The rising tide: assessing the risks of climate
... for less than half of the value of the United States’ merchandise imports and exports but about three-quarters of the weight. In other countries the decline in shipping is far less evident – for Japan the corresponding figures rise to almost three-quarters of the value and over 99 per cent of the we ...
... for less than half of the value of the United States’ merchandise imports and exports but about three-quarters of the weight. In other countries the decline in shipping is far less evident – for Japan the corresponding figures rise to almost three-quarters of the value and over 99 per cent of the we ...
risks of climate change in low elevation
... for less than half of the value of the United States’ merchandise imports and exports but about three-quarters of the weight. In other countries the decline in shipping is far less evident – for Japan the corresponding figures rise to almost three-quarters of the value and over 99 per cent of the we ...
... for less than half of the value of the United States’ merchandise imports and exports but about three-quarters of the weight. In other countries the decline in shipping is far less evident – for Japan the corresponding figures rise to almost three-quarters of the value and over 99 per cent of the we ...
The significant climate warming in the northern Tibetan Plateau and
... climate in the Antarctic Peninsula, Gillett and Thompson (2003) found that the simulated surface temperature forced by ozone depletion was very consistent with observations. Gillett and Thompson (2003) strongly suggested that anthropogenic emissions of ozone-depleting gases had demonstrably affected ...
... climate in the Antarctic Peninsula, Gillett and Thompson (2003) found that the simulated surface temperature forced by ozone depletion was very consistent with observations. Gillett and Thompson (2003) strongly suggested that anthropogenic emissions of ozone-depleting gases had demonstrably affected ...
it`s not the heat, it`s the tepidity
... and the combination of high temperature and humidity compromising normal human activities, including growing food or working outdoors in some areas for parts of the year. The precise levels of climate change sufficient to trigger tipping points remain uncertain, but the risk associated with crossing ...
... and the combination of high temperature and humidity compromising normal human activities, including growing food or working outdoors in some areas for parts of the year. The precise levels of climate change sufficient to trigger tipping points remain uncertain, but the risk associated with crossing ...
Variability properties of daily and monthly observed near-surface
... identified climate characteristics that are unique to a particular country. These studies have not only informed the scientific community about the climate characteristics of a region, but also formed the baseline for future studies. In general, trend results obtained from annual as well as minimum ...
... identified climate characteristics that are unique to a particular country. These studies have not only informed the scientific community about the climate characteristics of a region, but also formed the baseline for future studies. In general, trend results obtained from annual as well as minimum ...
Positive feedback between global warming and atmospheric CO2
... temperature in this period. However, results differ depending on the particular temperature reconstruction and the CO2 data used. To explore this further we fitted linear regressions through different reconstructed drops in temperature and CO2 observed between the years 1200 and 1700. Using the high ...
... temperature in this period. However, results differ depending on the particular temperature reconstruction and the CO2 data used. To explore this further we fitted linear regressions through different reconstructed drops in temperature and CO2 observed between the years 1200 and 1700. Using the high ...
Regional Summaries - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
... heat extremes, could cover up to 5 percent of land areas in this timeframe. Under 2°C warming, monthly heat extremes that are unusual or virtually absent in today´s regional climate are projected to cover nearly 45 percent of land areas by the 2050s, and unprecedented heat extremes are expected to ...
... heat extremes, could cover up to 5 percent of land areas in this timeframe. Under 2°C warming, monthly heat extremes that are unusual or virtually absent in today´s regional climate are projected to cover nearly 45 percent of land areas by the 2050s, and unprecedented heat extremes are expected to ...
Urbanization and climate change impacts on future urban flooding in
... and reduction of flow resistance (due to faster concentration times). The hydrometeorological changes driven by urbanization, and resulting impacts on extreme rainfall, are also being established: a significant amount of research over the last twenty years has shown a strong relationship between urb ...
... and reduction of flow resistance (due to faster concentration times). The hydrometeorological changes driven by urbanization, and resulting impacts on extreme rainfall, are also being established: a significant amount of research over the last twenty years has shown a strong relationship between urb ...
Link between land-ocean warming contrast and surface relative
... O’Gorman, 2013]. [8] Intermodel scatter in the amplification factor is substantial at many latitudes (Figure 2 and supplementary information Figure S1a). Averaging over the tropics, defined here as 20ı S to 20ı N, the model amplification factors range from 1.31 to 1.64 (Figure 3a). This represents a la ...
... O’Gorman, 2013]. [8] Intermodel scatter in the amplification factor is substantial at many latitudes (Figure 2 and supplementary information Figure S1a). Averaging over the tropics, defined here as 20ı S to 20ı N, the model amplification factors range from 1.31 to 1.64 (Figure 3a). This represents a la ...
Link between landocean warming contrast and surface relative
... O’Gorman, 2013]. [8] Intermodel scatter in the amplification factor is substantial at many latitudes (Figure 2 and supplementary information Figure S1a). Averaging over the tropics, defined here as 20ı S to 20ı N, the model amplification factors range from 1.31 to 1.64 (Figure 3a). This represents a la ...
... O’Gorman, 2013]. [8] Intermodel scatter in the amplification factor is substantial at many latitudes (Figure 2 and supplementary information Figure S1a). Averaging over the tropics, defined here as 20ı S to 20ı N, the model amplification factors range from 1.31 to 1.64 (Figure 3a). This represents a la ...
impact of warmer climate on lake Geneva water
... (according to the deciles from a distribution, i.e. at each 10% increment of the probability distribution function rather than using just the average temperature difference). The response of a deep warm monomictic lake to expected changes in weather conditions needs to be analysed in the long term, ...
... (according to the deciles from a distribution, i.e. at each 10% increment of the probability distribution function rather than using just the average temperature difference). The response of a deep warm monomictic lake to expected changes in weather conditions needs to be analysed in the long term, ...
problems in evaluating regional and local trends in temperature
... are concerned about the ability of native plants and animals to adapt to rapidly changing climates along with other stresses such as habitat loss, invasive exotic species, air and water pollution, and altered disturbance regimes (Stohlgren, 1999). Though there are increased efforts to influence poli ...
... are concerned about the ability of native plants and animals to adapt to rapidly changing climates along with other stresses such as habitat loss, invasive exotic species, air and water pollution, and altered disturbance regimes (Stohlgren, 1999). Though there are increased efforts to influence poli ...
- Wiley Online Library
... are concerned about the ability of native plants and animals to adapt to rapidly changing climates along with other stresses such as habitat loss, invasive exotic species, air and water pollution, and altered disturbance regimes (Stohlgren, 1999). Though there are increased efforts to influence poli ...
... are concerned about the ability of native plants and animals to adapt to rapidly changing climates along with other stresses such as habitat loss, invasive exotic species, air and water pollution, and altered disturbance regimes (Stohlgren, 1999). Though there are increased efforts to influence poli ...
Adaptive Thermoregulation in Endotherms May
... areas may strongly affect endotherms (especially terrestrial mammals and birds) and it may have a fundamentally different impact on endotherms than on ectotherms. Thermoregulatory flexibility may afford multiple pathways for ectotherms to cope with a changing climate. Some endotherms, on the other h ...
... areas may strongly affect endotherms (especially terrestrial mammals and birds) and it may have a fundamentally different impact on endotherms than on ectotherms. Thermoregulatory flexibility may afford multiple pathways for ectotherms to cope with a changing climate. Some endotherms, on the other h ...
Seasonal and spatial heterogeneity of recent sea surface
... the wider Caribbean. The basin has experienced high spatial variability in rates of change of temperature. Most of the warming has been due to increases in summer rather than winter temperatures. However, warming was faster in winter in the Loop Current area and the south-eastern Caribbean, where th ...
... the wider Caribbean. The basin has experienced high spatial variability in rates of change of temperature. Most of the warming has been due to increases in summer rather than winter temperatures. However, warming was faster in winter in the Loop Current area and the south-eastern Caribbean, where th ...
995
... to climate change is to correlate large-scale habitat-level environmental parameters with on-the-ground measurements of contemporary range boundaries, and to then extrapolate to future conditions (for a review, see Pearson and Dawson, 2003). For example, large-scale, GIS-based measurements of monthl ...
... to climate change is to correlate large-scale habitat-level environmental parameters with on-the-ground measurements of contemporary range boundaries, and to then extrapolate to future conditions (for a review, see Pearson and Dawson, 2003). For example, large-scale, GIS-based measurements of monthl ...
Adapting to Climate Change in Urban Areas
... Many factors have contributed to this – for instance, in most urban centres, the unrealistic minimum standards demanded for housing and plot sizes. Many standards in sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean and Asia are still based on regulations created under colonial rule. These were usually based on sta ...
... Many factors have contributed to this – for instance, in most urban centres, the unrealistic minimum standards demanded for housing and plot sizes. Many standards in sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean and Asia are still based on regulations created under colonial rule. These were usually based on sta ...
Temperature Sensitivity of Guatemala`s Rio Dulce to Climate Change
... (GCMs) of climate change scenarios predict an increase in air temperature for the remainder of this century (IPCC 2013). This increase will directly affect the meteorological and upstream boundary conditions of the deterministic temperature model, and produce higher river temperatures (Fischer et al ...
... (GCMs) of climate change scenarios predict an increase in air temperature for the remainder of this century (IPCC 2013). This increase will directly affect the meteorological and upstream boundary conditions of the deterministic temperature model, and produce higher river temperatures (Fischer et al ...
Effect of climate change on the thermal stratification of the baltic sea
... The Baltic Sea is one of the largest brackish waters in the world [377,400 km2 (Sjöberg 1992)] and, although its dynamical features are very close to that of an oceanic basin in many aspects, its low salinity makes it a climatological niche (Stipa 2002; Stipa and Seppälä 2002). This specific feat ...
... The Baltic Sea is one of the largest brackish waters in the world [377,400 km2 (Sjöberg 1992)] and, although its dynamical features are very close to that of an oceanic basin in many aspects, its low salinity makes it a climatological niche (Stipa 2002; Stipa and Seppälä 2002). This specific feat ...
THE ROLE OF LAND - SURFACE PROCESSES IN LOCAL, REGIONAL AND
... − The late June rains came too late for our short growing season. Short season forage crops were planted or many fields not planted at all this year. These rains were a significant help to dryland pastures that were looking grim. Rains came too late for the dry land wheat crop, however, they may rec ...
... − The late June rains came too late for our short growing season. Short season forage crops were planted or many fields not planted at all this year. These rains were a significant help to dryland pastures that were looking grim. Rains came too late for the dry land wheat crop, however, they may rec ...
How are extreme temperatures changing in Sweden
... changes in global mean temperatures. There will always be the possibility that during a change in the global mean temperature to the warmer, some regions will experience a cooling trend that will lower the mean temperature and result in milder warm extremes and colder cold extremes. As an example of ...
... changes in global mean temperatures. There will always be the possibility that during a change in the global mean temperature to the warmer, some regions will experience a cooling trend that will lower the mean temperature and result in milder warm extremes and colder cold extremes. As an example of ...
The demographic impacts of shifts in climate means and extremes
... performance or the costs of metabolic processes, and altering development (Hofmann & Todgham 2010). Characterizing the temperature sensitivity of these processes is a major challenge for forecasting responses to climate change (Chown et al. 2010). Most predictions of climate change impacts are based ...
... performance or the costs of metabolic processes, and altering development (Hofmann & Todgham 2010). Characterizing the temperature sensitivity of these processes is a major challenge for forecasting responses to climate change (Chown et al. 2010). Most predictions of climate change impacts are based ...
Borehole temperatures and tree rings: Seasonality and
... et al., 2004; Bartlett et al., 2004], snow cover could decrease the magnitude of warming inferred from temperature-depth profiles because it attenuates cold season warming, thereby enhancing rather than decreasing the discrepancy in warming estimates between borehole temperatures and multiproxy reco ...
... et al., 2004; Bartlett et al., 2004], snow cover could decrease the magnitude of warming inferred from temperature-depth profiles because it attenuates cold season warming, thereby enhancing rather than decreasing the discrepancy in warming estimates between borehole temperatures and multiproxy reco ...
Overlooked and Neglected Issues in Climate Change Studies: The Need for a
... cloud droplets within the pre-existing cloud deck. The resulting changes in the emissivity of the marine layer stratocumulus are easily detected using the 3.9 micrometer (shortwave)IR channel data. The ship tracks exhibit a colder 3.9 micrometer Infrared (IR) brightness temperature at night (above, ...
... cloud droplets within the pre-existing cloud deck. The resulting changes in the emissivity of the marine layer stratocumulus are easily detected using the 3.9 micrometer (shortwave)IR channel data. The ship tracks exhibit a colder 3.9 micrometer Infrared (IR) brightness temperature at night (above, ...
Urban Planning for Climate Change – Position Paper of FIG Working
... (Sustainability Center Bremen 2009: 8) or climate-change relevant tasks (German Institute of Urban Affairs 2011: 33) and cover far more than only the sector energy. Therefore, the following paragraphs also exemplarily consider settlement structures, settlement expansion as well as new energy-systems ...
... (Sustainability Center Bremen 2009: 8) or climate-change relevant tasks (German Institute of Urban Affairs 2011: 33) and cover far more than only the sector energy. Therefore, the following paragraphs also exemplarily consider settlement structures, settlement expansion as well as new energy-systems ...
Urban heat island
An urban heat island (UHI) is a city or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities. The phenomenon was first investigated and described by Luke Howard in the 1810s, although he was not the one to name the phenomenon. The temperature difference usually is larger at night than during the day, and is most apparent when winds are weak. UHI is most noticeable during the summer and winter. The main cause of the urban heat island effect is from the modification of land surfaces. Waste heat generated by energy usage is a secondary contributor. As a population center grows, it tends to expand its area and increase its average temperature. The less-used term heat island refers to any area, populated or not, which is consistently hotter than the surrounding area.Monthly rainfall is greater downwind of cities, partially due to the UHI. Increases in heat within urban centers increases the length of growing seasons, and decreases the occurrence of weak tornadoes. The UHI decreases air quality by increasing the production of pollutants such as ozone, and decreases water quality as warmer waters flow into area streams and put stress on their ecosystems.Not all cities have a distinct urban heat island. Mitigation of the urban heat island effect can be accomplished through the use of green roofs and the use of lighter-colored surfaces in urban areas, which reflect more sunlight and absorb less heat.There are concerns raised about possible contribution from urban heat islands to global warming. Research on China and India indicates that urban heat island effect contributes to climate warming by about 30%. On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that the urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends. Many studies reveal increases in the severity of the effect with the progress of climate change.