crude cell extracts using peptide substrates is the P81 phosphocellulose filter assay (11). This method relies on the capture of peptide substrate by phosphocellulose via electrostatic interactions between the positively charged substrate and the negatively charged P81 filter. P81 phos ...
... activity from crude cell extracts using peptide substrates is the P81 phosphocellulose filter assay (11). This method relies on the capture of peptide substrate by phosphocellulose via electrostatic interactions between the positively charged substrate and the negatively charged P81 filter. P81 phos ...
GTPase domains ofras p21 oncogene protein and elongation factor
... and Fig. 3). The core residues (Fig. 3) include primarily residues in the interior strands of the P-sheet, in helix al, and in part of the loop regions in contact with the bound nucleotide. For ras p21, 32 of 166 residues are in the core; for EF-Tu, 35 of 177 are in the core. Of the 116 equivalent r ...
... and Fig. 3). The core residues (Fig. 3) include primarily residues in the interior strands of the P-sheet, in helix al, and in part of the loop regions in contact with the bound nucleotide. For ras p21, 32 of 166 residues are in the core; for EF-Tu, 35 of 177 are in the core. Of the 116 equivalent r ...
purification and properties of glutamate dehydrogenase from the
... Early studies of G D H function in mammals suggested that the reaction was the major pathway of NH~ production in nitrogen excretion (BRAUNSTEIN,1957) while more recent work suggests a primary function for G D H in nitrogen storage through glutamate synthesis (PALAIOLOGOSand FELIG, 1976). It is poss ...
... Early studies of G D H function in mammals suggested that the reaction was the major pathway of NH~ production in nitrogen excretion (BRAUNSTEIN,1957) while more recent work suggests a primary function for G D H in nitrogen storage through glutamate synthesis (PALAIOLOGOSand FELIG, 1976). It is poss ...
Structural Studies of Human 5’-Nucleotidases Karin Walldén
... (dGK) (5). Of these, TK2 and dGK are mitochondrial enzymes. The dNKs are named from their best substrate but they also take other substrates. However they do not take ribonucleosides as substrates. Two mammalian ribonucleoside kinases (NKs) have been found in the cytosol, adenosine kinase (AK) (6) a ...
... (dGK) (5). Of these, TK2 and dGK are mitochondrial enzymes. The dNKs are named from their best substrate but they also take other substrates. However they do not take ribonucleosides as substrates. Two mammalian ribonucleoside kinases (NKs) have been found in the cytosol, adenosine kinase (AK) (6) a ...
N-Glycans
... on misfolded glycoproteins and escorts them via retrotranslocation into the cytoplasm for degradation. The removal of the first glucose (and therefore all glucose) can be blocked by castanospermin. For most glycoproteins, additional mannose residues are removed in the cis compartment of the Golgi un ...
... on misfolded glycoproteins and escorts them via retrotranslocation into the cytoplasm for degradation. The removal of the first glucose (and therefore all glucose) can be blocked by castanospermin. For most glycoproteins, additional mannose residues are removed in the cis compartment of the Golgi un ...
Physiology Review Sheet
... treppe – high frequency of stimulation generates multiple contractions before any relaxation is complete resulting in a staircase appearance in force/time curve tetanus – treppe summates to smooth even contraction; note: if too high a frequency or for too long, force will decline Excitation-Cont ...
... treppe – high frequency of stimulation generates multiple contractions before any relaxation is complete resulting in a staircase appearance in force/time curve tetanus – treppe summates to smooth even contraction; note: if too high a frequency or for too long, force will decline Excitation-Cont ...
A Ligand for CD5 Is CD5 - The Journal of Immunology
... D5 and CD6 are two unusual T cell surface receptors in that their extracellular regions are each composed of three scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domains instead of the more common Ig superfamily (IgSF) domains (1). SRCR domains are a primitive recognition domain stretching back to inverteb ...
... D5 and CD6 are two unusual T cell surface receptors in that their extracellular regions are each composed of three scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domains instead of the more common Ig superfamily (IgSF) domains (1). SRCR domains are a primitive recognition domain stretching back to inverteb ...
Effects of phosphatidylethanolamine glycation on lipid–protein
... within it [9]. A number of studies have later demonstrated that membrane structure is more complex; their components can form segregated domains of variable size and stability [10,11]. This inhomogeneous organization seems to be intimately related to certain membrane functions [12]. Furthermore, the ...
... within it [9]. A number of studies have later demonstrated that membrane structure is more complex; their components can form segregated domains of variable size and stability [10,11]. This inhomogeneous organization seems to be intimately related to certain membrane functions [12]. Furthermore, the ...
Marginally hydrophobic transmembrane helices shaping membrane protein folding
... When liquid water forms an interface at the boundary to some other phase to which it does not bond (e.g. a vacuum or a negliglbly-interacting gas), the water molecules at this boundary can not form as many hydrogen bonds since they are not surrounded by other molecules on all sides. The orientations ...
... When liquid water forms an interface at the boundary to some other phase to which it does not bond (e.g. a vacuum or a negliglbly-interacting gas), the water molecules at this boundary can not form as many hydrogen bonds since they are not surrounded by other molecules on all sides. The orientations ...
Recognition of complex carbohydrates by the macrophage mannose
... domain in the mannose receptor. The rest of the extracellular part of the receptor consists of eight segments showing sequence similarity to the Ca2+dependent carbohydrate-recognition domains (Ctype CRDs) of other animal lectins [ 131. C-type CRDs are discussed in detail elsewhere in this colloquium ...
... domain in the mannose receptor. The rest of the extracellular part of the receptor consists of eight segments showing sequence similarity to the Ca2+dependent carbohydrate-recognition domains (Ctype CRDs) of other animal lectins [ 131. C-type CRDs are discussed in detail elsewhere in this colloquium ...
Glucose-dependent, CAMP-mediated ATP efflux from
... 1975; Smith et al., 1990). During sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, however, extracellular nucleotides are present and appear to act as intercellular signals, and may be taken up by the cells (Jakubowski 6c (;oldman, 1988). view of the ability of all cells to release cAMP (Brunton & Heasley, ...
... 1975; Smith et al., 1990). During sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, however, extracellular nucleotides are present and appear to act as intercellular signals, and may be taken up by the cells (Jakubowski 6c (;oldman, 1988). view of the ability of all cells to release cAMP (Brunton & Heasley, ...
Cytochrome c Oxidase dysfunction in cancer
... Structure and function of R. sphaeroides CytcO General structural features The available 3D-structures of the R. sphaeroides CytcO have revealed an enzyme complex containing four protein subunits [19] (figure 3). Subunit I harbors three of the four redox-active cofactors; heme a and the heme a3-CuB ...
... Structure and function of R. sphaeroides CytcO General structural features The available 3D-structures of the R. sphaeroides CytcO have revealed an enzyme complex containing four protein subunits [19] (figure 3). Subunit I harbors three of the four redox-active cofactors; heme a and the heme a3-CuB ...
how proteins move lipids and lipids move proteins
... 2). Although a candidate scramblase has been cloned9, its functional activity awaits rigorous characterization. Energy-dependent translocators. Energy-independent translocators allow lipids to equilibrate between the two leaflets of the bilayer. Net movement in one direction can be driven by a diffe ...
... 2). Although a candidate scramblase has been cloned9, its functional activity awaits rigorous characterization. Energy-dependent translocators. Energy-independent translocators allow lipids to equilibrate between the two leaflets of the bilayer. Net movement in one direction can be driven by a diffe ...
The Vps13p–Cdc31p complex is directly required for TGN late
... Abazeed and Fuller, 2008; De et al., 2013) and for TGN homotypic fusion (Brickner et al., 2001), we now show that a purified Vps13p–Cdc31p complex is required directly for both of these processes. Purified Vps13p binds to yeast membranes in an ATP-stimulated fashion and exhibits strong, specific int ...
... Abazeed and Fuller, 2008; De et al., 2013) and for TGN homotypic fusion (Brickner et al., 2001), we now show that a purified Vps13p–Cdc31p complex is required directly for both of these processes. Purified Vps13p binds to yeast membranes in an ATP-stimulated fashion and exhibits strong, specific int ...
Excitation of Rat Locus Coeruleus Neurons by Adenosine 5
... activation of which depolarizes the cells predominately by increasing a conductance that allows sodium ions to enter the cell. [Key words: ATP, locus coeruleus, P, receptor, sodium conductance, potassium conductance, purinoceptor] ...
... activation of which depolarizes the cells predominately by increasing a conductance that allows sodium ions to enter the cell. [Key words: ATP, locus coeruleus, P, receptor, sodium conductance, potassium conductance, purinoceptor] ...
Similarities and Differences in the Glycosylation Mechanisms in
... domains) or phosphate (archaea) to a lipid carrier (the socalled lipid-linked oligosaccharide or LLO). After assembly of the oligosaccharide, the LLO is flipped from the cytoplasm to face the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), or the periplasmic face of the inner membrane, in eukaryotes and Gr ...
... domains) or phosphate (archaea) to a lipid carrier (the socalled lipid-linked oligosaccharide or LLO). After assembly of the oligosaccharide, the LLO is flipped from the cytoplasm to face the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), or the periplasmic face of the inner membrane, in eukaryotes and Gr ...
A new type of plant chitinase containing LysM domains from a fern
... of PrChi-A and LysM-containing proteins was performed using the ClustalX program (Thompson et al. 1997) and the result is shown in Figure 4A. Two LysM domains in PrChi-A share high-sequence homology to each other. The LysM domains have the moderate level of homology to LysM domain proteins from fung ...
... of PrChi-A and LysM-containing proteins was performed using the ClustalX program (Thompson et al. 1997) and the result is shown in Figure 4A. Two LysM domains in PrChi-A share high-sequence homology to each other. The LysM domains have the moderate level of homology to LysM domain proteins from fung ...
Tyr130 phosphorylation triggers Syk release
... domains and the flexibility of interdomain A (5–8). In stimulated cells, the interaction of Syk with the phosphorylated ITAM of clustered antigen receptors leads to phosphorylation of Syk itself on multiple tyrosines through a combination of autophosphorylation and phosphorylation in trans by Src-fa ...
... domains and the flexibility of interdomain A (5–8). In stimulated cells, the interaction of Syk with the phosphorylated ITAM of clustered antigen receptors leads to phosphorylation of Syk itself on multiple tyrosines through a combination of autophosphorylation and phosphorylation in trans by Src-fa ...
Formation of Helical Hairpins during Membrane Protein Integration
... The helical hairpin, two closely spaced transmembrane helices separated by a short turn, is a common structural element in integral membrane proteins. Previous studies on the sequence determinants of helical hairpin formation have focussed on the role of polar and charged residues placed centrally i ...
... The helical hairpin, two closely spaced transmembrane helices separated by a short turn, is a common structural element in integral membrane proteins. Previous studies on the sequence determinants of helical hairpin formation have focussed on the role of polar and charged residues placed centrally i ...
P-type ATPase
The P-type ATPases, also known as E1-E2 ATPases, are a large group of evolutionarily related ion and lipid pumps that are found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. They are α-helical bundle primary transporters referred to as P-type ATPases because they catalyze auto- (or self-) phosphorylation of a key conserved aspartate residue within the pump. In addition, they all appear to interconvert between at least two different conformations, denoted by E1 and E2.Most members of this transporter family are specific for the pumping of a large array of cations, however one subfamily is involved in flipping phospholipids to maintain the asymmetric nature of the biomembrane.Prominent examples of P-type ATPases are the sodium-potassium pump (Na+,K+-ATPase), the plasma membrane proton pump (H+-ATPase), the proton-potassium pump (H+,K+-ATPase), and the calcium pump (Ca2+-ATPase).