Temporal trends and variability of daily maximum and
... understanding to recent climatic changes, but may also provide a historical analog that can be used to estimate the range of possible responses of the climatic system to global warming. [3] Houghton et al. [2001] showed schematically the effects of a constant and increasing variance on extreme tempe ...
... understanding to recent climatic changes, but may also provide a historical analog that can be used to estimate the range of possible responses of the climatic system to global warming. [3] Houghton et al. [2001] showed schematically the effects of a constant and increasing variance on extreme tempe ...
Mechanisms of Southern Ocean Heat Uptake and Transport in a
... of the net global uptake in CM2.6. In the control simulation, the sea surface temperature is on average warmer than the atmosphere over most of the Southern Ocean, and therefore the sensible heat flux cools the ocean. The prominent Southern Ocean heat uptake peak, between 508 and 608S, is dominated ...
... of the net global uptake in CM2.6. In the control simulation, the sea surface temperature is on average warmer than the atmosphere over most of the Southern Ocean, and therefore the sensible heat flux cools the ocean. The prominent Southern Ocean heat uptake peak, between 508 and 608S, is dominated ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES TEMPERATURE, HUMAN HEALTH, AND ADAPTATION:
... In terms of methodological issues, the most salient are the measurement of health, temperature exposure, and adaptation, the research design underlying the study, and its external validity. At the conceptual level, the main limitations of the existing literature is that mortality and ...
... In terms of methodological issues, the most salient are the measurement of health, temperature exposure, and adaptation, the research design underlying the study, and its external validity. At the conceptual level, the main limitations of the existing literature is that mortality and ...
Key Meteorological Indicators of Climate Change in Ireland Environmental Research Centre Report
... For length of station record Number of frost days at Shannon and Birr Frost season length at Shannon, Clones, Belmullet and Kilkenny Total annual precipitation at Malin Head Total annual precipitation at Birr Percentage change in annual precipitation, 1960-2005 Change in number of days in spring whe ...
... For length of station record Number of frost days at Shannon and Birr Frost season length at Shannon, Clones, Belmullet and Kilkenny Total annual precipitation at Malin Head Total annual precipitation at Birr Percentage change in annual precipitation, 1960-2005 Change in number of days in spring whe ...
Impact of the global warming hiatus on Andean temperature
... high-resolution version (T106) of the European Centre/Hamburg model 4 atmospheric general circulation model to diagnose the contribution of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon to the overall warming trend in the tropical Andes between 1979 and 1998. According to their results, roughly ...
... high-resolution version (T106) of the European Centre/Hamburg model 4 atmospheric general circulation model to diagnose the contribution of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon to the overall warming trend in the tropical Andes between 1979 and 1998. According to their results, roughly ...
Causes of the Global Warming Observed since the 19th Century
... The model seeks to optimize values of equilibrium climate sensitivity, T2x, direct sulfate radiative forcing, FASA, and ocean diffusivity κ. The optimized solution is obtained by minimizing the root-mean-square error (RMSE) for the length of each instrumental temperature record (1850-2010 for HADCR ...
... The model seeks to optimize values of equilibrium climate sensitivity, T2x, direct sulfate radiative forcing, FASA, and ocean diffusivity κ. The optimized solution is obtained by minimizing the root-mean-square error (RMSE) for the length of each instrumental temperature record (1850-2010 for HADCR ...
Potentials for Adaptation to Climate Change in Human
... settlements (e.g., AIACC: see www.aiaccproject.org). A relevant historical study of effects of an urban heat wave in the U.S. is Klinenberg, 2003. Vulnerabilities of settlements to impacts of climate change vary regionally (see Box and Vignettes below), but they generally include some or many of the ...
... settlements (e.g., AIACC: see www.aiaccproject.org). A relevant historical study of effects of an urban heat wave in the U.S. is Klinenberg, 2003. Vulnerabilities of settlements to impacts of climate change vary regionally (see Box and Vignettes below), but they generally include some or many of the ...
Middle Receptor - Eldorado
... encouraging and patient mother, Azam, whose faithful support during all stages of this research is much appreciated. Thank you. To my late father, who unfortunately didn't stay in this world long enough ...
... encouraging and patient mother, Azam, whose faithful support during all stages of this research is much appreciated. Thank you. To my late father, who unfortunately didn't stay in this world long enough ...
profile brochure - Resilient Cities 2015
... Select aspects of adaptation are highlighted each year during full or half day thematic forums. Previous forums include: Resilient Urban Food Systems Forum (2013) Over seventy interdisciplinary actors gathered for one day to discuss the implementation of resilient city-region food systems. The forum ...
... Select aspects of adaptation are highlighted each year during full or half day thematic forums. Previous forums include: Resilient Urban Food Systems Forum (2013) Over seventy interdisciplinary actors gathered for one day to discuss the implementation of resilient city-region food systems. The forum ...
Trends of surface humidity and temperature during 1951
... (Ding et al., 1987; Dessler, 2008). The variation of water vapour content in the upper troposphere is essential because it has an obvious effect on the balanced budget of radiative forcing. The change of water vapour in the lower atmosphere is also significant, since it determines the geographical d ...
... (Ding et al., 1987; Dessler, 2008). The variation of water vapour content in the upper troposphere is essential because it has an obvious effect on the balanced budget of radiative forcing. The change of water vapour in the lower atmosphere is also significant, since it determines the geographical d ...
The Conditional Nature of the Local Warming Effect
... that extends past research by exploring the generalizability, conditionality, and durability of the corrective information. It identifies the conditions under which a local warming effect is more or less likely to occur. ...
... that extends past research by exploring the generalizability, conditionality, and durability of the corrective information. It identifies the conditions under which a local warming effect is more or less likely to occur. ...
Atlantic meridional heat transports computed from balancing Earth`s
... 1.23 ± 0.11 PW for RAPID. In addition, these results have no hint of a trend, unlike the RAPID results. Strong westerlies north of a meridian drive ocean currents and an ocean heat loss into the atmosphere that is exacerbated by a decrease in ocean heat transport northward. ...
... 1.23 ± 0.11 PW for RAPID. In addition, these results have no hint of a trend, unlike the RAPID results. Strong westerlies north of a meridian drive ocean currents and an ocean heat loss into the atmosphere that is exacerbated by a decrease in ocean heat transport northward. ...
Interaction of environmental factors affecting wheat
... Climate change: Paradigm shift Earlier research concluded that the initial stages of climate change would bring net benefits to global agriculture due to carbon fertilization and longer growing seasons Newer experimental studies have sharply reduced older estimates of carbon fertilization effects T ...
... Climate change: Paradigm shift Earlier research concluded that the initial stages of climate change would bring net benefits to global agriculture due to carbon fertilization and longer growing seasons Newer experimental studies have sharply reduced older estimates of carbon fertilization effects T ...
Influence of Ocean and Atmosphere Components on
... relative to ESM2M is established early and then maintained over a large range of forcing magnitudes. The warming simulated by the two models rejoins near 4 times CO2 when the radiative forcing is 7 W m22, much larger than that attained in the scenario experiment, nominally 4.5 W m22. Both ESM2G and ...
... relative to ESM2M is established early and then maintained over a large range of forcing magnitudes. The warming simulated by the two models rejoins near 4 times CO2 when the radiative forcing is 7 W m22, much larger than that attained in the scenario experiment, nominally 4.5 W m22. Both ESM2G and ...
Temperature-induced mismatches between
... effect (Hilborn and Mangel 1997). For exponential and Gaussian models, temperature was first converted to Kelvins to model the Arrhenius exponential function (Gillooly et al. 2001), whereas for linear and Brière1 models, temperature was left in 8C. Each model initially included urchin mass as a pote ...
... effect (Hilborn and Mangel 1997). For exponential and Gaussian models, temperature was first converted to Kelvins to model the Arrhenius exponential function (Gillooly et al. 2001), whereas for linear and Brière1 models, temperature was left in 8C. Each model initially included urchin mass as a pote ...
Social Aspects of Climate Change in Urban Areas in Low
... for social relations, livelihoods and the provision of social and infrastructural services to low-income and other particularly vulnerable groups. This paper draws on the different research projects in which its authors are engaged, including work on the vulnerability of children (Bartlett 2008a, 20 ...
... for social relations, livelihoods and the provision of social and infrastructural services to low-income and other particularly vulnerable groups. This paper draws on the different research projects in which its authors are engaged, including work on the vulnerability of children (Bartlett 2008a, 20 ...
University of Nevada, Reno THE ROLE OF URBAN CLIMATE AND
... is the removal of vegetation in forested biomes and the addition of canopy cover in prairie and desert biomes. Structural modification of habitat can greatly affect local ...
... is the removal of vegetation in forested biomes and the addition of canopy cover in prairie and desert biomes. Structural modification of habitat can greatly affect local ...
Climate Change and Heat Deaths: Newest Estimates
... were compared to the actual data from that time period. Future estimates for the decades in the 2000s were standardized by the identified bias (e.g., difference between the estimated and observed values for the 1990s), so that any systematic errors in the model output would be minimized. Finally, on ...
... were compared to the actual data from that time period. Future estimates for the decades in the 2000s were standardized by the identified bias (e.g., difference between the estimated and observed values for the 1990s), so that any systematic errors in the model output would be minimized. Finally, on ...
Cities and Climate Change: Global Report on Human Settlements
... Indian Ocean and Australia’s northwest coast have experienced the lowest rates of rise.6 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts that global sea levels will continue to rise anywhere from 0.18 to 0.59m above 1980 to 1990 levels by the end of the 21st century.7 Thermal expansion ...
... Indian Ocean and Australia’s northwest coast have experienced the lowest rates of rise.6 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts that global sea levels will continue to rise anywhere from 0.18 to 0.59m above 1980 to 1990 levels by the end of the 21st century.7 Thermal expansion ...
Climate change adaptation plan for the
... This first adaptation plan highlights our territory’s vulnerabilities to climate change. The impacts observed and anticipated on the population, infrastructures, the natural environment and all of the activities that take place on the island are undeniable. The sum of the data consolidated in this p ...
... This first adaptation plan highlights our territory’s vulnerabilities to climate change. The impacts observed and anticipated on the population, infrastructures, the natural environment and all of the activities that take place on the island are undeniable. The sum of the data consolidated in this p ...
Seedling Growth Performance of Cassia fistula (Linn.) Using Climate
... The aim of the study was to assess the early growth performance of Cassia fistula using Climate change scenarios for Bangladesh. The experiment was conducted in the nursery and tree propagation laboratory of Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh from ...
... The aim of the study was to assess the early growth performance of Cassia fistula using Climate change scenarios for Bangladesh. The experiment was conducted in the nursery and tree propagation laboratory of Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh from ...
Decadal-Scale Temperature Trends in the Southern Hemisphere
... Southern Ocean. Since most Southern Ocean shipboard observations are carried out only during summer months, while float and Drake Passage XBTs operate steadily throughout the year, there are clear seasonal biases in the data that could lead to systematic temperature differences, at least within the ...
... Southern Ocean. Since most Southern Ocean shipboard observations are carried out only during summer months, while float and Drake Passage XBTs operate steadily throughout the year, there are clear seasonal biases in the data that could lead to systematic temperature differences, at least within the ...
Part IV - Urban Climate Change Research Network
... has not been established. The United Nations, when it reports on urbanization or cities, uses countries’ self-reports, with varying definitions. Urbanized land is typically defined as land in staterecognized cities (municipalities or local authorities), as land in agglomerations with threshold popul ...
... has not been established. The United Nations, when it reports on urbanization or cities, uses countries’ self-reports, with varying definitions. Urbanized land is typically defined as land in staterecognized cities (municipalities or local authorities), as land in agglomerations with threshold popul ...
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... et al., 2012a). As for the spatial model, its rationale is discussed in the body of the article (in Section 2.2) but the full set of equations is provided separately (in the Supplementary Material, Section A). Rather, here we tribute the due analytical relevance to the description of the three-step ...
... et al., 2012a). As for the spatial model, its rationale is discussed in the body of the article (in Section 2.2) but the full set of equations is provided separately (in the Supplementary Material, Section A). Rather, here we tribute the due analytical relevance to the description of the three-step ...
What controls polar stratospheric temperature trends?
... 82.5◦ S), versus the month of the year, are shown in Figs. 6 in February. and 7 (dashed line), respectively. The dynamic contribution to the trend has a maximum warming of 0.63 K/decade in The radiative contributions to the trends (Fig.7) have large October, and is positive from May through November ...
... 82.5◦ S), versus the month of the year, are shown in Figs. 6 in February. and 7 (dashed line), respectively. The dynamic contribution to the trend has a maximum warming of 0.63 K/decade in The radiative contributions to the trends (Fig.7) have large October, and is positive from May through November ...
Urban heat island
An urban heat island (UHI) is a city or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities. The phenomenon was first investigated and described by Luke Howard in the 1810s, although he was not the one to name the phenomenon. The temperature difference usually is larger at night than during the day, and is most apparent when winds are weak. UHI is most noticeable during the summer and winter. The main cause of the urban heat island effect is from the modification of land surfaces. Waste heat generated by energy usage is a secondary contributor. As a population center grows, it tends to expand its area and increase its average temperature. The less-used term heat island refers to any area, populated or not, which is consistently hotter than the surrounding area.Monthly rainfall is greater downwind of cities, partially due to the UHI. Increases in heat within urban centers increases the length of growing seasons, and decreases the occurrence of weak tornadoes. The UHI decreases air quality by increasing the production of pollutants such as ozone, and decreases water quality as warmer waters flow into area streams and put stress on their ecosystems.Not all cities have a distinct urban heat island. Mitigation of the urban heat island effect can be accomplished through the use of green roofs and the use of lighter-colored surfaces in urban areas, which reflect more sunlight and absorb less heat.There are concerns raised about possible contribution from urban heat islands to global warming. Research on China and India indicates that urban heat island effect contributes to climate warming by about 30%. On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that the urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends. Many studies reveal increases in the severity of the effect with the progress of climate change.