Novel Approaches to Study Climate Change Effects on Terrestrial
... 1991; Luxmoore and others 1998). Therefore, scenarios for anthropogenic emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases predict an increased global mean surface temperature of 1.4 – 5.8°C (Houghton and others 2001). Along with these changes a more vigorous hydrological cycle is expected to lead to more ...
... 1991; Luxmoore and others 1998). Therefore, scenarios for anthropogenic emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases predict an increased global mean surface temperature of 1.4 – 5.8°C (Houghton and others 2001). Along with these changes a more vigorous hydrological cycle is expected to lead to more ...
... Additionally, an advantage of using climate model output over a region such as Africa that has limited spatially comprehensive metrological data [1] is that indices such as AT can be assessed easily through model output, through their calculation from observations. As no comprehensive local relation ...
Overlooked and Neglected Issues in Climate Change Studies: The Need for a
... within the pre-existing cloud deck. The resulting changes in the emissivity of the marine layer stratocumulus are easily detected using the 3.9 micrometer (shortwave)IR channel data. The ship tracks exhibit a colder 3.9 micrometer Infrared (IR) brightness temperature at night (above, darker blue enh ...
... within the pre-existing cloud deck. The resulting changes in the emissivity of the marine layer stratocumulus are easily detected using the 3.9 micrometer (shortwave)IR channel data. The ship tracks exhibit a colder 3.9 micrometer Infrared (IR) brightness temperature at night (above, darker blue enh ...
Southern Ocean warming delayed by circumpolar up
... feedback’ on SSTs anomalies (relative to the control) with value λ = 1 Wm−2 K−1 , representing the additional energy emitted to space as the surface warms; this value is characteristic of feedbacks found within the CMIP5 GCMs and estimated from satellite observations43 . Equilibrium would ...
... feedback’ on SSTs anomalies (relative to the control) with value λ = 1 Wm−2 K−1 , representing the additional energy emitted to space as the surface warms; this value is characteristic of feedbacks found within the CMIP5 GCMs and estimated from satellite observations43 . Equilibrium would ...
paper - World Bank Group
... of people in vulnerable slums. Further, governance problems, low levels of finance and a limited disaster response capacity left public agencies unable to initiate rescue and recovery operations on the scale required. In the Dominican Republic, national laws have limited deforestation and the civil ...
... of people in vulnerable slums. Further, governance problems, low levels of finance and a limited disaster response capacity left public agencies unable to initiate rescue and recovery operations on the scale required. In the Dominican Republic, national laws have limited deforestation and the civil ...
Prospectus for Future Research: Temperature Effects
... carbon dioxide into sugars, which can then be consumed by other organisms higher up the trophic structure. Not only are they able to absorb CO2, but they also provide somewhere between 40%-50% of atmospheric oxygen that is essential for many organisms (Andersen, 2005). Seaweed are one of the most do ...
... carbon dioxide into sugars, which can then be consumed by other organisms higher up the trophic structure. Not only are they able to absorb CO2, but they also provide somewhere between 40%-50% of atmospheric oxygen that is essential for many organisms (Andersen, 2005). Seaweed are one of the most do ...
CC Equity SDS- An Urban Perspective Forthcoming
... Heat-related equity concerns Heat-related impacts are one of the main hazards associated with climate change in cities. Two dynamics converge: 1) the global increase in average temperature and 2) the urban heat island effect, i.e. the temperature gradient between dense human built environments and r ...
... Heat-related equity concerns Heat-related impacts are one of the main hazards associated with climate change in cities. Two dynamics converge: 1) the global increase in average temperature and 2) the urban heat island effect, i.e. the temperature gradient between dense human built environments and r ...
Global surface temperatures over the past two millennia
... estimated from the detrended decadal data variance resolved in the instrumental record. These yield values b = 0.37 (b = 0.29) for the NH (SH). Rough uncertainty estimates in the hemispheric reconstructions were determined from the magnitude of the unresolved variance during the calibration period, ...
... estimated from the detrended decadal data variance resolved in the instrumental record. These yield values b = 0.37 (b = 0.29) for the NH (SH). Rough uncertainty estimates in the hemispheric reconstructions were determined from the magnitude of the unresolved variance during the calibration period, ...
Climate change and impacts in the Eastern Mediterranean and the
... Megacities have become a common phenomenon in the EMME and are a major contributor to air pollution emissions. Since population growth and urbanisation in the southern and eastern parts of the EMME will likely continue, the situation of poor air quality is expected to aggravate until appropriate mea ...
... Megacities have become a common phenomenon in the EMME and are a major contributor to air pollution emissions. Since population growth and urbanisation in the southern and eastern parts of the EMME will likely continue, the situation of poor air quality is expected to aggravate until appropriate mea ...
Yearly and Seasonal Ground Temperature Variations
... spring runoff (Kneisel, 2010; Leemans & Eickhaut, 2004; DOI et al., 2007). Warming temperatures will likely cause the shrinking of species populations and habitats for species such as the lynx and pika, which depend on the snow cover duration and thickness for their survival (DOI et al., 2007). The ...
... spring runoff (Kneisel, 2010; Leemans & Eickhaut, 2004; DOI et al., 2007). Warming temperatures will likely cause the shrinking of species populations and habitats for species such as the lynx and pika, which depend on the snow cover duration and thickness for their survival (DOI et al., 2007). The ...
urbanization and climate change in small island developing states
... calculated at 4.3%, and up to 16% in peri-urban areas. Rapid urban growth can also be observed in other regions, for example in Haiti (3.9%), Trinidad and Tobago (2,2%) or Cape Verde (2.1%) (UN-OHILLS, 2012). It is also important to note that due to the limited land resources, several SIDS concentra ...
... calculated at 4.3%, and up to 16% in peri-urban areas. Rapid urban growth can also be observed in other regions, for example in Haiti (3.9%), Trinidad and Tobago (2,2%) or Cape Verde (2.1%) (UN-OHILLS, 2012). It is also important to note that due to the limited land resources, several SIDS concentra ...
Five centuries of climate change in Australia: the view from
... average reconstruction. Moreover, the five-century temperature change and the 20th-century trend in both reconstructions are identical and the maximum separation of the two reconstructions, occurring at the end of the 17th century, is only about 0.05 K. Also shown in Fig. 2 is the annual high-qualit ...
... average reconstruction. Moreover, the five-century temperature change and the 20th-century trend in both reconstructions are identical and the maximum separation of the two reconstructions, occurring at the end of the 17th century, is only about 0.05 K. Also shown in Fig. 2 is the annual high-qualit ...
Planning the resilient city: Concepts and strategies for coping with
... spaces and communities (Munn-Venn & Archibald, 2007). The tsunami and earthquake in Japan, the tsunami in the Indonesian island of Sumatra, and the flood covering large areas in Pakistan and Australia, which have taken tens of thousands of lives, are just a few among many tragic disasters. Importantl ...
... spaces and communities (Munn-Venn & Archibald, 2007). The tsunami and earthquake in Japan, the tsunami in the Indonesian island of Sumatra, and the flood covering large areas in Pakistan and Australia, which have taken tens of thousands of lives, are just a few among many tragic disasters. Importantl ...
Urban Forestry and Climate Change Workshop
... generally (not necessarily species by species) are better at adapting to moving from northern latitudes to southern latitudes. Trees from southern latitudes are less able to adapt to a move to northern latitudes because cold is a far more severe limitation affecting tree health. For this reason, a s ...
... generally (not necessarily species by species) are better at adapting to moving from northern latitudes to southern latitudes. Trees from southern latitudes are less able to adapt to a move to northern latitudes because cold is a far more severe limitation affecting tree health. For this reason, a s ...
Heat stress and the fitness consequences of climate change for
... and population declines associated with heat stress. 2. Here, we examine how seasonal and interannual temperature variability will impact fitness shifts of ectotherms from the past (1961–1990) to future (2071–2100), by modelling thermal performance curves (TPCs) for insect species across latitudes. 3 ...
... and population declines associated with heat stress. 2. Here, we examine how seasonal and interannual temperature variability will impact fitness shifts of ectotherms from the past (1961–1990) to future (2071–2100), by modelling thermal performance curves (TPCs) for insect species across latitudes. 3 ...
Climate Reconstruction from Subsurface Temperatures
... From approximately 1860, meteorological stations have provided an instrumental record of temperature, precipitation, and other significant climatologic indicators from the continents and some oceanic islands. There are, of course, important meteorologic observations over longer time periods in a few ...
... From approximately 1860, meteorological stations have provided an instrumental record of temperature, precipitation, and other significant climatologic indicators from the continents and some oceanic islands. There are, of course, important meteorologic observations over longer time periods in a few ...
Long Term Temperature Trends in Four Different Climatic Zones of
... /decade since 1880 has now increased to 0.16°C/ decade after 1970. The impact from global climate change may depend more on changes in daily mean maximum and minimum temperature rather than on their average. The daily temperature range generally known as the Diurnal Temperature Range (DTR) is also a ...
... /decade since 1880 has now increased to 0.16°C/ decade after 1970. The impact from global climate change may depend more on changes in daily mean maximum and minimum temperature rather than on their average. The daily temperature range generally known as the Diurnal Temperature Range (DTR) is also a ...
Role of redox homeostasis in thermo
... Scope This review provides an overview of the redox pathways that contribute to how plants cope with heat stress. The focus is on the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS), redox metabolites and enzymes in the signalling pathways leading to the activation of defence responses. Additional attention ...
... Scope This review provides an overview of the redox pathways that contribute to how plants cope with heat stress. The focus is on the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS), redox metabolites and enzymes in the signalling pathways leading to the activation of defence responses. Additional attention ...
Living in Cities: The Relationship between Urbanization
... is heavily dependent on one city for major activites while disregarding others. This has allowed Bangkok to greatly increase in size and population but may also have had greater negative implications. Indonesia has a different situation, although Jakarta is the most populous of all the major cities ...
... is heavily dependent on one city for major activites while disregarding others. This has allowed Bangkok to greatly increase in size and population but may also have had greater negative implications. Indonesia has a different situation, although Jakarta is the most populous of all the major cities ...
Ecological footprint, climate change and cities
... Basic greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide and methane (both are present in the atmosphere naturally, without them the temperature would be cooler by 30 to 40oC than today). Other greenhouse gases are freon 11 and freon 12 (CFC-12) as well as other freons. Carbon dioxide is an important greenhous ...
... Basic greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide and methane (both are present in the atmosphere naturally, without them the temperature would be cooler by 30 to 40oC than today). Other greenhouse gases are freon 11 and freon 12 (CFC-12) as well as other freons. Carbon dioxide is an important greenhous ...
THE URBAN DOMINO EFFECT: A
... However, an in-depth analysis shows that several of these socio-cultural aspects are directly linked to the physical/ spatial features of the urban fabric. For example, high population density, overpopulation, lack of affordable space and the lack of green and recreational areas can influence family ...
... However, an in-depth analysis shows that several of these socio-cultural aspects are directly linked to the physical/ spatial features of the urban fabric. For example, high population density, overpopulation, lack of affordable space and the lack of green and recreational areas can influence family ...
Doubled length of western European summer heat waves since 1880
... nized at the daily timescale by other studies (a total of 44 stations), 25 of these stations were homogenized using a new method [Della-Marta and Wanner, 2006] that is capable of correcting the mean and also the higher order moments of inhomogeneities typically found in instrumental series [Della-Ma ...
... nized at the daily timescale by other studies (a total of 44 stations), 25 of these stations were homogenized using a new method [Della-Marta and Wanner, 2006] that is capable of correcting the mean and also the higher order moments of inhomogeneities typically found in instrumental series [Della-Ma ...
Increasing bioenergy production on arable land - CLM
... and simulate alternative availability of transpiration water to mimic both rainfed agriculture and irrigation. We perform climate simulations down to 1 km scale for 1970-1975 C20 and 2070-2075 A1B over Germany with Consortium for Small-Scale Modeling in Climate Mode. Here an impact analysis indicate ...
... and simulate alternative availability of transpiration water to mimic both rainfed agriculture and irrigation. We perform climate simulations down to 1 km scale for 1970-1975 C20 and 2070-2075 A1B over Germany with Consortium for Small-Scale Modeling in Climate Mode. Here an impact analysis indicate ...
Original scientific paper TEMPERATURE ALTITUDE
... caused by natural factors, too. We believe that there is not a single answer to the interpretation of the changes in air temperatures and meteorologicalclimatological elements. In other words, it is wrong to put an emphasis on an exclusive and steady domination of just one factor because the investi ...
... caused by natural factors, too. We believe that there is not a single answer to the interpretation of the changes in air temperatures and meteorologicalclimatological elements. In other words, it is wrong to put an emphasis on an exclusive and steady domination of just one factor because the investi ...
Urban heat island
An urban heat island (UHI) is a city or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities. The phenomenon was first investigated and described by Luke Howard in the 1810s, although he was not the one to name the phenomenon. The temperature difference usually is larger at night than during the day, and is most apparent when winds are weak. UHI is most noticeable during the summer and winter. The main cause of the urban heat island effect is from the modification of land surfaces. Waste heat generated by energy usage is a secondary contributor. As a population center grows, it tends to expand its area and increase its average temperature. The less-used term heat island refers to any area, populated or not, which is consistently hotter than the surrounding area.Monthly rainfall is greater downwind of cities, partially due to the UHI. Increases in heat within urban centers increases the length of growing seasons, and decreases the occurrence of weak tornadoes. The UHI decreases air quality by increasing the production of pollutants such as ozone, and decreases water quality as warmer waters flow into area streams and put stress on their ecosystems.Not all cities have a distinct urban heat island. Mitigation of the urban heat island effect can be accomplished through the use of green roofs and the use of lighter-colored surfaces in urban areas, which reflect more sunlight and absorb less heat.There are concerns raised about possible contribution from urban heat islands to global warming. Research on China and India indicates that urban heat island effect contributes to climate warming by about 30%. On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that the urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends. Many studies reveal increases in the severity of the effect with the progress of climate change.